2 May 1975

Volun I X88 No. 41 87

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LETTERS Oil ResoLurce Fstimates: S. F. Singer; AuLtism, Stress, anid Ethology:B. Ri,tnianid; D. l. Bridgeman and B. Bridgenianr; R. M. Schoncbau,ni;F. Maisel; N. 7Tinbergcn; University Reform: S. Aiutoni; MethysergideDo-sage: I. L. War( and W. R. (Crowl ................................

EDITORIAL Career EduLcation and Liberal Arts: F. Rebelsk/ and J. C. Speisnan..............

ARTICLES The National Science Foundation: Origins, Hopes aind Aspirations: 1). W. Bronk .

A Fouindation for Research: W. A. Fowler. ..............................

Relevance of Demographic Transition Theory for Developing Couintries:M. S. leitelbalhu.n ............................................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

AAAS NEWS

BOOK RRVIEWS

NSF: Congress .-akes Hard Look at Behavioral Science CouLrse ...............

Citation Analysis: A Nc Iool for Scilenc Administrators .................

Stantord CampuLs Debates Fate of Stuident Pfogram ..........................

(Gov. Hathawav Interior NominiceeS Qualitt C(irosth Is Going SoLr ...........

Crop Forecasting from Space: Toward a Global Food Watch ..................

Diabetes (II): Model Systems Indicate Viruises a Cause ......................

Otfice of OppOrtunities in Science; 1975 AAAS Awards Annoulnced; The ProfessionalAssociations and EquLal Opportunity; 1974 AAAS Prizes AnnoLunced;Notes from Other Offices ...........................................

Religious Movements in Contemporary America, rcvievve(webby! P. L. Hani,nond;Allelopathy, C. H. Muller; Integrative Hypothalamic Activity,P. J. Morgan^e; Mechanisms of Genetic Recombination, F. W. Siahi; Galacticanid Fxtra-Galactic Radio Astronomy. F. D. Drake; Books Received .........

SOR PDR C O S ROGER REVELLE MARGARET MEAD WILLIAM 0. MC ELROY RICHARD H. BOtT EMILIO Q. DADDARIO80ARD OP DIFIECTORS Retiring President, Chairman President President-Elect KENNETH B. CLARK EDWARD E. DAVID, JR

CHAIRMEN AND MATHEMATICS (A) PHYSICS (B) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (D)VOictor L. Klee Victor f. Weisskopf William E. Hanford Carl Sagan

SECR 8ET IES OP Truman A. Botts Rolf M. Sinclair Leo Schubert Arlo U. LandoltAA^AS SIECTIONS:

PSYCHOLOGY (J) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (K) MISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY Of SCIENCE (L) ENGINEERINGRichard C. Atkinson Seymour M. Lipset Roger C. Buck Edward Wenk, JrEdwin P. Hollander Daniel Rich George Basalla Paul H. Robbins

EDUCATION (Q) DENTISTRY (R) PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (S) INFORMATION, COMPUTING, AND COMMUJNICATF. James Rutherford Clifton 0. Dummett James T. Doluisio Martin GreenbergerPhillip R. Fordyce Sholom Pearlman Raymond Jang Joseph Becker

DIVISIONS ALASKA DIVISION PACIFIC DIVISION SOUTHWESTERN AND ROCKY MOUN0TAIN DOiWilliam E. Davis Irma Duncan George A. Zentmyer Robert T. Orr Joseph A. Schufle Max P. DunfordChairman, Executive Committee Executive Secretary President Secretary-Tresurer President Executive Officer

SCIENCE Is publised weekly, xcpt te lst week In Deember, but with on ext lne on the fouh Tuesay in Novmber, by the Amrica Assoction for th Adv-ncmnwt s1SIenc, 1515 Maachusets Ave., NW, WasIngton, D.C. 2000. wM embined wift Te Scientfic Mthtiy. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. Copyright © 1975 bnthe American Association for the Advancement of Science. Member rates on request. Annual subscription $50; foreign postage: Amerticas $7, o erseas $8; air lift to Europ$30Single copies $S (back issues $3) except Guide to Scientific Instrurme is $6. School year subscription: 9 months $30; 10 mon-ths $33.50. Provide 6 weeks notice for change oaddress, giving new and old address and zip codes. Send a recent address label. Scienc Is Indexed In the Reers Guid to Periodical LtwUteur

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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

REPORTS Pioneer O1 and Pioncer I1: C. I'. Hall ..............................................445

Scientific RCsuIlts from the 'ioneer I1 Missioi to JuLpiter: A. G. Opp . . . . 447

Pioneer1 EncounLIter: Prclininiiar\y Results from the Amecs Research Center PlasmaAnail vzcr ELxperiment: J. D. Alia/a(lo et al ...................................... 448

JLpitrCl-'S Maeonctic Field, Magnctosphere. and Interaction with the Solar\WVid:PioeeII11: L J. Slm1ith1et al ..................................................451

Julpitcr Revisited: First ResuIlts trom the University of Chicago Charged ParticleF-xpcriment oni1lioneer I :1. A. Siuupsol ct al...................................455

Iionicer Observations of [ncroetic PalrticlesiIn the Jovian NMlanctosphere:J. A. Van A //(c ct al. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. 459

Jovia,nProtons and Jlectrons: Pioneer 11: J. H. 'I aitioar et al.........................462

Radiation B13CltS Ot JuIpitcr: A Secote ILook: R. W. I i//au. C. I IhwI(tiai,A. Afar,O(o-Cam)pe(o ... . .l.f..................................................................... 465

The Imaging Photopolarimetcr Ixperimcnt on1Pionecr I I: A. L. Baker et a1l............468

Pioncer I Infrared Rladiomiieter F.xpcrimienit: The Global Hclat Balance ofJuLpiter: A. 1'. I g s. soc//et al . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

P1ioneer Mctcoroid Detcction Ixpcrimetcit: Preliminary RCeLsltS:D. II. Humeic' et al................................ ......... . .. ...... 473

Atmllospherc of JuLpitCl- frotim the Pionicr S-Blad OCCIultation IXperimncit:Preliminiliary RCsuIlts: A. Klioc et Al. ...................................... 474

Giravity Fleld of J lpiter froml 1Iicnier II TA racking Data: G. W. /i.J. nD4.t1 tssK S. K. [Volig .476I.P.Ardr%a .. .War,.................................................47

Stratospheric DLust-Act-osol cunt of Novernher 1974: 4. B. Alcircl/ and Al. 1P. Aciicle 477

I cc/m11ical Caamnica/ :Scif-Coaitrol of Occipital Theti Activity and -I-ask Performance:P. W ti//ia.1.F;. 011()ol.... OlIan/an........................................478

tUTH M. DAVIS FREDERICK MOSTELLER WILLIAM T. GOLDEN WILLIAM D. CAREYNARD H. GOODENOUGH CHAUNCEY STARR Treasurer Executive Officer

iEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY (E) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (G) ANTHROPOLOGY (H)Villiam E. Benson Hans Laufer Ruth L. Bunzel COVER.amon E. Bisque Jane C. Kaltenbach Philleo NashAEDICAL SCIENCES (N) AGRICULTURE (0) INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P) Twilight illUrmination of the ash stra-tobert Austrian Paul E. Waggoner Jordan D. Lewis tucrtichard J. Johns J. Lawrence Apple Robert L. Stern from Tucson, Arizona, 22;TATISTICS (U) ATMOSPHERIC AND HYDROSPHERIC GENERAL (X) November 1974, showing the healvily,arl A. Bennett SCIENCES (W) Athelstan F. Spilhaus striatedstructureofthelayer Saguarozra Glaser Charles E. Anderson Joseph F. Coates . . '* a'

Stanley A. Changnon, Jr. cactuLs IS in foregrouind. See page 477.[Aden B. Meinel and Marjorie P.Meinel, University of Arizona. T,ie-son]

The American Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1848 and incorporated in1874. Its objects are to further the work of scientists, to facilitate coopration among them, toimprove the effectiveness of science in the promotion of human welfare, and to increase public under-standing and appreciation of the importance and promise of the methods of science in human progress.Postmaster: Send Form 3547 to SCIENCE, 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005.

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Science serves its readers as a forum for thepresentation and discussion of important issuesrelated to the advancement of science, includingthe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditor-ials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted bythe AAAS or the institutions with which the aulthorsaile affiliated.

Editorial Board1975

H. S. GUTOWSKYN. BRUCE HANNAYDONALD KENNEDYDANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR.

ALFRED E. BROWJAMES F. CROWHANS LANDSBEIBFDWARD NE\'

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Researcl News: ALLEN L. HAMMOND, WILLIAMD. MEIZ, THOMAS H. MAUGH Il, JEAN L. MARX,ARI'HUR L. RoI31NSON, GINA BARI KOLATA, FANNIEGROOM

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,r 4187 SCIENCE

Career Education and Liberal Arts

Recently there has been considerable debate on the issue of careertraining versus liberal arts education. In this debate, we would all bene-fit from an effort to understand the major issues of personal growthwith which students are grappling when they enter the college years.

Although we are able to recognize that a 7-year-old is qualitativelydifferent from us, not just smaller and dumber, very few educators seemto realize that a 17-year-old is also qualitatively different from his adultteachers and even from more senior peers. When they enter higher edu-cation our students are adolescents, and during much of the time theyspend in college the problems of their lives revolve around the transitionfrom childhood to adulthood.

In three major domains of the developmental process-the intellectual,the moral, and the social-e,motional--there is a major transition duringthe late teens and early twenties. The decisive nature of the late adoles-cent years in these three areas may be illustrated by the work of threemajor developmental theorists-Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and LawrenceKohlberg. Piaget proposes that the development of formal, logicalthought occurs after the twelfth year. Kohlberg suggests that the con-stancy and universality of ethical principles do not become apparent priorto this time, and it is, of course, during adolescence that Erikson positsthe formulation and formation of individual identity.

In the intellectual domain, our students are usually just beginning todevelop the abilities to organize knowledge comprehensively and to ma-nipulate abstract concepts without the necessity to refer to particularcontent. Yet how often do we take one of two easy roads with ourfreshman students? We either present predigested knowledge as thoughthe students cannot think at all, or we present so abstrusely that theyare unable to use their just developing abilities to think formally andlogically. When we teach in a fashion that is mindless about our stu-dents' level of intellectual development we are not teaching, we are incombat, and many students will lose the battle.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has, as its culminating stage,a transition to principled thought. The young person begins to compre-hend a morality that transcends any individual authorities. This level ofuniversal, relativistic principle can only be reached when a person canthink abstractly and have some real understanding of alternative pointsof view. As one sophomore recently said, "It was only in college thatI really began to understand that everyone did not see everything thesame way!"

In Erikson's theory of social-emotional development, adolescence isthe period for the resolution of identity issues. The idea that one isan individual in a world of others, with mutual and independent respon-sibilities, appears to become a salient feature of life only in lateadolescence.We propose that abstract reasoning, a universal (or, at least, a coher-

ent) moral stance, and a concept of the future that is linked to a par-ticular and personal past are three important attributes of adult behaviorand thought that are incomplete in the college age student.

Recognition of these qualities in our students should serve to informthe debate on careerism and liberal arts education. Our students are "inprocess." Although, as seems obvious to us, a too early introduction ofcareer choice may serve only to foreclose on optimum adult develop-ment, there remains the potential problem of academic learning that isunalloyed by pragmatic experience. In any event, if we do not try tounderstand who our students are and with what major issues they arestruggling, we will remain merely curriculum manipulators and noteducators-F. REBELSKY and J. C. SPEISMAN, Departmiient of Psychology,Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215