maxwell 3d — generating solutions

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Maxwell 3D Generating SolutionsTopics:

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SolveAfter you have defined your executive parameters and set up your solution with the SetupSolution commands, choose Solve from the Executive Commands menu to generate asolution for the problem. The software then computes the parameters you have defined.

During the solution process you can do the following: Monitor the adaptive solution process. View the convergence data of the solution using the Convergence and Profile

commands.

SolveSolve CommandsViewing the ModelAborting a SolutionErrors in SolutionsTemporary Solver WindowsViewing Solutions



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Solve CommandsUse the Solve commands to solve the nominal or parametric problem.

Solve/Nominal ProblemUse this command to solve the nominal executive parameters of your model.

> To solve the executive parameters: Choose Solve/Nominal Problem.The solver will now generate a solution for the executive parameters.

Solve/VariablesThis is enabled only if you have: Purchased the Parametric Analysis module. Defined a parametric sweep with the Setup Solution/Variables command.This command allows you to solve a parametric sweep that you have previously defined.

> To solve your parametric sweep: Choose Solve/Variables.The solver will generate the parametric solution of your model.

NominalProblem

Choose this to generate a solution for the nominal problem.

Variables If you have purchased the Parametric Analysis module, choose this tosolve the parametric solutions defined with the Setup Solution/Vari-ables command.

SolveSolve Commands

Solve/Nominal ProblemSolve/Variables

Viewing the ModelAborting a SolutionErrors in SolutionsTemporary Solver WindowsViewing Solutions



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Viewing the ModelThe model is displayed by default when you solve the problem. Use the following buttonsto modify the view of the model.

Zoom InChoose this button to zoom in toward the model.

Zoom OutChoose this button to zoom away from the model.

Fit AllChoose this button to fit the entire model in the view window.

VisibilityChoose this button to display selected parts of the model in the view window.

Flat ShadedChoose this button to display the model as a shaded set of objects. This command tog-gles with Wireframe.

WireframeChoose this button to display the model as a wire frame set of object. This command tog-gles with Flat Shaded.

Zoom In Zooms in toward the object, expanding the view of the object.Zoom Out Zooms away from the object, shrinking the view of the model.Fit All Fits the entire model in the view window.Visibility Displays parts of the model in the view window.Flat Shaded Toggles with Wireframe. Shows the entire model as shaded.Wireframe Toggles with Flat Shaded. Shows the entire model as wire framed.

SolveSolve CommandsViewing the Model

Zoom InZoom OutFit AllVisibilityFlat ShadedWireframe

Aborting a SolutionErrors in SolutionsTemporary Solver WindowsViewing Solutions



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Aborting a SolutionChoose Abort to stop a solution. Keep in mind that any solutions that were completedprior to the one that was aborted are still available. If you aborted the solution in the mid-dle of a pass, the data for that pass is deleted.The solutions that are available are dependent upon when you aborted the sweep. Forinstance, if you stopped the solution while a post-processing macro was executing, thefield or parameter solutions computed for that setup are still available.If you choose Solve/Variables after aborting the solution, the Maxwell 3D resumes thesolution. The system computes fields and parameters and runs any post processor mac-ros for the setup whose solution was aborted.

Errors in SolutionsIf a problem occurs during any solution, that solution is aborted and an error messageappears.Before continuing any parametric solution, change the value of the variable that causedthe problem. Solutions for parametric setups that were computed prior to the error are stillavailable.

Temporary Solver WindowsDuring each pass of the solution process, a temporary icon representing a minimized win-dow appears. This is a temporary solver window which displays the number of tetrahedrabeing added to the mesh and any temporary solutions for the active pass.Choose the minimized icon for the solver window to open the window and review the passdata. When the pass has concluded, the window and icon vanish.

SolveSolve CommandsViewing the ModelAborting a SolutionErrors in SolutionsTemporary Solver Win-dows

Viewing Solutions



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Viewing SolutionsAfter you have solved your problem, you can view any of the solutions. Choose one of thefollowing from the Executive Commands window.

VariablesChoose Variables to display the solutions for any parametric sweeps.

ModelChoose Model to display the geometric model you just solved.

Variables (Parametrics) Displays any defined parametric sweeps.Model Displays your model.Solutions Displays the solutions of force, torque, and any matrices.Convergence Displays convergence information on the solution.Profile Gives information about the adaptive passes and solutions.


VariablesModelSolutions

Solutions/ForceSolutions/TorqueSolutions/Matrix

ConvergenceProfile



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SolutionsChoose the Solutions commands to display the force, torque, or matrices of your prob-lem.

> To view a solution:1. Choose Solutions. A pull-down menu appears.2. Choose the type of solution you wish to display.A new window appears, displaying the selected solution.

Solutions/ForceChoose this to display the virtual and Lorentz force solutions.

Solutions/TorqueChoose this to display the virtual and Lorentz torque solutions.

Solutions/MatrixChoose this to display the matrix and coupling coefficient solutions.

> To view the matrix-related solutions:1. Choose Solutions/Matrix. The matrix data appears.2. Optionally, choose Coupling Coefficient from the Matrix pull-down menu to

observe the coupling coefficients of the solutions.Convergence

Choose Convergence to display the convergence information of the solution.Profile

Choose Profile to display information about the adaptive passes, CPU time used to com-plete the pass, and details about the solution process.


VariablesModelSolutions

Solutions/ForceSolutions/TorqueSolutions/Matrix

ConvergenceProfile


Maxwell 3D ConvergenceTopics:

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ConvergenceChoose Convergence from the Executive Commands window to see the convergenceinformation about your solutions. This command will display: The number of completed adaptive passes and its stopping criteria. The energy, energy error, and the number of tetrahedra in each field solution. The results of any force, torque, frequency, or flow solutions.

> To view the convergence information:1. Choose Convergence.2. Move the horizontal scroll bar to view the convergence data.When you choose Convergence from the Executive Commands window during or after asolution, the Convergence Data window appears:

ConvergenceNumber of PassesConvergence CriteriaConvergence DataConvergence DisplayMenu



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Number of PassesThe following fields indicate the solution status in terms of how many adaptive passes(solve error analysis refine cycles) are completed.

The total Number of Passes is set using the Setup Solution Options command.Convergence Criteria

The maximum energy error is defined as:

where i and j cover all matrix entries.The following fields show how close the solution is to meeting the convergence criteriaentered under Setup Solution Options.

When the Delta Energy falls below the Target Error value, Maxwell 3D stops the adap-tive solution process even if the specified number of adaptive passes has not beenreached.After a solution is complete, use the Energy Error value to determine if additional adap-tive passes are needed to increase the accuracy of the solution. If the Energy Error valueis still declining from pass to pass, additional adaptive passes may increase the accuracyof the solution. If the Energy Error value has leveled off, additional adaptive passes willnot be useful.

Completed Displays the number of adaptive passes that have been completed.Remaining Displays the number of adaptive passes that have yet to be completed.

Target Error Displays the target change in the S-parameters the delta S youwould like to achieve for the solution, entered via the Setup SolutionOptions command.

Energy Error Displays the maximum change in the S-parameters from the mostrecent solution and the previous solution.

Delta Energy Displays the change in the total energy over the last two passes.

Max SNij S

N 1ij




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Convergence DataThe system displays the following information for each solution:

Pass The adaptive pass number. Only displayed if an adaptive field solu-tion was computed.

Frequency The frequency at which the currents and fields oscillate. This is setunder Setup Solution Options.

Tetrahedra The number of triangular elements in the finite element mesh thatwere used during the solution. Note that this may be different thanthe total number of triangles. For example, at high frequencies thecurrent is concentrated on the surfaces of conductors, therefore theinterior triangles are not included in this triangle count.

Tot Energy (J) The total computed energy of the problem for this pass.Energy Error The energy error for the pass.Virtual Force The virtual force for the pass, in newtons.Lorentz Force The Lorentz force for the pass, in newtons.Virtual Torque The virtual torque for the pass, in newton-meters.Lorentz Torque The lorentz torque for the pass, in newton-meters.




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Convergence Display MenuThe Convergence Display menu allows you to view various aspects of the convergencesuch as the plots of the convergence, error energy, tetrahedra per pass, and so forth.If you have selected a magnetostatic or eddy current problem, a second menu appears. Ifyou are solving a magnetostatic problem, the Magnetostatic pull-down menu appears.Choose this to toggle between the Magnetostatic and DC Conduction solutions for theproblem. The DC conduction solution solves only for the conduction paths in the model.If you solve an eddy current problem, the Eddy Current pull-down menu appears.Choose this to toggle between the Eddy Current and DC Conduction solutions for theproblem.

> To view a convergence plot during or after a solution:1. Choose Convergence from the Executive Commands window. The Convergence

Display menu appears.2. Choose Convergence Display. A list of plots appear.

3. Select the type of plot you wish to view.The plot appears in the model window, replacing any tables or previous plots.

Table Displays the data in table format. This is the default.Plot tetrahedra Displays a plot of the number of tetrahedra used in the

mesh per pass.Plot Total Energy Displays a plot of the total energy per pass.Plot Percent Error Energy Displays a plot of the percent energy error per pass.Plot Virtual Force Displays a plot of the Virtual force.Plot Virtual Torque Displays a plot of the Virtual torque.Plot Lorentz Force Displays a plot of the lorentz force.Plot Lorentz Torque Displays a plot of the lorentz torque.

Note: To plot the number of triangles you must have solved at least two passes. Toplot the maximum delta S, you must have solved at least three passes.



Maxwell 3D ProfileTopics:

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ProfileChoose Profile from the Executive Commands window to display the detailed informationabout your adaptive solutions. The following window appears:

Essentially, the profile data is a log of the tasks performed by Maxwell 3D during the solu-tions, how long they took, and how much RAM/disk memory was required. For example,the profile associated with an adaptive pass might look like this:

Command/InfoThis lists the software module that performs a task during the solution process, and thetype of task that was performed. For example, mesh3d_adapt is the software modulethat adaptively refines the mesh.

Real Time and CPU TimeThese indicate how much real time that is, the amount of time that a clock would indi-cate and how much CPU time was required to perform the task.

ProfileCommand/InfoReal Time and CPU TimeMemory SizeNumber of Elements


Maxwell 3D ProfileTopics:

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Memory SizeThis field indicates how much RAM/virtual memory was required to complete the task.This memory is freed for other uses after the task is complete.

Number of ElementsThis indicates how many of the matrix or tetrahedra elements in the mesh were used dur-ing the solution. The resources needed to compute the solution grow with the number ofelements because equations must be solved in each element separately.

ProfileCommand/InfoReal Time and CPU TimeMemory SizeNumber of Elements


Maxwell 3D Parametric SolutionsTopics:

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Viewing Parametric SolutionsChoose Variables from the Executive Commands window to: View the parametric setups during the solution process. View the final error energy, solution energy, and number of triangles for each

parametric solution.After you have solved your parametric problem, you can view any of the solutions.

Variables Displays the parametric solutions.Model Displays the model.Solutions Displays the parametric solutions of force, torque, and any matrices.Convergence Displays convergence information on the solution.Profile Gives information about the adaptive passes and solutions.View Fields Displays the saved fields.

Viewing Parametric Solu-tions

VariablesModelSolutionsConvergenceProfileView Fields



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Variables> To see the parametric solutions:

Choose Variables. The parametric table appears as shown below.

Choose Return to Nominal Problem to return to the Executive Commands window.

Model> To view the geometric model for a parametric setup:

Choose Model to display the model that was used in the parametric solution.





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SolutionsChoose Solutions to display the force, torque, or matrix solutions of your problem.

> To view the executive parameter solutions for a parametric setup:1. Choose Variables to display the parametric spreadsheet.2. Select the parametric setup you wish to view.3. Choose Solutions. A pull-down menu appears, allowing you to select a force,

torque, or matrix solution.4. Select the solution you wish to view.The solution appears in the Executive Commands window.





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ConvergenceChoose Convergence from the Executive Commands window to see the convergenceinformation about your parametric solutions. This command displays: The number of completed adaptive passes. The stopping criteria. The energy, energy error, and the number of tetrahedra in each field solution. The results of any force, torque, or matrix solutions.

> To view the convergence information:1. Choose Variables to display the parametric spreadsheet.2. Select the parametric setup you wish to view.3. Choose Convergence. The Convergence Display menu appears.4. Choose Convergence Display. A list of plots appear for the selected setup.

5. Select the type of plot you wish to view.

Table Displays the data in table format. This is the default.Plot tetrahedra Displays a plot of the number of tetrahedra used in the mesh

for the parametric setup.Plot Total Energy Displays a plot of the total energy for the parametric setup.Plot Percent ErrorEnergy

Displays a plot of the percent energy error for the parametricsetup.

Plot Virtual Force Displays a plot of the Virtual force for the parametric setup.Plot Virtual Torque Displays a plot of the Virtual torque for the parametric setup.Plot Lorentz Force Displays a plot of the lorentz force for the parametric setup.Plot Lorentz Torque Displays a plot of the lorentz torque for the parametric setup.





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ProfileChoose Profile to display the detailed information about a selected parametric solution.The information that appears

> To view the profile:1. Choose Variables to display the parametric spreadsheet.2. Select the parametric setup you wish to view.3. Choose Profile.4. Move the scroll bar to view the convergence data for the setup.This command works in the same manner as the Profile command in the nominal prob-lem.

View FieldsChoose View Fields to display the fields associated with a selected parametric setup.You must have selected Save Fields when setting up the parametric table with the SetupSolution/Variables command prior to solving.

> To view the fields:1. Choose Variables to display the parametric spreadsheet.2. Select the parametric setup you wish to view. You must have a saved field in the

setup.3. Choose View Fields.The Post Processor opens, plotting the fields for the setup in the new window. ChooseFile/Exit from the Post Processor to exit.




Maxwell 3D Post ProcessorTopics:

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3D Post ProcessorPost Process/Nominal Prob-lem Commands

Post Processor Tool BarHotkeysUnitsPost ProcessingPost Processor MacrosPredefined Surfaces, Vol-umes, and Lists

3D Post ProcessorChoose Post Process to access Maxwell 3Ds Post Processor. Use it to: Display shaded or wire frame views of the solved model. Display contour, shaded, vector, value vs. distance, and animated plots of fields. Compute derived quantities from the general field solution.When you first select this command, only the Post Process/Nominal Problem subcom-mand may be active. If you have purchased the Parametric Analysis module, you mayperform a parametric sweep.The Variables command becomes active only after a parametric sweep.When you choose Post Process/Nominal Problem, the following window appears:

While using the Post Processor, the Executive Commands menu remains active. Thisallows you to inspect material properties, boundary conditions, convergence information,and so forth while viewing the field solution. If you exit Maxwell 3D while the Post Proces-sor is being used, the software gives you the option of continuing to view the field solutioneven after you exit the program, or exiting from both modules.



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Post Process/Nominal Problem CommandsUse these commands to modify, save, delete, or otherwise manipulate the field solutionsof your model. The commands in the Post Processor are:

File Creates, opens, or saves your solutions.Edit Modifies, selects, renames, or recolors objects in your model.View Modifies the display of your model.Coordinates Defines new coordinates for your model.Geometry Creates, modifies, or deletes objects such as points, lines, cutplanes,

and faces in your model.Data Edits or modifies functions. Displays solution information. Allows you to

perform calculations on your field solutions.Plot Creates a plot; displays the finite element mesh; animates the fields of

your model; opens or saves your plot as 2D or 3D; modifies or deletesthe plot; toggles the visibility of the plot; and formats the axes orgraphs. Also defines a BH-curve for the plot.

Options Hides, shows, and sets preferences on the modeling region.Window Cascades your view windows.Help Accesses the online documentation and provides help on commands.

3D Post ProcessorPost Process/NominalProblem Commands




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Post Processor Tool BarThe Post Processors tool bar acts as a short cut for executing commonly used com-mands. Click on the icon that you would like to view more information about.

The tool bar works in the following way:> To execute a tool bar command in the Post Processor:

Click the mouse on the icon whose command you wish to execute.The tool bar command is executed.

> To view a short help message about a tool bar command in the Post Processor: Hold the left mouse button on the icon you wish to know more about. A description of

the command appears in the message bar.The description disappears when you release the mouse button.

HotkeysMany commands in the Post Processor can be accessed using hotkeys a single key (orcombination of keys) that acts as a short cut for executing the command. Hotkeys appearnext to the menu commands in each pull-down menu and can be executed at any time themodule is open, if no pull-down menus are displayed.

UnitsAll solutions generated by the solvers and calculated in the Data menu are given in SIunits.



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Post Processor Tool BarHotkeysUnitsPost Processing

Geometries (Points,Lines, Surfaces, andVolumes)

Plotting Common FieldQuantities

Saving and Reading PlotsCalculating Derived FieldQuantities

Plotting Derived FieldQuantities

Superimposing Field Solu-tions

Post Processor MacrosPredefined Surfaces, Vol-umes, and Lists

Post ProcessingThe Post Processor provides several tools for analyzing the results of your simulation.

Geometries (Points, Lines, Surfaces, and Volumes)Use the Geometry/Create commands to define points, lines, surfaces, volume boxes,and object lists. These geometries are used to plot fields and compute quantities from thefield solution. In addition, the Post Processor automatically creates a set of predefinedsurfaces, volumes, and lists which include commonly used surfaces (such as the xy-plane) and volumes (such as the solution region). Use them to simplify calculations.

Plotting Common Field QuantitiesUse the Plot/Field command to plot basic field quantities such as the E-field, the H-field,or the electric potential and derived quantities such as energy or hysteresis loss.The available quantities depend on which solver you selected. You can display a pointplot, 2D line plot (value vs. distance plot), 3D line plot, surface plots, volume plots, or ani-mated plots of the available field quantities. A volume plot of the B-field is shown below.



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Post Processor Tool BarHotkeysUnitsPost Processing

Geometries (Points, Lines,Surfaces, and Volumes)

Plotting Common FieldQuantities

Saving and ReadingPlots

Calculating DerivedField Quantities

Plotting Derived FieldQuantities

Superimposing FieldSolutions

Post Processor MacrosPredefined Surfaces, Vol-umes, and Lists

Saving and Reading PlotsAny plot that you create in the Post Processor can be saved to a file using the Plot/SaveAs command. Saved plots can later be read into the Post Processor using the Plot/Opencommand. This lets you preserve the graphical results of your analysis for future use. Forinstance, you may want to compare plots of two models with slightly different dimensionsto see where the areas of highest flux are located in the two models.

Calculating Derived Field QuantitiesAs part of your analysis, use the Data/Calculator command to perform calculations onthe basic field solution. Field quantities are always given in SI units.

Plotting Derived Field QuantitiesQuantities that have been derived from the original field solution can be plotted directlyfrom the calculator.

Superimposing Field SolutionsIn some cases, you must superimpose two field solutions to obtain the total solution for aproblem. For example, assume that you are modeling a two-source device. With onesource turned on, the field is tangential to a particular boundary; with the other sourceturned on, the field is perpendicular to that same boundary. To fully model this problem,you need to superimpose the two solutions to obtain the field pattern on the boundary andin the rest of problem region. This is done with the Data/Calculator commands.

> To superimpose field solutions, follow this general procedure:1. Solve the problem with one source turned on and the other off.2. Put this solution into the register. The register is the section of the field calculator

that displays the quantities you input.3. Save the solution to a file using the Output/Write command.4. Solve the problem again. This time, turn on the second field and turn off the first.5. Put this solution into the register.6. Load in the first solution using the Input/Read command. Both solutions should

now be in the register.7. Add the two registers.



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Post Processor Tool BarHotkeysUnitsPost ProcessingPost Processor Macros

Creating a MacroExecuting a MacroEditing a MacroA Macro Example

Predefined Surfaces, Vol-umes, and Lists

Post Processor MacrosPost processing macros are useful when performing a parametric sweep. Executing mac-ros during a parametric sweep enables you to solve for any quantity such as trans-former efficiency, energy density, and hysteresis loss that can be computed using thecalculators. This allows you to compare the results of computations for the different valuesin the sweep.Macros are recorded lists of commands that you can execute more than once. When youexecute them in any other project, they perform their recorded steps. This saves you fromrepeating commands to achieve the same results.

Creating a MacroYou can create the macro by either entering the commands in the command prompt or byusing the mouse, after you have started to record your macro.

> To create a macro in the Post Processor:1. Choose View/Command Prompt. The command prompt window appears below

the project window.2. Enter FileRecord Filename.mcl where Filename.mcl is the name of the macro

you wish to create. From this point forward, every step will be recorded into themacro.

3. Create the calculations or plots of the parametric sweep that you wish to record.You can create these by using the mouse or by entering the commands into thecommand prompt. The commands that can be entered are listed in the Introductionto the Macro Language guide.

4. When you have finished creating the steps you want to record, enter FileRecStop.Your macro is now finished and has been recorded.

The macro is created and can be executed using the FileExec command at the commandprompt.



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Executing a MacroYou can execute the macro you have created in any project you wish. The macro createsthe object with the settings saved in the macro.

> To execute a macro:1. Choose View/Command Prompt from the Post Processor menu bar. The

command prompt window appears below the project window.2. Enter FileExec Filename.mcl where Filename.mcl is the name of the macro you

wish to execute. The macro executes its recorded actions.You can execute any macro from the command prompt.

Editing a MacroYou can edit a macro with any text editor. You can also make changes to a macro andsave it under a different file name. This allows you to run several macros in sequence,each producing a slightly different result.



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A Macro ExampleCreating a macro in the Post Processor is an extremely efficient method of setting up thecomputations and plots of your solved model. This macro is an example of how to createa volume plot for the magnetic field of an eddy current problem.

> To create a macro in the Post Processor:1. Choose View/Command Prompt. The command prompt appears below the

project window.2. Enter FileRecord Testpost.mac at the command prompt. This records the macro

under the name Testpost.mac.3. Enter CreatePlot at the command prompt.4. Choose Mag H from the Plot Quantity field.5. Choose Volume -all- for the On Geometry field.6. Enter 0 as the phase in the Phase field.7. Choose OK. The Scalar Volume Plot window appears.8. Choose OK. The plot begins generating.9. Enter FileRecStop. The macro is recorded.You can use a text editor to change any of the field values and save the macro under a dif-ferent name. This allows you to quickly generate several macros, each with its own spe-cific values. You can then execute these macros to produce new plots. For example, in theabove macro, you can change the phase value via a text editor and save each changeunder a different macro. Later, you can execute these macros to see an array of plots,each with a different phase value.



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Predefined SurfacesPredefined Volumesand Object Lists

Predefined Surfaces, Volumes, and ListsTo simplify your analysis, the Post Processor automatically creates a set of predefinedsurfaces, volumes and object lists. Basically, you only need to define volumes, lists, andsurfaces that do not intersect one of the predefined planes, are not contained within anexisting geometric object, or include more than one object. Predefined geometries can beused like any other volume, surface, or list when plotting and performing calculations.However, they cannot be deleted or (in most cases) modified. Use animated surfaces tocreate animations in the plot menu.

Predefined SurfacesThe system automatically defines these surfaces:

Predefined Volumes and Object ListsThe system automatically defines these volumes and lists:

xy The xy-plane. The position of this plane can be modified.yz The yz-plane. The position of this plane can be modified.xz The xz-plane. The position of this plane can be modified.Objectname The surface of a single geometric object. A surface is defined for

each object in the model.Point1 An arbitrary point in space which can be modified.AnimSurf xy The surface xy.AnimSurf yz The surface yz.AnimSurf xz The surface xz.AnimSurf zrot The surface of the xy-plane rotation about the z-axis.AnimSurf sphere The surface of a sphere.AnimSurf cyl The surface of a cylinder.AnimSurf cone The surface of a cone.

-all- All geometric objects.Objectname The volume of a single geometric object. A volume is defined for each

object in the model.


Maxwell 3D Geometry MenuTopics:

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Geometry MenuThe commands on the Geometry menu let you define objects for plotting fields and per-forming calculations. Use them to create, modify, or delete the following: Points Lines and arcs Cutplanes External surfaces of objects Lists of objects Volume boxesCreating a geometry is generally the first step in analyzing your field solution. Define thevolumes, surfaces, lines, or points on which youd like to study the electric or magneticfield in your model. Then, use them with the Plot and Data commands to plot fields orcompute derived quantities from the general field solution. The geometries that you cre-ate in the Post Processor do not affect the geometric model they are used for analysisonly.When you choose Geometry from the menu bar, the following menu appears.

Geometry MenuGeometry CommandsGeometry/CreateGeometry/ModifyGeometry/Delete



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Geometry CommandsThe commands on the Geometry menu are:

In addition to the geometries described above, isosurfaces and points of maximum andminimum field values can be defined using the Data/Calculator command.

Create Defines the following for use in plotting and analyzing fields:Point A point in the modeling region.Line A polyline, which can include straight segments, arcs,

and splines.Arc An arc.Cutplane A plane that cuts through the solution region.Surface List The external surface of an object (or group of objects).Faces List The faces of an object (or group of objects).Object List A list of geometric objects.Volume Box A box-shaped subvolume of the problem region.

Modify Modifies the following:Point A point.Line A polyline.Cutplane A plane.Faces List The face of an object.Object List A list of geometric objects.

Delete Deletes points, lines, cutplanes, external surfaces, volume boxes, andobject lists.




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Geometry/CreateUse the Geometry/Create commands to define the following:

In general, you need to explicitly define points, lines, and volume boxes the Post Pro-cessor does not automatically create these objects. However, you do not need to definecutplanes, object lists, and external faces unless the Post Processors predefined sur-faces, volumes, and lists are not suitable for the analysis youd like to perform.

Point A point in the problem region.Line A polyline.Arc An arc.Cutplane A plane that cuts through the problem region.Surface List The external surface of an object or group of objects.Faces List The faces of an object or group of objects.Object List A group of geometric objects.Volume Box A box-shaped subregion of the problem space.

Geometry MenuGeometry CommandsGeometry/Create

Geometry/Create/PointGeometry/Create/LineGeometry/Create/ArcGeometry/Create/Cut-plane

Change the Planes Ori-gin

Change the PlanesNormal

Geometry/Create/SurfaceList

Geometry/Create/FacesList

Geometry/Create/ObjectList

Geometry/Create/VolumeBox

Geometry/ModifyGeometry/Delete



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Geometry/Create/PointUse this command to create a point object. These objects are used to plot and performcomputations on the field at any point within the solution region.

> To define a point:1. Choose Geometry/Create/Point. The following fields appear in the side window:

2. Enter the name of the point in the Name field.3. A new point is initially located at (0,0,0). Specify its actual location as follows:

Click the right mouse button on the point in the model where you wish to specifythe new point.

Enter the points coordinates in the X, Y, and Z fields in the upper right corner ofthe screen, then choose the OK button thats directly beneath them.

Click on the Dx, Dy, or Dz arrow buttons to move the point one grid interval in thex, y, or z direction.

4. Choose Set to set the coordinates in place.5. Choose OK to define the point or choose Cancel to cancel the action.












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Geometry/Create/LineUse this command to create a polyline object. These objects are used to: Generate value vs. distance, arrow, or shaded plots of a fields value on a line. Integrate and perform other computations on field quantities along a line.Polylines can be made up of splines, arcs, and straight segments, and can be eitherclosed or open.

> To create a line:1. Choose Geometry/Create/Line.2. Enter the name of the line in the Creating field.3. Select a Color for the line.4. Click and hold Add Vert to add a vertex to the polyline. A submenu appears. You

can also delete or move the vertex from this submenu.5. Click and hold Straight to change the added polylines to arcs or splines.6. Select a beginning point for your object. Choose Enter.7. Select the next point in your polyline. Choose Enter.8. Repeat steps 4 through 7 until the object is complete.9. Enter the number of points in the line in the Num points field, or accept the

default.10.Optionally, deselect Covered to create an open object.11. If necessary, choose Join Splines to join your sketched splines together. Choose

Split Splines to separate the splines.12. If necessary, choose Close to close the region of your polyline. Choose Open to

create an opening in the polyline.13.Choose Done to end the polyline.This command is identical to the Lines/Polyline command in the modeler.












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Geometry/Create/ArcUse this command to create an arc with its own axis.

> To create an arc:1. Choose Geometry/Create/Arc. New fields appear in the side window.2. Select the Arc Axis for the arc and choose Enter.3. Enter the Radius of the arc.4. Use the mouse or the coordinates fields to define the start point of the arc and

choose Enter under Start Point. New fields appear in the side window.5. Enter the number of points in the arc in the Num points field. By default, this is set

to 1000.6. Optionally, select Clockwise to create a clockwise arc. By default, the arc will be

drawn in the counter-clockwise direction.7. Enter the Angle of the arc. Angles are entered in degrees.8. Optionally, select Num segments to define a number of segments for the arc. The

greater the number of segments, the smoother the curve of the arc.9. Enter the Name of the arc.10.Choose a Color for the arc.11.Choose Enter.The arc appears in the modeling windows.












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Geometry/Create/CutplaneUse this command to create a plane on which fields can be plotted and computations per-formed. To define the plane, specify an origin and a normal vector.

> To define a cutplane:1. Choose Geometry/Create/Cutplane. A set of new fields appears in the side

window.2. Enter the name of the new plane in the Name field.3. Initially, the cutplanes origin is (0,0,0) and its normal vector points along the z-axis

(that is, its identical to the xy-plane). Use the Origin buttons to change the planes origin. Use the Normal buttons to change the planes normal.

4. Choose OK to create the cutplane or choose Cancel to cancel the action.The cutplane is created.

Change the Planes Origin> To move the planes origin, do one (or both) of the following:

Use the arrow buttons beneath the Set button under Origin to move the origin onegrid interval in the direction of the planes normal vector.

Specify the origins new coordinates. To do this:a. Select a new point for the origin. Do one of the following:

Click the right mouse button on the point where you wish to define the neworigin.

Enter the origins coordinates in the X, Y, and Z fields in the top of the sidewindow, then choose the OK button thats directly beneath them.

b. Choose Set to enter the origins coordinates.c. Choose OK to accept the coordinates or choose Cancel to cancel the action.

The system redraws the cutplane, locating it at the new origin.

Note: The Post Processor automatically creates a set of predefined surfaces thatincludes the xy-, yz-, and xz-cutplanes. You only need to create cutplanesthat do not lie on one of these predefined planes.



Change the PlanesOrigin









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Change the Planes Normal> To change the direction of the planes normal, do one (or both) of the following:

Click on the X, Y, or Z arrow buttons under Normal to rotate the vector one gridinterval around the x-, y-, or z-axis.

Define the new direction of the normal by entering a point. To do this:a. Enter the point using the mouse or the X, Y, and Z fields as described under

change the planes origin. The post-processor automatically draws a line fromthe origin to the point indicating the new direction of the normal vector.

b. Choose Set to enter the normal vectors new direction.c. Choose OK to accept the coordinates or choose Cancel to cancel the action.

The system redraws the cutplane with the normal vector pointing in the new direction.












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Geometry/Create/Surface ListUse this command to select the external surface of one or more geometric objects for usein plotting fields or computing derived quantities from the field solution.

> To define an external surface:1. Choose Geometry/Create/Surface List. New fields appear in the side window.2. Select one of the following:

3. Select the object name or list.4. Enter the name of the external surface in the Surface Name field.5. Choose OK to define the surface or choose Cancel to cancel the command.An external face is created. The face appears in the geometry list when plotting the fieldsof the objects.

Note: The Post Processor automatically creates a set of predefined surfaces thatincludes all geometric objects in the model. You only need to create surfacesthat consist of multiple objects.

Objects Select this to define an external face that consists of the surface of asingle 2D or 3D object. A list of all objects appears.

ObjectList

Select this to define an external face that consists of the surfaces ofmultiple objects. A list of all object lists appears.





Geometry/Create/Sur-face List







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Geometry/Create/Faces ListUse this command to create a list of the faces of one or more geometric objects for use inplotting fields or computing derived quantities from the field solution.

> To define an object face:1. Choose Geometry/Create/Faces List. New fields appear in the side window.2. Enter the Name for the faces list to create or accept the default.3. Select the Objects you wish to include in the list.4. Select the objects to be included in the list. Do one or all of the following:

Click on the object names listed under Objects. Click on the objects themselves to select them. Enter the name of the object in the blank field below the Faces list.You may choose Desel at any time to remove the objects from the list.

5. Choose OK to accept the list or Cancel to cancel the definition.The faces list is created and may now be used when creating plots.

Note: The Post Processor automatically creates a set of predefined surfaces thatincludes all geometric objects in the model. You only need to create surfacesthat consist of multiple objects.












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Geometry/Create/Object ListUse this command to define a list of geometric objects. Object lists are treated as vol-umes when you are plotting and performing calculations. Creating a list is not required foranalyzing a field solution. It is simply a convenient way to identify a group of objects for aplot or calculation. Objects in a list can still be treated as separate objects, and the sameobject can be included in several different lists.For example, suppose you want to plot the H-field on the surface formed by intersectingthe xy-plane with several objects. First, define a list of these objects. Then, when plottingfields, select the list name under the On Geometry or In Volume fields. This tells the PostProcessor to only plot fields at the intersection of the plane with the objects in the list.

> To define an object list:1. Choose Geometry/Create/Object List.2. Enter the list name in the Name field.3. Select the names of the objects to be included in the list. The selected objects are

also highlighted in the geometric model. Do one of the following to select them: Click on the objects themselves in the viewing window. Select the objects in the Objects list. Enter the name of the object in the blank field below the Objects list and choose

Sel.You may choose Desel at any time to remove the objects from the list.

4. Choose OK to define the list or choose Cancel to cancel the command.The object list appears as a valid geometry when you plot the fields of the model.

Note: The Post Processor automatically creates a set of predefined surfaces, vol-umes, and lists. All geometric objects and the entire problem region areautomatically defined as lists. You only need to create lists of more than oneobject.












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Geometry/Create/Volume BoxUse this command to create a box-shaped subvolume of the solution region. Volumeboxes are primarily used to analyze fields in areas of the problem space that are not occu-pied by an object, or consist of parts of several objects.

> To define a volume box:1. Choose Geometry/Create/Volume Box.2. Select the first corner of the volume.3. Choose Enter to accept this point or choose Cancel to ignore the action.4. Enter the dimensions of the box in the Enter Box Size fields. Alternatively, you can

click the mouse on the diagonal corner of the volume. The system draws a boxindicating the size of the volume.

5. Enter the name of the volume box in the Name field.6. Choose the color of the box by clicking on the colored square.7. Choose Enter to accept this point or choose Cancel to ignore the action.The volume box is created. The space within the volume box can be analyzed as a sepa-rate object.








Geometry/Create/Vol-ume Box




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Geometry MenuGeometry CommandsGeometry/CreateGeometry/Modify

Geometry/Modify/PointChange the PointsName

Change the PointsLocation

Geometry/Modify/LineGeometry/Modify/Cut-plane

Geometry/Modify/FacesList

Geometry/Modify/ObjectList

Geometry/Delete

Geometry/ModifyUse these command commands to modify the following:

Geometry/Modify/PointUse this command to: Change the name and/or location of a point object. Recalculate and redisplay any field quantities that have been plotted or computed at

the point. To see how the field varies at different locations in the problem region, forinstance, you could move a point and recalculate fields several times.

> To modify a point:1. Choose Geometry/Modify/Point. The Points fields appear in the side window.2. Under Points, select the point to be modified.3. Use the Name field to change the points name.4. Use the Location fields to change the points location.5. Choose Recalculate to recompute field quantities at the points new location.6. To modify another point, repeat steps 2 through 5.7. Choose Done to exit the command.

Change the Points Name> To change the points name:

1. Enter the new name in the Name field.2. Choose OK.

Point A point in the solution region.Line A polyline object.Cutplane A plane that cuts through the solution region.Faces List A list of faces and surfacesObject List A list of geometric objects.

Note: External surfaces of objects and volume boxes cannot be modified once theyare created. The only predefined surfaces, volumes, and lists that can bemodified are the xy-, yz-, and xz-cutplanes.



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Geometry/Delete

Change the Points Location> To change the points location:

1. Specify the new coordinates. Do one (or more) of the following: Click the right mouse button on the points new location. Enter the new coordinates in the X, Y, and Z fields in the upper right corner of the

screen, then choose the OK button thats directly beneath them. Click on the Dx, Dy, or Dz arrow buttons to move the point one grid interval in the

x, y, or z direction.2. Choose Set.The point moves to its new location.

Geometry/Modify/LineUse this command to: Modify a line by adding, deleting, or moving line segments, splines, and curves. Recalculate any field quantities that have been plotted or computed on the line. This

updates their values using the modified line.> To modify a line:

1. Choose Geometry/Modify/Line.2. Select the line to be modified:

Under Existing Lines, select the line you want to modify. Enter its name under Edit. Use wild cards to limit the lines that can be selected.

3. Choose OK to modify the line. Fields for editing a polyline appear.4. To recompute fields along the line, choose Recalculate.5. To change the lines name, move or delete vertices, and add straight or curved

segments, follow the procedures under the Lines/Polyline command.The line changes. The fields are recalculated for the new line.



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Geometry/Delete

Geometry/Modify/CutplaneUse this command to: Change a cutplanes origin or normal vector. Recalculate any field quantities that have been plotted or computed on the plane. This

gives their value at the planes new location, allowing you to see how they vary as youmove the plane through the solution region.

> To modify a cutplane:1. Choose Geometry/Modify/Cutplane. The Cutplanes fields appear in the side

window.2. Under Cutplanes, select the plane you want to modify.3. Enter the planes new name in the Name field.4. Choose OK.5. Use the Origin fields to change the planes origin.

6. Use the Normal fields to change the planes normal.7. Choose Recalculate to recompute field quantities at the planes new location.8. To modify another plane, repeat steps 2 through 6.9. Choose Done to exit the command.

Note: You can move the origins of the predefined xy-, yz-, and xz-cutplanes in thedirection of their normal vectors. However, you cannot modify the normalvectors associated with these planes.



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Geometry/Delete

Geometry/Modify/Faces ListUse this command to: Change the objects contained within the faces list. Recompute any quantities that have been plotted or computed in the objects in the list.

> To modify an object list:1. Choose Geometry/Modify/Faces List. The Faces Lists fields appear.2. Enter the new list Name.3. Choose the OK button to the right of the Name field.4. Select the objects to be included in the list. Do one or all of the following:

Click on the object names listed under Objects. Click on the objects themselves to select them. Enter the name of the object in the blank field below the Faces list.You may choose Desel at any time to remove the objects from the list.

5. Choose OK to define the list or choose Cancel to cancel the action.6. Choose Recalculate to recompute the fields in the modified object list.7. Choose Done to return to the Post Processor screen.The field quantities are recomputed for the new list.



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Geometry/Modify/Object List

Geometry/Delete

Geometry/Modify/Object ListUse this command to: Add objects to or delete objects from an object list. Recompute any quantities that have been plotted or computed in the objects in the list.

> To modify an object list:1. Choose Geometry/Modify/Object List. The Object Lists fields appear.2. Enter the new list name.3. Choose the OK button to the right of the Name field.4. Select the objects to be included in the list. Do one or both of the following:

Click on the object names listed under Objects. Click on the objects themselves to select them. Enter the name of the object in the blank field below the Objects list.You may choose Desel at any time to remove the objects from the list.

5. Choose OK to define the list or choose Cancel to cancel the action.6. Choose Recalculate to recompute the fields in the modified object list.7. Choose Done to return to the Post Processor screen.The field quantities are recomputed for the new list.



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Geometry/DeleteUse this command to delete the following: Points, lines, and cutplanes. Volume boxes. External surfaces. Object lists.You can only delete geometries that youve created. Predefined object lists, cutplanes,and external faces cannot be deleted.

> To delete a geometry:1. Choose Geometry/Delete. The following window appears. The names and types

of geometries that you have created are listed.

2. Select the items to be deleted. The Delete field at the beginning of the lineautomatically changes to Yes. To keep the item, click on it again. The Delete fieldchanges back to No.

3. Choose OK to delete the selected items.

Warning: Only select the points, lines, cutplanes, boxes, surfaces, or object lists thatyou want to delete! Deleted geometries cannot be undeleted.


Maxwell 3D Data MenuTopics:

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Data MenuUse the commands on the Data menu to: Define and edit math functions. Modify the values of constant math functions, enabling you to change values used in

plots and computations without recalculating them. Access the field calculator. Use the calculator to compute derived quantities from the

general electric or magnetic field solution; read and write field quantities to files, locatemaximum and minimum field values, and perform other operations on the fieldsolution.

View information on the field solution, such as the number of tetrahedra and maximumand minimum tetrahedra volumes.

For magnetostatic problems, define the solution type.With the Geometry and Plot commands, the Data commands provide a set of powerfulpost processing tools that enable you to analyze the field solution. When you chooseData from the menu bar, the following menu appears:

Data MenuData CommandsData/Set Solution TypeData/FunctionsData/CalculatorData/Solution Info



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Data CommandsThe commands on the Data menu are:

Data/Set Solution TypeMagnetostatic problems only.Choose this command to select the solution type to post process in the data calculator. Bydefault, Magnetostatic is selected as the solution type.

> To select the solution type for magnetostatic problems:1. Choose Data/Set Solution Type. The Solution Type window appears.2. Do one of the following:

Select Magnetostatic to post process the magnetostatic solutions. Select Conduction to post process the conduction solutions for the problem.

3. Choose OK to accept the solution type or Cancel to ignore the settings.The window closes and you return to the 3D Post Processor.

Set SolutionType

Sets the solution type as Magnetostatic or Conduction.

Functions Creates functions for use in analyzing the field solution.Edit Lets you define new functions and edit existing ones.Modify Lets you change the values of constant functions and

recompute any calculations that use these functions.Calculator Accesses the field calculator, which enables you to perform computa-

tions using basic field quantities.Solution Info Displays various types of information about the field solution, such as

the type of solution that was computed, the number of tetrahedra, andthe maximum and minimum volumes of the tetrahedra inside individualobjects.

Data MenuData CommandsData/Set Solution TypeData/FunctionsData/CalculatorData/Solution Info



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Data/FunctionsUse the Data/Functions commands to create and modify math functions for use in ana-lyzing the results of a field simulation. The following commands are available:

Data/Functions/EditChoose Data/Functions/Edit to: Calculate new values for mathematical expressions, and update values of variables

already assigned mathematical expressions. Maintain a list of commonly used functions and variables.

Common FunctionsThe following legal functions may be used to define mathematical expressions:

These function names are reserved and may not be used as variable names.

Edit Lets you define new variables and functions, and edit existing ones.Modify Lets you modify a variables value and redo any computations that use it.

This lets you immediately see the effect of your changes.

BasicFunctions

/, +, -, *, % (modulus), ** (exponentiation), - (Unary minus), > right shift, == (equals), != (not equals), > (greater than), = (greater than equals),



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Data/Functions/ModifyChoose Data/Functions/Modify to do the following: Change a variables numerical value. Recompute any calculations that use that variable.

Modifying a Variable> To modify the value of a variable:

1. Choose Data/Functions/Modify.2. Under Variables, select the variable you wish to modify. All variables that were

assigned a constant value using the Data/Functions/Edit command are listed.3. Change the variables value using one or both of the following methods:

Explicitly specify a new value and range for the variable:a. Enter new values for the following:

b. Choose Set to accept these values. Use the scroll bar to change the variables value to any number between its

minimum and maximum values (which are set using the Max and Min fields asdescribed above). The Val field displays the variables current value.

4. Choose Recalculate to recompute any calculations that use the variable whosevalue you change.

Note: This command can only be used to modify variables that have beenassigned constant values. It cannot be used to change the values of the pre-defined variables X, Y, Z, PHI, R, RHO, and THETA, or any function whosevalue is given by a mathematical expression instead of a constant. Use theData/Functions/Edit command to modify these variables and functions.

Max The maximum numerical value that can be assigned to the variablewhen using the scroll bars. Initially, this is equal to the variables cur-rent value.

Min The minimum numerical value that can be assigned to the variablewhen using the scroll bars. Initially, this is equal to zero.

Val The variables current numerical value.

Data MenuData CommandsData/Set Solution TypeData/Functions

Data/Functions/EditCommon Functions

Data/Functions/ModifyModifying a Variable

Data/CalculatorData/Solution Info



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Data/CalculatorChoose Data/Calculator to access the field calculator. The following window appears. Toview more information on a command or screen area, click on it below.

Data MenuData CommandsData/Set Solution TypeData/FunctionsData/Calculator

Data CalculationsThe Calculator StackRegistersStack CommandsNameDegreesRadiansInputGeneralScalarVectorOutput

Data/Solution Info



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Data CalculationsThe calculator does not actually do the operations until a value is needed or is forced for aresult. This makes it more efficient, saving computing resources and time. Consider thefollowing field calculator example:

Phi, Phi, +Point, Plot

The operation Phi +Phi is calculated only once, at Point, when the Plot command on thefield calculator is executed. The result of this is that you can do all the calculations withoutregard to data storage of all the calculated points of the field. It is generally easier to do allthe calculations first, then plot the results.Calculations are always presented in SI units.

The Calculator StackThe calculator is made up of a stack of registers, each of which can hold: Field quantities such as the H-field or E-field. Functional or constant scalars and vectors. Geometries points, lines, surfaces, or volumes on which a field quantity is to be

evaluated.To perform a computation on the field solution, you must first load a basic field quantityinto a register on the stack. Once a quantity is loaded into a register, it can be: Manipulated using mathematical operations such as curls, gradients, cross products,

divergences, and dot products. Integrated over lines, surfaces, or subvolumes of the solution region either

predefined surfaces, volumes, and lists, or lines, surfaces, and volumes that weredefined using the Geometry/Create commands.

Plotted on a point, line, surface, or volume. Plotting derived quantities directly from thecalculator lets you bypass the Plot/Field command.

Exported to a file, allowing you to superimpose saved solutions.



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RegistersCalculator registers hold field quantities, numbers, vectors, and geometries. No registersare created until you load something into the calculator; therefore, this part of the windowis initially blank. As items are loaded into the calculator, it creates new registers to holdthem.Each register is labeled with its contents as follows:

When examining calculator registers, keep the following in mind: To move or delete calculator registers, use the stack commands. To save a register to a disk file, use the Write command. To load a previously-saved register into the calculator, use the Read command.

Enlarging the Register Display Area> If there are too many registers to fit into the display area, do one of the following:

Use the scroll bars to view the hidden registers. Enlarge the calculator window using the windows borders or its maximize button.

Vec Vector quantities, which have both direction and magnitude at each point inspace. The x-, y-, and z-components of these quantities are stored in theregister.

Scl Scalar quantities, which have a magnitude only.Cvc Complex vector quantities.Csc Complex scalar quantities.Pnt Points.Lin Lines.Srf Surfaces.Vol Volumes.



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Stack CommandsUse these commands to manipulate the registers in the calculator stack.

PushReloads the quantity in the top register onto the top of the stack, creating a new register.The contents of the top two registers are identical.

PopDeletes the top register from the stack.

RlDnRolls the bottom register to the top of the stack, moving the other registers down thestack.

RlUpRolls the top register to the bottom of the stack, moving the other registers up the stack.

ExchExchanges the top two registers in the stack.

ClearClears the contents of the stack.

UndoUse this command to undo the effect of the last operation you performed on the contentsof the top register. Successive Undo commands act on any previous operations.

Note: You cannot undo a simple operation such as loading a field quantity, con-stant, function, or geometry into the calculator. Instead, use the Pop or Clearcommands to delete these items from the calculator stack.



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Data/Solution Info

NameThis command changes the name of the quantity in the top register of the stack. Itreplaces the calculators representation of the quantity.

> To change the name of the quantity in the top register:1. Enter the new name in the Name field.2. Choose Enter.

DegreesChoose this to enter angles in degrees.

RadiansChoose this to enter angles in radians.

InputUse these commands to load the following onto the top of the calculator stack: Field quantities such as E and H and simple derived quantities such as energy

density. Geometries such as cutplanes, points, lines, and volumes. Predefined constants such as , 0, and conversion factors between various units of

measurement. Vector and scalar constants, including complex numbers for eddy current problems. Vector and scalar math functions. Previously-saved calculator registers containing field quantities.These quantities can be manipulated using the stack commands, general commands,scalar commands, and vector commands. The results of these calculations can then beexamined using the output commands.



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QtyLoads a field quantity into the top register of the calculator. The available quantities are:Electrostatic Field Quantities

Magnetostatic Field Quantities

Eddy Current (AC Magnetic) Field Quantities

phi The electric scalar potential, .E The DC electric field, E(x,y,z).D The DC electric flux density, D(x,y,z).

H The DC magnetic field, H(x,y,z).B The DC magnetic flux density, B(x,y,z).J The DC current density, J(x,y,z).Energy The magnetic energy density. To find the magnetic field energy, integrate

this quantity over a volume.Coenergy The magnetic coenergy density. To find the magnetic coenergy, integrate

this quantity over a volume.Appenergy The apparent energy in nonlinear materials equal to half the area under

the BH-curve at a given point.

B The AC magnetic flux density, B(x,y,z,t).H The AC magnetic field, H(x,y,z,t).J The AC current density, J(x,y,z,t).Energy The average magnetic energy density. To find the average magnetic field

energy, integrate this quantity over a volume.HysteresisLoss

The hysteresis loss density. To find the hysteresis loss, integrate thisquantity over a volume. Hysteresis loss is non-zero if the model hasmaterials with an imaginary permeability.

OhmicLoss

The ohmic loss density. To find the ohmic loss, integrate this quantity overa volume.



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GeomLoads a geometry into the top register of the calculator. Do this to: Find the value of derived field quantities on any point, line, surface, or volume. Plot quantities directly from the calculator, bypassing the Plot/Field command. Display a previously-defined isosurface, maximum or minimum field point using the

Draw command.The following types of geometries are available:

> To load a geometry into the calculator:1. Choose the Geom button. The menu explained above appears.2. Choose a geometry type. A list of all available geometries appears.3. Select the geometry.4. Choose OK to load the geometry into the calculator or choose Cancel to cancel

the action.

Point A point defined via the Geometry/Create/Point, Max/Position, or Min/Position commands.

Line A line defined via the Geometry/Create/Line command.Surface A surface such as:

A plane defined via the Geometry/Create/Cutplane command. An object surface defined via the Geometry/Create/External

Face command. A predefined surface. An isosurface defined via the Iso command.

Volume A volume such as: A box defined via the Geometry/Create/Volume Box

command. A group of several objects defined via the Geometry/Create/

Object List command. A predefined volume or object list.



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ConstLoads one of these predefined constants into the top register of the calculator:

pi Epsi0 The permittivity of free space, 0 = 8.85418782 x 1012 C2/Nm2.Mu0 The permeability of free space, 0 = 4 x 107 Wb/Amc The speed of light in vacuum, c = 2.99792458 x 108 m/s.Frequency The frequency at which the problem was solved.ConversionConstants

A conversion factor between units of measurement.> To enter a conversion constant into the calculator:

1. Choose Const/Conversion Constant. The following screenappears.

2. Select the quantity whose units are to be converted.3. Select the units to convert from (the current units).4. Select the units to convert to (the new units).5. Choose OK to load the conversion factor or choose Cancel

to stop the operation.



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NumEnters one of the following into the top register of the calculator:

Scalar A scalar constant.> To enter a constant scalar number:

1. Choose Num/Scalar.2. Enter the scalar value.3. Choose OK to load the number into the top register or

choose Cancel to stop the operation.Vector A vector constant.

> To enter a constant vector:1. Choose Num/Vector.2. Enter the x-, y-, and z-components of the vector.3. Choose OK to load the vector into the top register or choose

Cancel to stop the operation.Complex (Eddy Current.) A complex constant. Complex constants are entered in

the form C=A+jB, where A represents the real part of the constant andB represents the imaginary part.> To enter a complex number into the calculator:

1. Choose Num/Complex.2. Enter the real and imaginary components of the number.3. Choose OK to load the number into the top register or

choose Cancel to stop the operation.



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FuncEnters one of the following into the top register of the calculator:

Any functions you use must be defined using the Data/Functions/Edit command prior tousing this operation.

Scalar A scalar function.> To enter a function:

1. Choose Func/Scalar. The Function Name field appears:2. Select the function from the menu.3. Choose OK to load the functional scalar into the top register

or choose Cancel to stop the operation.Vector A vector function, in which the values of the vectors x-, y-, and z-com-

ponents are given by functions.> To enter a functional vector:

1. Choose Func/Vector. The X, Y, and Z fields appear.2. For each component of the vector, select the function from

the menu.3. Choose OK to load the functional vector into the top register

or choose Cancel to stop the operation.

Note: Be aware of the following: The predefined variables X, Y, Z, RHO, THETA, and PHI and any

functions that you created using the Data/Functions/Edit commandcan be used to define functional scalar and vector quantities.

Use the Data/Functions/Modify command to change the valueassigned to a constant function and compute new results for anycalculations that use it.



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ReadReads a register into the calculator from a disk file. Use this command to: Load registers that you saved during an earlier post-processing session via the Write

command. Superimpose field solutions from different models.

> To load a register into the calculator:1. Choose Read.2. Use the file browser to select the register file (*.reg extension).3. Choose OK.The contents of the file appear in the top register of the calculator. The name and direc-tory path of the register file is listed next to the registers contents.



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GeneralUse these commands to perform operations on both vector and scalar quantities.

+ (Add)Adds the quantities in the top two registers of the calculator.

(Subtract)Subtracts the quantity in the top register from the quantity in the second register. The tworegisters must hold the same type of quantity (both scalar or both vector). You cannot sub-tract a scalar from a vector (or vice versa).

* (Multiply)Multiplies the quantity in the top register by the quantity in the second register. One of thetwo registers must contain a scalar value; the other register can be either a scalar or avector.

/ (Divide)Divides the quantity in the second register by the quantity in the top register. The secondregister must contain a scalar value; the top register can be either a scalar or a vector.

NegChanges the sign of the quantity in the top register.

AbsTakes the absolute value of the quantity in the top register.



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CmplxEddy CurrentThese commands perform operations on a complex quantity in the top register. Complexquantities are indicated by a C at the beginning of the register label. They can be repre-sented in terms of real and imaginary components, or in terms of magnitude and phase:

where: A is the real part of the complex number. B is the imaginary part of the complex number. M is its magnitude, which is equal to . is its phase, which is equal to atan(B/A).Eddy current fields are time-dependent, complex quantities. They can be expressed interms of their magnitude and phase, or in phasor notation:

where: is the angular frequency at which the magnetic field and source currents are

oscillating, which is equal to 2f (where f is the frequency). The phase of an eddycurrent field quantity is equal to t.

is the phase angle the offset from a cosine wave that peaks at t=0.The Cmplx commands let you do the following:RealTakes the real part of the complex quantity (A).ImagTakes the imaginary part of the complex quantity (B).CmplxMagTakes the magnitude of the complex quantity (M).

C A jB+ Me j= =

A2 B2+

M x y z t, , ,( ) M x y z, ,( )e jwt M x y z, ,( ) t +( )cos= =



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Index



Data/Solution Info

CmplxPhaseTakes the phase of the complex quantity ().CmplxRConverts the real scalar of the top register to the real part of a complex number.CmplxIConverts the real scalar of the top register to the imaginary part of a complex number.ConjTakes the complex conjugate of the quantity in the top register. If a complex number isgiven by C = A + jB, its complex conjugate is given by C* = A jB.AtPhaseLets you specify the phase angle, t, at which an AC magnetic field quantity is evaluated.These quantities can be represented in the form:

Entering the phase angle lets you compute the real part of the fields magnitude at differ-ent points in its cycle.

> To enter a value for the phase angle:1. Select whether the angle is entered in degrees or radians.2. Choose Qty to load a complex field quantity onto the stack.3. Choose Num/Scalar to load the phase angle ont

maxwell 3d — generating solutions

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