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Maximilien Robespierre… Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. He is known for saying, Terror is nothing more than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.” The reign of terror ended when he was beheaded.

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Page 1: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Maximilien Robespierre…

• Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety.

• He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing more than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.”

• The reign of terror ended when he was beheaded.

Page 2: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Committee of Public Safety

Page 3: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

The Committee of Public Safety

• The committee was created to direct the war effort.

• This committee, led by Maximilien Robespierre, decided who were the enemies of the republic and beheaded them.

Page 4: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Desiderius Erasmus

Page 5: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Desiderius Erasmus

• Christian Humanist

• Wrote “Praise of Folly”

• During the

Page 6: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

John Huss

Page 7: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

John Huss(Jan Hus)

• Czech priest, philosopher, and theologian

• One of the 1st Church reformers prior to Martin Luther

• Burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Catholic Church

Page 8: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

John Wycliffe

Page 9: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

John Wycliffe

• An early advocate of the translation of the Bible into vernacular English

• Wycliffe’s Bible was completed by 1384• His followers were known as Lollards.• The Lollard movement was a precursor to the Protestant

Reformation.• For this reason Wycliffe is sometimes called “The Morning

Star of the Reformation.”

• English Scholastic Philosopher, Lay Preacher and Theologian

• Was one of the earliest opponents of papal authority influencing secular power.

Page 10: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Huguenots

Page 11: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Huguenots = French Protestants • Members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France in the 16th –

17th centuries• Suffered from religious persecution• Edict of Nantes granted them religious freedom

Page 12: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

The Hapsburg Family

Page 13: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Hapsburg FamilyFrom 1438-1740, all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors, Austrian Emperors, and Spanish Emperors came from the Hapsburg family. Supported the Catholic Church during the Reformation.

Page 14: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Cardinal Richelieu

Page 15: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Cardinal Richelieu

• 1585-1642• Turned the focus of the Thirty

Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict

• French statesman• Considered one of the greatest

politicians in French history• Considered the world’s first prime

minister• Attacked the Huguenots, reformed

the navy and army, crushed rebellions, and advanced royal absolutism

Page 16: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

John Calvin

• Believed in “predestination” (God decides before you are born if you are going to heaven or hell.)

• Founder of Calvinism

Page 17: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Jesuits

Page 18: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Jesuit Priests were members of the Society of Jesus who were missionaries with the goal of winning converts to Roman Catholicism.

Page 19: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Elizabeth I

Page 20: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Elizabeth I• Queen of England

• Combined Catholicism and Protestantism to come up with the Anglican Church in England

• Made the Anglican Church a national church throughout the British Isles

• Known for religious tolerance

Page 21: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Vasco da Gama

Page 22: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Vasco da Gama• Portuguese explorer

• First to Sail around Africa and reach India

• Found an all-water route to Asia

• Helped establish Portuguese colonies on the coasts of Africa and in Asia

Page 23: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Frederick the Great

Page 24: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Frederick the Great• Absolute monarch of Prussia

Page 25: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Peter the Great

Page 26: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Peter the Great

• Absolute monarch of Russia

• Wanted to westernize Russia

• St. Petersburg

Page 27: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Eugene Delacroix

Page 28: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Eugene Delacroix

• French Romantic School Painter

• His work shaped the work of impressionists

• Liberty Leading the People

• Nature Scenes

Page 29: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Miguel de Cervantes

Page 30: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Miguel de Cervantes• Spanish Novelist

• Wrote the first Novel “Don Quixote”

• Renaissance writer

Page 31: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Page 32: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Giuseppe Garibaldi• United Southern Italy with Northern Italy

• Used guerilla warfare

Page 33: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Camillo di Cavour

Page 34: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Camillio di CavourKing Victor Emmanuel II

•King of Piedmont-Sardinia

•Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia•United Northern Italy•Began to help southern rebels

Page 35: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Otto von Bismarck

Page 36: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Otto von Bismarck• Prussian who united/created Germany

• Known for the politics of “blood and iron” or realpolitik

Page 37: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Page 38: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

• Last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1889 – 1918.

• During WWI• Grandson of Queen Victoria

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Page 39: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

James Watt

Page 40: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

James Watt

• Invented the steam engine

Page 41: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Henry Bessemer

Page 42: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Henry Bessemer• Invented a process for making steel

Page 43: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

James Hargreaves

Page 44: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

James Hargreaves

Spinning Jenny

Page 45: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Adam Smith

Page 46: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Adam Smith• Wrote “The Wealth of Nations”

• Believed profit motivates people to work

• Capitalism, free enterprise, market competition, growth of the middle class

• Laissez-faire economics (hands-off )

• Open market, free trade, market economy, private property

Page 47: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Edward Jenner

Page 48: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Edward Jenner

• Discovered a vaccine for small pox

Page 49: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Louis Pasteur

Page 50: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Louis Pasteur• Discovered germs/bacteria

which led to the pasteurization of milk.

Page 51: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Commodore Matthew Perry

Page 52: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Commodore Matthew Perry• Used U.S. Navy to get Japan to open up to

trade with the West

Page 53: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

viceroy

Page 54: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

viceroya regal official who runs a country colony in the name of and as representative of the monarch

Page 55: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Bolsheviks

Page 56: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Bolsheviks• Radical socialists led by Vladimir Lenin

• Revolted during World War I

• Withdrew Russia from World War I

• Started communism in Russia

Page 57: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Vladimir Lenin

Page 58: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Vladimir Lenin• Russian socialist/communist

• Led the Bolshevik Revolution during World War I

• Took over Russia in a coup d’etat

• New Economic Plan – allowed some capitalism into the economy

Page 59: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Douglas MacArthur

Page 60: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Douglas MacArthur• US general of Pacific troops during World War II

• Led the effort to rebuild Japan

• (Japan became a democracy and got rid of their military)

• Fought in the Korean War

Page 61: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Page 62: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Dwight D. Eisenhower• US General

• Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe

• In charge of D-Day invasion of Normandy, France

• Became the president

of the U.S. (1953-1961)

Page 63: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Nikita Krushchev

Page 64: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Nikita Krushchev Leader of the Soviet Union during the Cold War

Page 65: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Ronald Reagan

Page 66: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Ronald Reagan

• Helped end the Cold War by building up the U.S. military

Page 67: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Mikhail Gorbachev

Page 68: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Mikhail Gorbachev• Helped end the Cold War by letting his people see the west

• Last leader of the Soviet Union

• Known for policies “glasnost” (means “openness” giving people greater freedoms like the freedom of speech) and “perestroika” (means “restructuring” making reforms to the Soviet political and economic systems.)

Page 69: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Mao Ze Dong

Page 70: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Mao Ze Dong

• Led communists in China

• Won the Chinese Civil War

Page 71: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Chiang Kai Sheik

Page 72: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Chiang Kai Sheik• Led nationalists in China

• Lost the Chinese Civil War

• Fled to Taiwan after losing to Mao Ze Dong and the communists

Page 73: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Ho Chi Minh

Page 74: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Ho Chi Minh

• Led communists in Vietnam

Page 75: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Deng Xiaoping

Page 76: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Deng Xiaoping • Communist ruler of China

• Reformed communist economy to a market economy which led to the rapid growth of the Chinese economy

Page 77: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Jawaharlal Nehru

Page 78: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Jawaharlal Nehru• Supported western style

industrialization• 1950 constitution sought to

prohibit caste discrimination• Was a principal leader in India’s

independence movement• Was independent India’s first

prime minister• Known for neutralist foreign

policy• Led the Non-Aligned Movement.• Father of Indira Gandhi

Page 79: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Indira Gandhi

Page 80: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Indira Gandhi • She oversaw a closer relationship between India and the Soviet Union during the Cold War

• She developed a nuclear program in India

Page 81: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Gamal Abdul Nasser

Page 82: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Gamal Abdul Nasser

• President of Egypt• Nationalized the Suez Canal• Established a relationship with the

Soviet Union• Built the Aswan High Dam

Page 83: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Golda Meir

Page 84: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Golda Meir

• Prime Minister of Israel• Led Israel to victory in the

Yom Kippur War• Sought the support of the US

Page 85: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Jomo Kenyatta

Page 86: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Jomo Kenyatta

• Led fight against the British for Independence in Kenya

• He was put in prison, because he was accused of being involved in the Mau Mau rebellion

Page 87: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Kwame Nkrumah

Page 88: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Kwame Nkrumah

• Led the independence movement from Britain in the Gold Coast (peaceful)

• The Gold Coast was renamedGhana after independence

• Advocated Pan-Africanism (movement which seeks to unify native Africans and those of African heritage into a "global African community -Pan-Africanism calls for a politically united Africa)

Page 89: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Nelson Mandela

Page 90: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Nelson Mandela• Led Black South Africa’s

struggle against apartheid• Became the first black

president of the Republic of South Africa

Page 91: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

mandates

Page 92: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

• Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan and Palestinewere a part of the Ottoman Empire before World War I.

• After World War I, the League of Nations made these countries mandatesof Britain and France.

• France (Syria & Lebanon)

• Great Britain (Jordan & Palestine - which becomes Israel)

Page 93: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Cambodia

Page 94: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Cambodia• From 1975 – 1979, 1.7

million people (20% of the population) were killed by the Khmer Rouge. (The communist government in Cambodia led by Pol Pot).

• The Khmer Rouge forced everyone to leave the cities and live in communes in the countryside.

• Many people were killed, worked to death or starved to death.

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Mercantilism

Page 96: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Mercantilism• Economic theory used in the

1500s – 1600s

• belief that a country's power depends on its wealth

• Goal was to gain as much gold and silver as possible

• caused nations of the world to try and build up wealth and compete for colonies

• Accomplished by maintaining a favorable balance of trade and getting resources from colonies and using them as markets for manufactured products

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mercantilism

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Edict of Nantes

Page 100: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Edict of Nantes•issued on 13 April 1598, by Henry IV of France•granted the Calvinist Protestantsof France (Huguenots) religious freedom of religion in a Catholic nation. •It marked the end of the religious wars that had afflicted France during the second half of the 16th century.•It was taken away by Louis XIV of France who then took away the Protestants' religious freedom• It is an example of absolute power, because it was created and then taken away on the whim of a king

Page 101: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Enclosure Movement

Page 102: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Enclosure Movement• movement in Great

Britain where large land owners fenced in their lands that used to be open to public use

• Now fewer people could be farmers (since they couldn't use the public lands)

• Small farmers moved to the cities to find work

• and it created a large group of available workers for factories

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collective bargaining

Page 104: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

collective bargaining• when owners and union representatives

sit down to discuss working conditions

• Used by labor unions during and after the industrial revolution

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Boxer Rebellion

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Boxer Rebellion • Boxers were a group of anti-foreigner Chinese

• they rebelled against the imperialist European countries that were trading in China

• the Europeans defeated them so that they could keep trading in China

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NEP

Page 108: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

NEP (New Economic Policy)

• Lenin's New Economic Policy

• He allowed some capitalism even though he was a socialist, because he wanted to improve the Soviet economy (like Deng Xiaoping and Gorbachev)

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Yalta Conference

Page 110: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Yalta Conference• Roosevelt, Churchill, & Stalin meet (end of WWII)

and decide to:1. divide Germany into 4 zones2. create the United Nations3. disarm Germany4. destroy Nazi Party

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anti-Semitism

Page 112: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

anti-Semitism

• anti-Jewish

• Hatred of Jews

Page 113: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

apartheid

Page 114: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

apartheid• South African policy of separating whites and blacks

• blacks were given everything inferior

• for decades black South Africans struggled for equality

Page 115: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing
Page 116: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Developed Countries

Page 117: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Developed Countries

• better access to technology• stronger more diverse economies• higher literacy rates/better education• better access to good health care• slower population growth because of family

planning/birth control (families are smaller)• usually have capitalism & free markets• women tend to have equal rights and often work

outside the home/get educations• as countries become developed their citizens want

more liberty and rights

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Developing Countries

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Developing Countries

• little access to technology• weaker economy• often dependent solely on one crop or one type of work• weak education systems• high illiteracy rates = (low literacy rates)• high population growth b/c:

1. less family planning knowledge2. more kids needed to work on farms3. high infant mortality rate makes people try to have more

kids• often controlled by dictators and • rarely have free markets/capitalism• women have traditional role - homemaker, caregiver• people often do not realize what it means to truly have liberty

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European Union

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European Union

• An organization of European countries working together to try to compete with strong economic countries like the U.S. and Japan

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NAFTA

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NAFTA• North American Free Trade Agreement –

• ex. of a free trade agreement (no taxes on goods made in another country)

• This is between US, Mexico, and Canada.

Page 124: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing
Page 125: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

WTO

Page 126: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

WTO

• World Trade Organization

• international trade agreement to work towards more world wide free trade

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Page 128: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

IMF

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IMF (International Monetary Fund)

• International Monetary Fund

• makes loans to poor countries trying to develop economically

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economic interdependence

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• The countries of the world are increasingly dependent on each other for raw materials, markets, and financial resources, although there is still a difference between the developed and developing nations.

• So, what happens in one part of the world affects what happens in other parts of the world. (Think of the Great Depression)

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Pol Pot

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Pol Pot• Leader of the Khmer Rouge from 1963-

1981• Communist leader of Cambodia• Imposed agrarian socialism which resulted

in the death of 21% of the Cambodian population (example of genocide)

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Tutsi

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Tutsi• 2nd largest population group in Rwanda and Burundi • Tutsi was more a denotation of class• There is little difference between the cultures of the Hutu

and Tutsi (they both speak the same language)• In 1994, 800,000 people (mostly Tutsi) were killed by Hutu

militia in a period of 100 days

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Hutu

Page 137: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Hutu• Largest of the 3 population groups in

Burundi and Rwanda• 1959, Hutu took power in Rwanda• In 1972, 100,000 Hutus were killed in a

campaign of genocide• In 1994, Hutus killed an estimated 800,000

Tutsis in an act of genocide

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Ethiopia

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Ethiopia

• One of only 2 countries in Africa that was not colonized by Europeans during the Scramble for Africa in the 19th

century.• Was occupied by Italy

from 1936-1941.• Haile Selassie: emperor

from 1930-1974

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Ghana

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Ghana

• 1st sub-Saharan nation to gain independence from Europe.

• Kwame Nkrumah

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Kenya

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Kenya

• 1952-1959 – Mau MauRebellion

• Jomo Kenyatta – first president

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Algeria

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Algeria

Algerians fought the French for their independence from 1954-1962.

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Munich

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Yalta

Page 149: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

YaltaThe Big Three, Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin met in Yalta on the Crimea to discuss postwar Europe.Major Points•Unconditional surrender of Germany•German occupation divided into 4 zones•Stalin agreed to participated in the United Nations and join the war against Japan within 90 days of Germany’s surrender

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Taiwan

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Taiwan

• Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) and other Chinese nationalists fled to Taiwan after they lost the Chinese Civil War in 1947.

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Proletariat

Page 153: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Proletariat

• The Working Class

Page 154: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Bourgeoisie

Page 155: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Bourgeoisie

• The Middle Class/Educated

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collectivization

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collectivization

•The goal of this policy was to consolidate individual land and labor into collective farms•enforced under Stalin between 1928 and 1940

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usury

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glasnost

Page 161: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

a policy that called for increased opennessand transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. Introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s,

Glasnost

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perestroika

Page 163: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

perestroika • a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s (1986), widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost reform

• The literal meaning of perestroika is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.

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Deterrence

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Deterrence• a strategy intended to prevent someone from doing

something

• Deterrence theory gained increased prominence as a military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons.

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Page 167: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Universal Declaration of Human Rights• Established and adopted by the United Nations in 1948 to protect the “inherent dignity and

the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family….”

• Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government

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tariff

Page 169: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Tariff = tax on imports

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Das Capital

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Das Capital

•Book by Karl Marx where he criticizes capitalism•Karl Marx proposes that the motivating force of capitalism is in the exploitation of labor, whose unpaid work is the ultimate source of profit and surplus value.

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Jaques Cartier

Page 173: Maximilien Robespierre… - Loudoun County Public Schools · Maximilien Robespierre… •Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety. •He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing

Jaques Cartier looked for a northwest

passage through North America to

Asia.

I wonder if this waterway goes all the way through the continent? Boy if it

does, I would have found a brand new route to Asia!