max tegmark dept. of physics, mit [email protected] slac summer institute august 3-4, 2009 sdss...

Max TegmarkDept. of Physics, MIT

[email protected] Summer Institute

August 3-4, 2009

SDSS slideshow

COSMOLOGY BASICS

Max Tegmark, MITMax Tegmark, MIT

Midsummer holiday, Leksand, Sweden Midsummer holiday, Leksand, Sweden

Max Tegmark

University of Pennsylvania

Max Tegmark

University of PennsylvaniaWhere I was born and raised Where I was born and raised



August 3-4, 2009

Who are you?

The cosmic plan:• Overview of cosmology theory & observation - 0th order: cosmic expansion history - 1st order: cosmic clustering history - Observational tools: supernovae, CMB, galaxy clustering, . clusters, lensing, Ly forest, etc - Cosmological parameters• Revolutions on the horizon: - Nature of dark energy How will the Universe end? Will it? - Nature of dark matter What is the Universe made of? - Nature of our early universe How did the Universe begin? Did it? - String theory? Multiverse? - 21 cm tomography

Sarah Church

Sea

n C

arro

ll,

Phi

l Mar

shal

l Neal Weiner

Sean Carroll

L1:

L2:QuickTime™ and a

decompressorare needed to see this picture.



August 3-4, 2009

THE COSMIC SMÖRGÅSBORD

Galaxy surveys

Microwave background

Gravitational lensing

Big Bang nucleosynthesis

Supernovae Ia

Galaxy clusters

Lyman forest

Neutral hydrogen tomography

What have we learned?



August 3-4, 2009

OUR PLACE IN SPACE

SDSS movie



August 3-4, 2009

OUR PLACE IN TIME

The

sky

as

a ti

me

mac

hine

Dark energy evidence

(Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team)

Hot Dense SmoothCool Rarefied

Clumpy

Brief History of our Universe

400

Dark matter creation?

Antimatter annihilation

Creation of atomic nuclei



August 3-4, 2009

Formation movies

Fluctuation generator

Fluctuation amplifier


Clumpy

To 0th order:

Cosmological functions

H(z)


400

386

Fluctuation generator

Fluctuation amplifier


Clumpy

H(z)P(k,z)

To 1st order:


400

386



August 3-4, 2009

Higher order: gastrophysics

0th order: a(t)

1st order: g(z,k)

(Fig

ure

cour

tesy

of

CO

BE

team

)

400

13.7

MeasuringExpansion:

a(t) <=> H(z)

0th order:

(More on this in the lectures of Sean Carroll & Phil Marshall)

100dpiF

igur

e fr

om W

MA

P te

am

100dpiDistant light is

-dimmed-redshifted

100dpi

Distant light is-dimmed-redshifted

Red

shif

t

Dimming

100dpi

Distant light is-dimmed-redshifted

Red

shif

t

DimmingStandard candles, rulers or clocks

QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Boomzoom Standardizable candles

(From Saul Perlmutter’s web site)



August 3-4, 2009

Boomzoom

Cosmic strings

Open universe

Inflation with

Inflation without

Using CMB blobs as a standardizable ruler:

Gut

h &

Kai

ser

2005

(Sc

ienc

e) +

WM

AP

3



August 3-4, 2009

Boomzoom Using galaxy correlations as a standardizable ruler:

Easiest to understand in real space (Bashinsky & Bertschinger, PRL, 87, 1301, 2001; PRD 123008, 2002)

(Eisenstein, Hu & MT 1998; Eisenstein et al 2005; Cole et al 2005)



August 3-4, 2009

Boomzoom

We’ve measured distance to z=0.35 to 5% accuracy

(Eisenstein et al 2005, for the SDSS collaboration astro-ph/050112)

Updates in Reid et al 0907.1659, Percival et al 0907.1660, Kazin et al 2009 in prep

Big Bang nucleosynthesis as a standardizable clock:George Gamow 1904-

1968

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor




Kir

kman

et a

l 200

3, a

stro

-ph/

0302

006

Big Bang nucleosynthesis as a standardizable clock:George Gamow 1904-

1968





SN Ia+CMB+LSS constraintsYun Wang & MT 2004, PRL 92,

241302

H = dlna/dt, H2

Assumes k=0

a = 1/(1+z)

Inflationary gravitational waves as a standardizable clock:

Qt ~ H/mplanck

SN Ia+CMB+LSS constraintsYun Wang & MT 2004, PRL 92,

241302

Assumes k=0

Vanilla rules OK!

What we’ve learned about H(z) from SN Ia, CMB, BAO, BBN, etc:

Riess et al, astro-ph/0611572

What we’ve learned about H(z) from SN Ia

• curvature: consistent with vanilla (k = 0)• topology: consistent with vanilla



August 3-4, 2009

1st order: measuring clustering



August 3-4, 2009

History

CMBF

oreg

roun

d-cl

eane

d W

MA

P m

ap f

rom

Teg

mar

k, d

e O

live

ira-

Cos

ta &

Ham

ilto

n, a

stro

-ph/

0302

496



August 3-4, 2009

Boomzoom

z = 1000



August 3-4, 2009

Boomzoom

z = 2.4

Mathis, Lemson, Springel, Kauffmann, White

& Dekel 2001



August 3-4, 2009

Boomzoom

z = 0.8


& Dekel 2001



August 3-4, 2009

Boomzoom


& Dekel 2001

z = 0



August 3-4, 2009

1parmovies

Ly

LSS

Clusters

Lensing

Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates

CMB



August 3-4, 2009

000619

Galaxy power spectrum measurements 1999(Based on compilation by Michael Vogeley)



August 3-4, 2009

1parmovies

LSS



August 3-4, 2009

1parmovies

LSS

Clusters




August 3-4, 2009

1parmovies

LSS

ClustersCMB


(More from Sarah Church)

History

(Figure from Wayne Hu)

(Figure from WMAP team)

History



August 3-4, 2009

History

CMBF

oreg

roun

d-cl

eane

d W

MA

P m

ap f

rom

Teg

mar

k, d

e O

live

ira-

Cos

ta &

Ham

ilto

n, a

stro

-ph/

0302

496

Why are there anyCMB fluctuations at all?

Why the wiggles? What’s their scale?



August 3-4, 2009

Boomzoom

Cosmic strings

Open universe

Inflation with

Inflation without

Gut

h &

Kai

ser

2005

(Sc

ienc

e) +

WM

AP

3

3



August 3-4, 2009

1parmovies

LSS

ClustersCMB




August 3-4, 2009

1parmovies

Ly

LSS

Clusters


CMB



August 3-4, 2009

Boomzoom Lyman Alpha Forest Simulation: Cen et al 2001

You

Quasar

LyF



August 3-4, 2009

1parmovies

Ly

LSS

Clusters


CMB



August 3-4, 2009

1parmovies

Ly

LSS

Clusters

Lensing


CMB



August 3-4, 2009

GRAVITATIONAL LENSING:A1689 imaged by Hubble ACS, Broadhurst et al 2004



August 3-4, 2009

distortion

Lensing



August 3-4, 2009

1parmovies

Ly

LSS

Clusters

Lensing


CMB



August 3-4, 2009

000619

Galaxy power spectrum measurements 1999(Based on compilation by Michael Vogeley)



August 3-4, 2009

1parmovies

Ly

LSS

Clusters

Lensing


CMB



August 3-4, 2009

But the best is yet to come…

Precision, 21cm tomography, …

LSS

Our observable universe



August 3-4, 2009

000619DO ANY OF THESE QUESTIONS CONFUSE YOU?

1. What is the Universe expanding into?

2. How can stuff be more than 14 billion light years away when the Universe is only 14 billion light years old?

3. Where in space did the Big Bang explosion happen?

4. Did the Big Bang happen at a single point?

5. How could a the Big Bang create an infinite space in a finite time?

6. How could space not be infinite?

7. If the Universe is only 10 billion years old, how can we see objects that are now 30 billion light years away?

8. Don’t galaxies receeding faster than c violate relativity theory?

9. Are galaxies really moving away from us, or is space just expanding?

10. Is the Milky Way expanding?

11. Do we have evidence for a Big Bang singularity?

12. What came before the Big Bang?

13. Should I feel insignificant?

QuickTime™ and a decompressor




August 3-4, 2009

END OFLECTURE I

max tegmark dept. of physics, mit [email protected] slac summer institute august 3-4, 2009 sdss...

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