mc ch.6 (quantum theory)
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 6 - Quantum Theory
Due: 11:00pm on Sunday, October 25, 2009
Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy
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Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation behaves both as particles (called photons) and as waves. Wavelength ( ) and frequency ( ) are
related according to the equation
where is the speed of light ( ). The energy ( in joules) contained in one quantum of electromagnetic
radiation is described by the equation
where is Planck's constant ( ). Note that frequency has units of inverse seconds ( ), which are
more commonly expressed as hertz ( ).
Part A
A microwave oven operates at 2.40 . What is the wavelength of the radiation produced by this appliance?
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Convert gigahertz to hertz
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Calculate the wavelength in meters
Hint not displayed
Express the wavelength numerically in nanometers.
ANSWER: = 1.25!108
Correct
Some people lose their wireless Internet connection at home while their microwave oven is turned on because both
happen to operate at 2.40 .
Part B
There are two types of ultraviolet light, UVA and UVB, that are both components of sunlight. Their wavelengths range
from 320 to 400 for UVA and from 290 to 320 for UVB. Compare the energy of of microwaves, UVA, and
UVB.
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Determine the relationship between wavelength and energy
Hint not displayed
Hint B.3 Which has greater energy, UVA or UVB?
Hint not displayed
Rank from greatest to least energy per photon. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
[ Print ]
UVB radiation causes sunburn whereas UVA radiation does not. However, UVA, which causes tanning, is thought to
be even more dangerous. The precise wavelengths of ultraviolet light that contribute to the formation of skin cancers
still need to be determined by scientists.
Properties of Waves
Learning Goal: To understand electromagnetic radiation and be able to perform calculations involving wavelength,
frequency, and energy.
Several properties are used to define waves. Every wave has a wavelength, which is the distance from peak to peak or
trough to trough. Wavelength, typically given the symbol (lowercase Greek "lambda"), is usually measured in meters.
Every wave also has a frequency, which is the number of wavelengths that pass a certain point during a given period of
time. Frequency, given the symbol (lowercase Greek "nu"), is usually measured in inverse seconds ( ). Hertz ( ),
another unit of frequency, is equivalent to inverse seconds.
The product of wavelength and frequency is the speed in meters per second ( . For light waves, the speed is constant.
The speed of light is symbolized by the letter and is always equal to in a vacuum; that is,
Another term for "light" is electromagnetic radiation, which encompasses not only visible light but also gamma rays, X
rays, UV rays, infrared rays, microwaves, and radio waves. As you could probably guess, these different kinds of radiation
are associated with different energy regimes. Gamma rays have the greatest energy, whereas radio waves have the least
energy. The energy (measured in joules) of a particular kind of light wave is equal to its frequency times a constant called
Planck's constant, symbolized
where
These two equations can be combined to give an equation that relates energy to wavelength:
Part A
A radio station's channel, such as 100.7 FM or 92.3 FM, is actually its frequency in megahertz ( ), where
. Calculate the broadcast wavelength of the radio station 102.7 FM.
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Convert frequency to hertz
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Choose a formula for frequency
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in meters to four significant figures.
ANSWER: = 2.919
Correct
Part B
Green light has a frequency of about . What is the energy of green light?
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Choose a formula for energy
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in joules.
ANSWER: = 3.98!10"19
Correct
Part C
Hospital X-ray generators emit X rays with wavelength of about 15.0 nanometers ( ), where . What
is the energy of the X rays?
Hint C.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint C.2 Convert nanometers to meters
Hint not displayed
Hint C.3 Choose a formula for energy
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in joules.
ANSWER: = 1.32!10"17
Correct
Using Microwave Radiation to Heat Coffee
Microwave ovens use microwave radiation to heat food. The microwaves are absorbed by the water molecules in the food,
which is transferred to other components of the food. As the water becomes hotter, so does the food.
Part A
Suppose that the microwave radiation has a wavelength of 11.6 . How many photons are required to heat 275 of
coffee from 25.0 to 62.0 ? Assume that the coffee has the same density, 0.997 , and specific heat capacity,
4.184 , as water over this temperature range.
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
First, determine the amount of energy in joules needed to heat the coffee using the following equation:
in which is the quantity of heat transferred, is the specific heat capacity, is the mass of the substance, and is
the temperature change. Second, determine the energy of a photon with a wavelength of 11.6 using the relationship
in which is the wavelength in meters, is Planck's constant ( ), and is the speed of light (
). Lastly, use the total energy and the energy per photon to determine the number of photons needed.
Hint A.2 Determine the total energy required
How much energy in joules is required to heat 275 of coffee from 25.0 to 62.0 ? Assume that the coffee has
the same density, 0.997 , and specific heat capacity, 4.184 , as water over this temperature range.
Hint A.2.1 Determine the mass of coffee
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2.2 Determine the temperature change
Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in joules.
ANSWER: = 4.24!104
Correct
Hint A.3 Determine the energy of a single photon
What is the energy of a photon with a wavelength of 11.6 ?
Hint A.3.1 Relation between energy and wavelength
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3.2 Determine the wavelength in meters
Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in joules per photon.
ANSWER:1.71!10"24
Correct
Hint A.4 Identify how to find the number of photons
If is the total energy in joules, and is the number of joules per photon, which choice shows how to calculate the
number of photons?
ANSWER:
Correct
Plug in the values of and and calculate the number of photons based on units:
Express the number of photons numerically.
ANSWER:2.48!1028
Correct
Electromagnetic radiation in this region of the spectrum is also used for cellular phones, radar, and wireless Internet.
The Photoelectric Effect
Electrons are emitted from the surface of a metal when it's exposed to light. This is called the photoelectric effect. Each
metal has a certain threshold frequency of light, below which nothing happens. Right at this threshold frequency, an electron
is emitted. Above this frequency, the electron is emitted and the extra energy is transferred to the electron.
The equation for this phenomenon is
where is the kinetic energy of the emitted electron, is Planck's constant, is the frequency of
the light, and is the threshold frequency of the metal.
Also, since , the equation can also be written as
where is the energy of the light and is the threshold energy of the metal.
Here are some data collected on a sample of cesium exposed to various energies of light.
Light energy
( )
Electron emitted? Electron
( )
3.87 no —
3.88 no —
3.89 yes 0
3.90 yes 0.01
3.91 yes 0.02
Part A
What is the threshold frequency of cesium?
Note that
Hint A.1 How to approach this problem
First use the chart to determine the threshold energy in electron volts. Then convert that energy to joules. Then use that
value to calculate the corresponding frequency.
Hint A.2 Determine the threshold energy in electron volts
What is the threshold energy in electron volts?
Hint A.2.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
ANSWER: = 3.89
Correct
Hint A.3 Determine the threshold energy in joules
Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Useful formulas
Here are some handy formulas:
where is the energy in joules, is the frequency in hertz, is the wavelength in meters, is
Planck's constant, and is the speed of light.
Express your answer in hertz.
ANSWER: = 9.39!1014
Correct
Part B
Red light has a wavelength of about . Will exposure to red light cause electrons to be emitted from cesium?
Hint B.1 How to approach this problem
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Threshold energy of cesium
Hint not displayed
Hint B.3 Find the energy of red light
Hint not displayed
Hint B.4 Useful formulas
Hint not displayed
ANSWER: yes
no
Correct
Part C
What is the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons when cesium is exposed to UV rays of frequency ?
Hint C.1 How to approach this problem
Hint not displayed
ANSWER: = 3.72!10"19
Correct
The Rydberg Equation
An astrophysicist working at an observatory is interested in finding clouds of hydrogen in the galaxy. Usually hydrogen is
detected by looking for the Balmer series of spectral lines in the visible spectrum. Unfortunately, the instrument that detects
hydrogen emission spectra at this particular observatory is not working very well and only detects spectra in the infrared
region of electromagnetic radiation. Therefore the astrophysicist decides to check for hydrogen by looking at the Paschen
series, which produces spectral lines in the infrared part of the spectrum. The Paschen series describes the wavelengths of
light emitted by the decay of electrons from higher orbits to the level.
Part A
What wavelength should the astrophysicist look for to detect a transition of an electron from the to the
level?
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
The Rydberg formula is given by
where is the wavelength in meters, , and is the Rydberg constant in inverse meters.
Plug in the values for the lower level, , and the higher level, , and the Rydberg constant, then solve for
.
Hint A.2 Calculate the parenthetical term of the Rydberg equation
Calculate the value of
Express your answer numerically using three significant figures.
ANSWER:9.07!10"2
Correct
Enter your answer numerically in meters.
ANSWER: = 1.00!10"6
Correct
Atomic Spectra
Learning Goal: To calculate the wavelengths of the lines in the hydrogen emission spectrum.
Atoms give off light when heated or otherwise excited. The light emitted by excited atoms consists of only a few
wavelengths, rather than a full rainbow of colors. When this light is passed through a prism, the result is a series of discrete
lines separated by blank areas. The visible lines in the series of the hydrogen spectrum are caused by emission of energy
accompanying the fall of an electron from the outer shells to the second shell. The wavelength ( ) of the lines can be
calculated using the Balmer-Rydberg equation
where is an integer, is an integer greater than , and is the Rydberg constant.
Part A
In the Balmer-Rydberg equation, what value of is used to determine the wavelengths of the Balmer series?
Hint A.1 Explanation of n and m
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Classify the series
There are several named series, defined by their value of . Match the values of to the correct series.
Drag each item to the appropriate bin.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
If an excited electron drops to the second shell, the light emitted will be in the Balmer series:
Express your answer as an integer.
ANSWER:= 2
Correct
If an excited electron drops to the second shell, the light emitted will be in the Balmer series.
Part B
The image shows the wavelengths (in nanometers) of the
four visible lines in the Balmer series for hydrogen. Match
each line to its corresponding transition.
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Identify which transition will emit the shortest wavelength
Hint not displayed
Hint B.3 Identify which transition will emit the longest wavelength
Hint not displayed
Drag each item to the appropriate bin.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
Part C
If our eyes could see a slightly wider region of the electromagnetic spectrum, we would see a fifth line in the Balmer
series emission spectrum. Calculate the wavelength associated with the fifth line.
Hint C.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint C.2 What values of m and n should be used?
Hint not displayed
Hint C.3 Substitute the values of m and n in the equation
Hint not displayed
Express the wavelength numerically in nanometers.
ANSWER: = 397
Correct
Electromagnetic radiation at 397 lies outside of the visible region shown here.
A wavelength of 397 is in the ultraviolet region, which would be to the left of the spectrum shown.
The Bohr Equation
The electron from a hydrogen atom drops from an excited state into the ground state. When an electron drops into a lower-
energy orbital, energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
Part A
How much energy does the electron have initially in the n=4 excited state?
Hint A.1 Use the Bohr equation
The Bohr equation states that the energy of an electron in a particular orbit is given by
where
= 1.10!107 (the Rydberg constant)
= 6.63!10"34 (Planck's constant)
and
= 3.00!108 (the speed of light in a vacuum)
Enter your answer numerically in joules.
ANSWER: = !1.36"10!19
Correct
Part B
What is the change in energy if the electron from Part A now drops to the ground state?
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
You found the energy of = 4.00 in Part A. Now find the energy of the ground state. Then subtract the two energies:
Hint B.2 Define the ground state
What is the value of in the ground state?
Enter your answer numerically.
ANSWER: = 1
Correct
Enter your answer numerically in joules.
ANSWER: = !2.05"10!18
Correct
Energy was released in this transition, so we express as a negative number (it is a net loss of energy from the
point of view of the system). However, you should use the absolute value of for the remaining calculations.
Part C
What is the wavelength of the photon that has been released in Part B?
Hint C.1 Relationship of energy to wavelength
Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in meters.
ANSWER: = 9.72!10"8
Correct
Part D
What might the photon from Part C be useful for?
Hint D.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
ANSWER: Warming up a frozen hot dog
Getting a suntan
Checking for broken bones
Night-vision goggles
Listening to music
Correct
Problem 6.34
Indicate whether energy is emitted or absorbed when the following electronic transitions occur in hydrogen.
Part A
from 2 to 6 state,
ANSWER: Energy is emitted.
Energy is absorbed.
Correct
Part B
from an orbit of radius 4.76 to one of radius 0.529 ,
ANSWER: Energy is emitted.
Energy is absorbed.
Correct
Part C
from the 6 to the 9 state.
ANSWER: Energy is emitted.
Energy is absorbed.
Correct
The de Broglie Relation and the Wavelength of a Particle
Just as light waves have particle behavior, a moving particle has a wave nature. The faster the particle is moving, the higher
its kinetic energy and the shorter its wavelength. The wavelength, , of a particle of mass , and moving at velocity , is
given by the de Broglie relation
where is Planck's constant.
This formula applies to all objects, regardless of size, but the de Broglie wavelength of macro objects is miniscule compared
to their size, so we cannot observe their wave properties. In contrast, the wave properties of subatomic particles can be seen
in such experiments as diffraction of electrons by a metal crystal.
Part A
The mass of an electron is . If the de Broglie wavelength for an electron in a hydrogen atom is
, how fast is the electron moving relative to the speed of light? The speed of light is .
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
First, solve the de Broglie equation for velocity:
With mass in kilograms and wavelength in meters, the velocity can be calculated in meters per second. Once you know
the velocity, express it as a percentage of the speed of light, .
Hint A.2 Calculate the velocity of the electron in meters per second
What is the velocity of the electron?
Express your answer numerically in meters per second.
ANSWER: = 2.20!106
Correct
Express your answer numerically as a percentage of the speed of light.
ANSWER: 0.732
Correct
Part B
The mass of a golf ball is 45.9 . If it leaves the tee with a speed of 80.0 , what is its corresponding wavelength?
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Convert the mass to kilograms
Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in meters.
ANSWER: = 1.80!10"34
Correct
The de Broglie wavelength of the golf ball is insignificant compared to the size of the ball itself. That is why we do
not observe the wave properties of objects in everyday life.
On the atomic scale, we cannot observe the dual nature of subatomic particles directly because we can't see atoms,
but the wave/particle description works well as a mathematical model of the behavior of elementary particles.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
A student is examining a bacterium under the microscope. The E. coli bacterial cell has a mass of = 0.200 (where a
femtogram, , is ) and is swimming at a velocity of = 1.00 , with an uncertainty in the velocity of
2.00 . E. coli bacterial cells are around 1 ( ) in length. The student is supposed to observe the bacterium and
make a drawing. However, the student, having just learned about the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in physics class,
complains that she cannot make the drawing. She claims that the uncertainty of the bacterium's position is greater than the
microscope's viewing field, and the bacterium is thus impossible to locate.
Part A
What is the uncertainty of the position of the bacterium?
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Determine the mass of the bacterium in kilograms
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Convert the velocity to meters per second
Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Determine the uncertainty of the bacterium's momentum
Use the mass (in kilograms), the velocity (in meters per second), and the percent uncertainty to calculate , the
uncertainty in the bacterium's momentum.
Hint A.4.1 How to find the uncertainty in the momentum
Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in kilogram meters per second.
ANSWER: = Answer not displayed
Express your answer numerically in meters.
ANSWER: = 1.32!10"8
Answer Requested
Part B
By looking at the uncertainty of the bacterium's position, did the student have a valid point?
Hint B.1 Size of E. coli
Hint not displayed
ANSWER: The student has a point. The uncertainty of the bacterium's position is much larger than the bacterium
itself.
The bacterium's size and the uncertainty of its position are about the same magnitude. The student
should have little trouble finding the bacterium in the microscope
The student is wrong. The uncertainty of the bacterium's position is tiny compared to the size of the
bacterium itself.
Correct
Quantum Number Rules
Learning Goal: To learn the restrictions on each quantum number.
Quantum numbers can be thought of as labels for an electron. Every electron in an atom has a unique set of four quantum
numbers.
The principal quantum number corresponds to the shell in which the electron is located. Thus can therefore be any
integer. For example, an electron in the 2p subshell has a principal quantum number of because 2p is in the second
shell.
The azimuthal or angular momentum quantum number corresponds to the subshell in which the electron is located. s
subshells are coded as 0, p subshells as 1, d as 2, and f as 3. For example, an electron in the 2p subshell has . As a
rule, can have integer values ranging from 0 to .
The magnetic quantum number corresponds to the orbital in which the electron is located. Instead of , , and ,
the three 2p orbitals can be labeled 1, 0, and 1, but not necessarily respectively. As a rule, can have integer values
ranging from to .
The spin quantum number corresponds to the spin of the electron in the orbital. A value of 1/2 means an "up" spin,
whereas 1/2 means a "down" spin.
Part A
What is the only possible value of for an electron in an s orbital?
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Determine the value of
Hint not displayed
ANSWER: 0
Correct
Part B
Classify each set of quantum numbers (ordered , , , ) as possible or not possible for an electron in an atom.
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Identify issues with an example set of quantum numbers
Hint not displayed
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
ANSWER:
View
All attempts used; correct answer displayed
Quantum Numbers
Every electron in an atom is described by a unique set of four quantum numbers: , , , and . The principal quantum
number, , identifies the shell in which the electron is found. The angular-momentum quantum number, , indicates the
kind of subshell. The magnetic quantum number, , distinguishes the orbitals within a subshell. The spin quantum
number, , specifies the electron spin.
Part A
Identify which sets of quantum numbers are valid and which are invalid. Each set is ordered ( ).
Hint A.1 Identify the restrictions on the principal quantum number
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Identify the restrictions on the angular momentum quantum number
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Identify the restrictions on the magnetic quantum number
Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Identify the restrictions on the spin quantum number
Hint not displayed
Drag each item to the appropriate bin.
ANSWER:
View
Answer Requested
Part B
Identify the sets of quantum numbers that describe all the electrons in a neutral beryllium atom, . Each set is ordered
( ).
Hint B.1 Determine the number of electrons in a Be atom
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Determine the first set of quantum numbers
Hint not displayed
Hint B.3 Determine the last set of quantum numbers
Hint not displayed
Drag each item to the appropriate bin.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
Characteristics of an Atomic Orbital
Wave functions provide information about an electron's probable location in space. This can be represented by an electron-density distribution diagram, called an
orbital. An orbital is characterized by a size, shape, and orientation in space.
Part A
What is the azimuthal quantum number, , for the orbital shown here?
Hint A.1 Match orbital shapes with letter designations
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Match letter designations with values of the azimuthal quantum number
Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically as an integer.
ANSWER:= 2
Correct
For the known elements, only s, p, d, and f orbitals are used. However, quantum theory predicts the existence of orbitals with values higher than . For
example, an orbital with would be given the letter designation of g.
Part B
What is the label for this orbital that indicates the type of orbital and its orientation in space?
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
The label for a p orbital is based on its orientation with respect to the , , and axes. The p orbital that lies along the axis is labeled , the p orbital that
lies along the axis is labeled , and the p orbital that lies along the axis is labeled . The label for a d orbital is related to its orientation with respect to
the xy, xz, and zy planes. For example, the orbital that is bisected by the xz plane is labeled . Identify which plane bisects this particular orbital to determine
the appropriate label.
Hint B.2 Match orbital orientation with coordinate plane location
Based on the orientation of the following orbitals, identify the coordinate plane that bisects the orbital.
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
Express your answer using appropriate letters (e.g., ).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
Compare the orbital shown in Parts A and B to the orbital shown here in size, shape, and orientation.
Which quantum number(s) would be different for these two orbitals?
Hint C.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint C.2 Identify the significance of the quantum numbers
Associate the quantum numbers with their specific orbital properties.
Match the words in the left-hand column with the appropriate blank in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before
submitting your answer.
ANSWER:
Answer
not
displayed
ANSWER: only
only
only
and
, , and
Correct
The label for this orbital would be .
The actual value of assigned to a given orientation is not arbitrary. It is determined based on how the hydrogen atom behaves in a magnetic field. This
also accounts for the name given to this quantum number.
Part D
How would the orbital in the shell compare to the orbital in the subshell?
A. The contour of the orbital would extend further out along the and axes.
B. The value of would increase by 2.
C. The radial probability function would include two more nodes.
D. The orientation of the orbital would be rotated 45 along the xy plane.
E. The value would be the same.
Hint D.1 Identify the significance of the quantum numbers
Hint not displayed
Hint D.2 The radial probability function
Hint not displayed
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
A following representation of this orbital, shown when it is bisected by the xy plane,
shows the effect of the radial nodes on the orbital contours.
Orbital Diagrams
Learning Goal: To understand how to draw orbital diagrams, and how they are used to write electron configurations.
The electron configuration of an element is the arrangment of its electrons in their atomic orbitals. Electron configurations
can be used to predict most of the chemical properties of an element.
Orbital diagrams are a useful tool to aid in the derivation of the electron configuration of an element. Orbital diagrams are
filled using the aufbau principle, the Pauli principle, and Hund's rule.
Aufbau is German for "building up." The aufbau principle simply states that electrons are added to an orbital diagram one at
a time to the lowest energy orbital available, and that the orbital diagram is thus "built up." However, due to shielding of the
nucleus, the energies of orbitals are not always in order of energy level ( ). For example, the orbital is lower in energy
than the orbital for elements with more than one electron. To aid in remembering the energy order of orbitals, draw a
diagram with the energy levels (1 through 8) down the left of the diagram, and the subshells of each
energy level across in rows, with each row offset by one (so is below , is below , etc).
To determine the order in which orbitals fill, read the diagram from top to bottom, left to right. This
results in the order , etc. This order is often called the "aufbau order."
The Pauli principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same value of all four
quantum numbers ( , , , and ). The first three quantum numbers ( , , and ) specify a
particular orbital, such as . The fourth quantum number ( ) specifies the spin of the electron.
Since there are only two possibly values for ( and ), only two electrons can occupy any given orbital.
Remember that subshells consist of three separate orbitals ( , , and ), for a total of up to six electrons in a given
subshell. Similarly, subshells consist of five separate orbitals, and subshells consists of seven separate orbitals.
Finally, Hund's rule states that the lowest energy electron configuration for an atom is one having the maximum number of
electrons with parallel spins in degenerate orbitals. In other words, when three electrons begin to fill a subshell (which
consists of three degenerate orbitals, meaning three orbitals with the same energy), the lowest energy configuration consists
of one electron in each orbital, all with either spin up or spin down.
Part A
Draw an orbital diagram for boron.
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
First, determine the number of electrons in an atom of boron ( ). Next, fill the orbitals one electron at a time, from
lowest energy to highest energy.
Use this tool to draw the orbital diagram.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
Part B
Draw an orbital diagram for scandium (Sc).
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 The aufbau principle
Remember that the orbital fills before the orbitals.
Use this tool to draw the orbital diagram.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
Part C
Electron configurations are a shorthand form of an orbital diagram, describing which orbitals are occupied for a given
element. For example, is the electron configuration of boron.
Hint C.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint C.2 The aufbau principle
Hint not displayed
Use this tool to generate the electron configuration of arsenic (As).
ANSWER:
View
Correct
Orbital-Filling Diagrams
Learning Goal: To learn to create orbital-filling diagrams.
An orbital-filling diagram shows the number of electrons in each orbital, which are shown in order of energy. The
placement of electrons in orbitals follows a certain set of rules.
1. Lower energy subshells fill before higher energy subshells. The order of filling is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s,
4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p. The periodic table can be used to help you remember this order.
2. An orbital can hold up to two electrons, which must have opposite spins.
3. Hund's rule states that if two or more orbitals with the same energy are available, one electron goes in each until all
are half full. The electrons in the half-filled orbitals all have the same value of their spin quantum number.
Part A
How many orbitals are there in the third shell ( )?
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Determine how many orbitals are in the 3s subshell
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Determine how many orbitals are in the 3p subshell
Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Determine how many orbitals are in the 3d subshell
Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically as an integer.
ANSWER: 9
Correct
Nine orbitals (one s, three p, and five d) can hold a maximum of 18 electrons.
Part B
Show the orbital-filling diagram for (nitrogen). Stack the subshells in order of energy, with the lowest-energy subshell
at the bottom and the highest-energy subshell at the top.
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 How many electrons are in a neutral atom of N?
Hint not displayed
Hint B.3 How to use the orbital-filling tool
Hint not displayed
Use the buttons at the top of the tool to add orbitals. Click within the orbital to add electrons.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
Part C
Show the orbital-filling diagram for (sulfur). Stack the subshells in order of energy, with the lowest-energy subshell at
the bottom and the highest-energy subshell at the top.
Hint C.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint C.2 How many electrons are in a neutral atom of S?
Hint not displayed
Use the buttons at the top of the tool to add orbitals. Click within the orbital to add electrons.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
Part D
Show the orbital-filling diagram for (bromine). Stack the subshells in order of energy, with the lowest-energy subshell
at the bottom and the highest-energy subshell at the top.
Hint D.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint D.2 Determine the number of electrons in a neutral atom of Br
Hint not displayed
Use the buttons at the top of the tool to add orbitals. Click within the orbital to add electrons.
ANSWER:
View
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Electron Configurations of Atoms and Ions
The electron configuration of an atom tells us how many electrons are in each orbital. For example, helium has two
electrons in the 1s orbital. Therefore the electron configuration of is .
Part A
What is the ground-state electron configuration of a neutral atom of cobalt?
Hint A.1 Determine cobalt's block
Look at a periodic table. In which block is cobalt found?
ANSWER: s
p
d
f
Correct
Enter the electron configuration (e.g., [Ne]3s^23p^1).
ANSWER: [Ar]4s^23d^7
Correct
Part B
What is the ground-state electron configuration of the oxide ion ?
Hint B.1 Determine the number of electrons
Hint not displayed
Enter the electron configuration (e.g., 1s^22s^2).
ANSWER: 1s^22s^22p^6
Correct
Part C
Which element has the following configuration: ?
Hint C.1 Count electrons
Hint not displayed
Enter the symbol for the element.
ANSWER: Ce
Correct
Quantum Numbers and Electron Identification
Quantum numbers are used to uniquely identify an electron in an atom. The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two
electrons in an atom may have the same set of four quantum numbers.
Part A
List a possible set of four quantum numbers ( , , , ) in order, for the highest energy electron in gallium, .
Refer to the periodic table as necessary.
Hint A.1 Descriptions of the four quantum numbers
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Identify the subshell
In which specific subshell is the highest energy electron in found?
Hint A.2.1 Identify the principal energy level
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2.2 Identify the type of subshell
Hint not displayed
ANSWER: 4s
3s
4p
2s
3d
3p
4d
4f
2p
1s
Correct
Based on this subshell designation you can identify the values of and for the electron. The possible values of
can be determined based on the value of . For any electron, the possible values of are 1/2 or +1/2
regardless of other factors.
Hint A.3 Identify the value
What is the value for an electron in a p subshell?
Express your answer numerically as an integer.
ANSWER: 1
Correct
The value can be thought of as a code for the type of subshell:
Subshell
s 0
p 1
d 2
f 3
Enter four numbers separated by commas (e.g., 3,2,-2,1/2).
ANSWER: 4,1,0,1/2
Correct
The first two numbers, and , specify the 4p subshell.
Although we typically fill orbitals in a given subshell from left to right and "up" before "down" when making an
orbital diagram, the "last" electron in gallium may go into any of the three 4p orbitals and may have either spin.
Thus, the possible values of are 1, 0, or 1 (restricted to integers from to ) and the possible values of
are +1/2 or 1/2.
Problem 6.26
The energy from radiation can be used to cause the rupture of chemical bonds. A minimum energy of 941 is
required to break the nitrogen-nitrogen bond in .
Part A
What is the longest wavelength of radiation that possesses the necessary energy to break the bond?
ANSWER: = 1.27!10"7
Correct
Part B
What type of electromagnetic radiation is this?
ANSWER: radiowaves
infrared
gamma rays
X rays
microwaves
visible light
ultraviolet
Correct
In part D, light with the wavelength of 439 nm is used.
Problem 6.30
It requires a photon with a minimum energy of to emit electrons from sodium metal.
Part A
What is the minimum frequency of light necessary to emit electrons from sodium via the photoelectric effect?
ANSWER: = 6.66!1014
Correct
Part B
What is the wavelength of this light?
ANSWER: = 450
Correct
Part C
If sodium is irradiated with light of 439 , what is the maximum possible kinetic energy of the emitted electrons?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER: = 1.2!10"20
Correct
Part D
What is the maximum number of electrons that can be freed by a burst of light whose total energy is 1.00 ?
ANSWER: = 2.21!1012
Correct electrons
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 94.7%.You received 62.49 out of a possible total of 66 points.