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Image Credits: ESA – C. Carreau May 68, 2015, Exoplanets in Lund

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Page 1: May$6&8,$2015,$ExoplanetsinLund$ - Lund Observatory › ... › slides › Madhusudhan_Nikku.pdf · Atmospheric&Spectroscopy&of&Transi=ng&Exoplanets& € δ transit = R p R s # $

Image  Credits:  ESA  –  C.  Carreau  

May  6-­‐8,  2015,  Exoplanets  in  Lund  

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Exoplanets  are  extremely  diverse  in  their  physical  characteris=cs  

Hot  Jupiter!   Super-­‐Earth!  

Exoplanet  Temperatures  and  Sizes  

Images  credits:  NASA  

The  Solar  System  

Ques=on  at  the  new  fron=er:    

How  diverse  are  the  chemical  composi=ons  and  physical  processes  in  exoplanets?  

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Atmospheric  Spectroscopy  of  Transi=ng  Exoplanets  

δ transit =Rp

Rs

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

2

δoccultation =Bλ (Tp )Bλ (Ts)

Rp

Rs

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

2

Deming  et  al.  2013,  Madhusudhan  et  al.  2014  

Knutson  et  al.  2007  

Madhusudhan  2012  

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Observa=ons    •  Transmission  spectra  (IR,  visible,  UV,  X-­‐ray)  •   Secondary  eclipse  spectra    (IR,  visible)  •   Phase  curves  (IR  +  visible)  •   High-­‐res  (R  =  105)  spectroscopy  (IR)  

Inferences  •  Chemical  composi=ons    •  Temperature  profiles    

•  Clouds  and  hazes    •  Upper  atmospheres  and  escape    •  Atmospheric  dynamics  

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2+  band  photometry  available  for  >  30  hot  Jupiters  

Knutson  et  al.  2008,  Charbonneau  et  al.  2008,  Machalek  et  al.  2008,  O’Donovan  et  al.  2010,  Stevenson  et  al.  2010,  Deming  et  al.  2013,  etc.  

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1.  Recent  Advances  in  Molecular  Detec=ons  

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López-­‐Morales  et  al.  (2010)  

Campo  et  al.  (2011)  

Croll  et  al.  (2011)  

Ground-­‐based  Photometry  and  Spectroscopy  

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Model  Fit  to  Photometric  Data  

Madhusudhan  et  al.  2011,  Nature,  64,  469  

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Adapted from Madhusudhan et al. 2011, Nature, 469, 64

Data from Lopez-Morales et al. 2010; Croll et al. 2010; Campo et al. 2011

First  measurement  of  atmospheric  C/O  in  a  giant  planet    

Key  Molecular  Constraints    

•   H2O/H2  ≤  6  ×  10-­‐6  

•   CH4  /H2  ≥  8  ×  10-­‐6  

C/O  ≥  1   But  cf  Crossfield  et  al.  2012,  Cowan  et  al.  2012,    Swain  et  al.  2012,  Stevenson  et  al.  2014  

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Anderson  et  al.  2012;  Lendl  et  al.  2013  

Bean  et  al.  2013  

Magellan  MMIRS  Spectroscopy    

Numerous  other  ground-­‐based  efforts  from  Lopez-­‐Morales  et  al.  2010;  Croll  et  al.  2011,  2012;    Crossfield  et  al.  2012,2013;  Chen  et  al.  2014;    Wang  et  al.  2014;  Gillon  et  al.  2012;  etc.      

Ground-­‐based  Photometry  and  Spectroscopy  

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New  Advances  with  HST  WFC3  

Swain  et  al.  2012,  Madhusudhan  2012,  Stevenson  et  al.  2014  

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Deming  et  al.  2013  

Mandell  et  al.  2014  

Deming  et  al.  2013  

Stevenson  et  al.  2014  Swain  et  al.  2013  

WASP-­‐12b  

New  Advances  with  HST  Transit  Spectroscopy  (HST  WFC3  Large  pilot  program:  115  HST  Orbits,  ~10  planets,  PI:  Drake  Deming)  

Single  Transits/Occulta=ons  not  adequate  for  most  hot  Jupiters!    

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H2O  in  Transmission  Spectra  

Deming  et  al.  2013,  McCullough  et  al.  2014,  Madhusudhan  et  al.  2014a  

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H2O  in  Transmission  and  Emission  

Kriedberg  et  al.  2014,  ApJL  Stevenson  et  al.  2014,  Science  

WASP-­‐43  

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Phase-­‐resolved  Spectra  of  hot  Jupiters  (HST  WFC3  Treasury  program:  150  HST  Orbits,  4  planets,  PI:  Jacob  Bean)  

Stevenson  et  al.  2014,  Science  61  HST  Orbits,  6  Transits,  5  Occulta=ons  3  full  planetary  orbits  

Hot  Jupiter  WASP-­‐43b  

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Phase  Resolved  Spectroscopy  

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2.  Hazes  and  Clouds  in  hot  Jupiter  Atmospheres  

D.  K.  Sing  et  al.  2011,  MNRAS,  416,  1443  F.  Pont  et  al.  2008,  MNRAS,  385,  109  

HD  189733b  (HST  STIS  +  ACS)   Evans  et  al.  2013  

Pont  et  al.  2008  

Sing  et  al.  2011  

Modeling  and  Theory:    Lecavelier  Des  Etangs  et  al.  2008,  A&A,  481,  L83  Helling  et  al.  2008,  A&A,  485,  547    

Other  results  indica=ng  high  geometric      albedos  for  some  hot  Jupiters  using  Kepler:    Kepler-­‐7b  (Demory  et  al.  2011,  ApJ,  735,  12)  HAT-­‐7b  (Chris=ansen  et  al.  2010,  ApJ,  710,  97  )  

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3.  Temperature  Profiles  in  Exoplanetary  Atmospheres  

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Some  Context  

Earth’s  Atmosphere:  U.  S.  Standard  Atmosphere  

Stratosphere  caused  by  Ozone  

Typical  model  temperature  profiles    of  highly  irradiated  planets  

Do  irradiated  planets  host  stratospheres?  

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Thermal  inversions  in  hot  Jupiters  (The  TiO/VO  Hypothesis)  

Hubeny,  I.  et  al.  2003,  ApJ,  594,  1011    Fortney  et  al  2006,  ApJ,  642,  495  

 TiO  and  VO  can  be  very  strong  absorbers  of  incident  stellar  irradiaCon  in  the  visible  high  in  the  atmospheres  of  hot  Jupiters,  and  can  hence  cause  thermal  inversions.  

Madhusudhan  &  Seager  2010  

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Theory  of  Thermal  inversions  in  hot  Jupiters  

Planet  Gravity  (cm  s-­‐2)  

Incide

nt  Flux  (ergs  s-­‐1  

cm-­‐2)  

Fortney et al. 2008

Inversion  

No  Inversion  

Other factors influencing thermal inversions

Settling/condensation: Spiegel et al. 2009 Stellar Activity: Knutson et al. 2010 C/O Ratio: Madhusudhan 2012

Knutson et al. 2008, Burrows et al. 2008

HD  209458b  

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Inferences  of  Thermal  Inversions  in  Hot  Jupiters  

Machalek  et  al.  2008;  Fressin  et  al.  2010;  Deming  et  al.  2010;    Anderson  et  al.  2012;  Blecic  et  al.  2013    

Madhusudhan et al. 2011

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No  Thermal  Inversion  in  HD  209458b  

Diamond-­‐Lowe  et  al.  2014  

HD  209458b  

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First  Spectroscopic  Evidence  for  a  Thermal  Inversion  

Haynes  et  al.  (in  press).    On  astro-­‐ph  today!  

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4.  Spectra  of  Low  Mass  Planets  

Need  >  103x  low  CH4  Need  >  103x  high  CO  

GJ  436b  Dayside  Emission  

Knutson  et  al.  2014  

Transmission  Spectrum  of  GJ  436b  

Ms  =  0.4  M,  Rs  =  0.5  M,  Teff  =  3500  K,  M3  V  

Mp  =  22.2  ME,  Rp  =  4.3  RE,      Teq~  750  K  

GJ  436b  

Stevenson  et  al.  2010,  Madhusudhan  &  Seager  2011  

Lenoue  et  al.  2014,  in  press  

Emission  Spectrum  of  GJ  436b  

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First  Detec=on  of  H2O  in  an  Exo-­‐Neptune  

Fraine  et  al.  2014,  Nature  

Transmission  Spectrum  of  HAT-­‐P-­‐11b  

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60  HST  orbits   Kreidberg  et  al.  2014  

Clouds  in  the  super-­‐Earth  GJ  1214b  (T  ≈  550  K)  

Characterizing  Super-­‐Earth  Atmospheres  (GJ  1214b)  

Mp  =  6.55  ±  0.98  ME  Rp  =  2.678  ±  0.13  RE    Teq  =  400  -­‐  550  K  

Key  Merit:  Orbits  an  M  Dwarf  (M  =  0.16  Ms,  R  =  0.2  Rs)  

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Houer  is  beuer!  

Currently,  houer  Super-­‐Earths  are  beuer  targets:  1.   Larger  atmospheric  signal  2.   Lower  probability  of  clouds  or  hazes  

Madhusudhan  &  Redfield  (2014)  

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Madhusudhan  &  Redfield  2015  

Simulated  Thermal  Spectra  of  55  Cancri  e  

Simulated  Data    

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First  Detec=on  of  Variability  in  a  Super-­‐Earth  

Demory,  Gillon,  Madhusudhan,  &  Queloz  2015  

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Extreme  Volcanism  on  a  Super-­‐Earth?  

Credits:  NASA/JPL-­‐Caltech/R.  Hurt  

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Direc=ons  for  the  Future  

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•   Characteriza=on  of  atmospheres  and  interiors  of          exoplanets  

•   Detec=on  of  small  planets  orbi=ng  nearby  stars  

The  Golden  Age  of  Exoplanet  Science  

TESS  (NASA)  

CHEOPS  (ESA)  

The  James  Webb  Space  Telescope  

The  future  from  ground    E-­‐ELT,  GMT,  TMT    

PLATO  (ESA)  

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Major  Science  Direc=ons  

•  Composi=ons,  thermal  profiles,  &  dynamics  

•  Characteriza=on  of  clouds  and  hazes    •  Constraints  on  planet  forma=on  and  migra=on  

•  Super-­‐Earth  atmospheres  and  Interiors    

•  Bio-­‐signatures  in  habitable  planets    •  Precision  atmospheric  science  of  exoplanets  

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Major  Science  Direc=ons  

•  Composi=ons,  thermal  profiles,  &  dynamics  

•  Characteriza=on  of  clouds  and  hazes    •  Constraints  on  planet  forma=on  and  migra=on  

•  Super-­‐Earth  atmospheres  and  Interiors    

•  Bio-­‐signatures  in  habitable  planets    •  Precision  atmospheric  science  of  exoplanets  

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Madhusudhan  et  al.  2014a  

New  HST  Detec=ons  of  H2O  

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High-­‐precision  H2O  Measurements  

Madhusudhan  et  al.  2014a  

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Constraints  on  Planet  Forma=on  

Image  Credits:  NASA  

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Owen  et  al  1999;  Bolton  et  al.  2010  

Atmospheric  abundances  in  Jupiter  

C/O  ≥  1  (Strange  Territory)  

C/O  =  0.5  (Working  Hypothesis)  

Lodders  2004;  Kuchner  &  Seager  2005;    Madhusudhan  et  al.  2011b,  Mousis  et  al.  2012.  

H2O  abundance  is  not  known  for  Jupiter  

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Hot    Jupiter  51  Peg  b  (Mayor  and  Queloz  1995)  

How  did  hot  Jupiters  form  and  migrate?  

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H2O

CO2

Two  Pathways  for  Hot  Jupiter  Migra=on  1. Migra=on  through  the  disk  (~Circular  +  aligned  orbits)  2. Migra=on  by  scauering  (High  eccentric  +  misaligned  orbits)  

Warped  disks  make  the  two  scenarios  degenerate                                                                                                                        (Batygin  et  al.  2013)    

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Effect  of  Forma=on  Condi=ons  on  C/O  ra=os  

Mousis  et  al.  2009,  Madhusudhan  et  al.  2011b  

H2O 0.559 0CO 0.253 0.471CO2 0.0966 0.221NH3 0.0349 0.0958H2S 0.0149 0.0369N2 0.0211 0.0579CH3OH 0.0166 0.0378CH4 2.94E-03 0.0789PH3 6.12E-04 1.29E-03

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Oberg  et  al.  2011  

Madhusudhan,  Amin,  &  Kennedy  2014  

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Prescrip=ons  for  Accre=on  and  Disk  Migra=on  

General  behavior  for  Accre=on  +  Type-­‐II  Migra=on  

Ida  &  Lin  2004  

Type-­‐II  Migra=on  

Gas  and  Solid  Accre=on  

Alibert  et  al.  2005  

Gap  Opening  Condi=on  

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Chemical  Signatures  of  hot  Jupiter  Migra=on  

Madhusudhan,  Amin,  &  Kennedy  2014  

Low  metallici=es  in  hot  Jupiters  likely  suggest  disk-­‐free  migra=on    

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Influence  of  non-­‐solar  C/O  

Madhusudhan  2012;  Also  see  Moses  et  al.  2013,  Kopparapu  et  al.  2013  

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 Summary  

•   Currently  hot  giant  planets  provide  the  best  targets  for          atmospheric  spectroscopy  of  exoplanets.  

-­‐   Revealing  a  diversity  in  chemical  abundances  -­‐   Constraints  on  temperature  profiles,  clouds  and  hazes,  dynamics.  

•   Upcoming  facili=es  will  make  such  observa=ons  possible  for          a  much  larger  sample  of  planets  (both  giant  and  smaller)  

•   New  science  direc=ons  include  constraints  on  planet          forma=on  and  super-­‐Earth  interiors,  in  addi=on  to          detailed  atmospheric  characteriza=on.