Mcc^ ^ 0 E:5

FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD.OF CANADA

Translation Series No. 2822

N. L. Gerbil'skii and the culture of acipenserids in the Volga River.

by V. V. Mil'shtein

Original title: Nikolai L'vovich Gerbil'skii i volzhskoe osetrovodstvo

From: Osetrovye i Problemy Osetrovogo Khozyaistva. Izdatel'stvo"Pishchevaya Promyshlennost'"(Acipenseridae and Problems of Culture.

Symposium), 152-156, 1972

Translated by the .Translation Bureau ( NpA)Multilingual Services Div:i::sion

Department of the Secretary of State of Canada.

Department of the ErivironmentFisheries Research Board of Canada

Vancouver Laboratory

Vancouver,,B.C.

1973

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V. V. Mil'shtein

TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS

N. L. Gerbirskii and the culture of

• acipenserids in the Volga River.

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TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÈRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÉRES ROMAINS)

Nikolai L'vovich Gerbil'skii • i volzhskoe osetrovodstvo.

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Osetrovye i Problemy Osetrovogo Khozyaistva".

Izdatel'stvo " Pishchevaya Promyshlennost'

II

Acipenseridae and Problems of their Culture

( Symposium )

II

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1 65 549 Russian

Moscow, 1972. p. 152-157.

N. L. Gerbil'skii and the culture of

769-18-14 Environment . Fisheries Service Halifax, N.S.

NOV2 3 1973

CI TY

MLLE

"Osetrov7o i Problemy Osetrovogo Khozyaistva",

Tsontralinnya Laboratoriya no Vosproizvodstvu Rybnykh

Zapasov Glavrybvoda MRKh, S.S.S.R., Leningradskii

Gosudarstvennyi Universitet. Moscow, 1972

Editing House: "Pishchevaya Promyshlennost'", p. 152-157.

Nikolai Livovich Gerbil'skii I Volzhskoe Osetrovodstvo

"Acipenseridae and Problems of their Culture". Central

Laboratory for Renewal of the Fish Resources of the

Main Aquaculture Administration of the Ministry of Marine

Fisheries of the U.S.S.R. Leningrad State University. 0 zzi

*S-r. eV ü

,

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acipenserids in the Volga River. e* r

1&.

by V. V. Millshtein (152* )

* Numbers in the riuht-hand margin indicate te correspondinc: rr..P:es in the original.

50s-200-ID-SI

Editing House "Pishchevaya Promyshlennost'",

1530..:1 1-02g.:r2.

Tic Volg River was the site of the origin of national

and intern-,..tional acipenser5d culture. It was here th?.t

the first expriment in the world on artificial propgation

of the Acipenseridae waF performed on Way 17, 1E69. Later,

sturgeon culture in the Volga River grew intO a powerful,

highly efficient and developed branch of pisciculture. In

the U,S.S,R, it ranks first in the output of acipenserid

fry (Table 1).

N. L. Gerbil'skii was Mostly responsible for the

fact that sturgeon culture in the Volga River was such a

success. Before the bei.dnning of his work on the Volga

River (1951), sturgeon culture was extensive in nature.

Th- rearIng of acipenserids i_11 the Volga River was li.mited

, to the release of one- or two-day-old larvae into natural

waters .

Table 1

1) Importance of the Volga River in the

'release of sturgeon fry.

Ta6anua 13HameHne Boxrm B eurnycKe m000mi

ocerposux

2 CCCP

.4 ncero.

WI H. ter. 14WhiLe na Hoare, milli. WT.

6 % K BM-

:6r13 3 ro,x,

, 1962 28,3

' 1963 35:0

1964 43,9

1965 51,2

1966 51,4

1967 55,9

1968 62,7

2) U.S.S.R.; 3) year; 4) total in -millions of fry; 5) Volga River hatgheries in millions of fr; 6) % of the total released in the U.S.S.R.

13,4 .19,1 24,3 30,2 30,0 32,0 37,0

47,4 54,7 55,6 59,0 58,3 57,2 58,2

N. L. Cerbil's,Kii laid the biotechnical fot.indations

for the rearing of viable fry in ponds. The main advantage.

to pond rearing fry is that the larvae and fry remain in the

ponds throughout their entire vegetative period. In the

ponds, there is a variety of foods -as well as various water

depths and illuminations which provi de the fry with a variety

of environmental conditions approximating the natural con-

ditions. In these water reservoirs, the juvenile acipenserids

must expend much of their energy searching for food and

being in constant motion. This results in the harmonious

development of organs and also adaptation to environmental

conditions as well as in the development of the instinct

for self preservation. Under these conditions the organism

develops normally. From the point of view of the chemical

composition of the body and hematocrit values, the pond--

reared juveniles almos t. resemble the river juveni .les.m +̂ e

environmental conditions including temperature and gaseosls-

state, abundance of biogenic elements and the availability

of food are entirely favorable for rearing juveniles in

special ponds which di ffer in several respects from the

water reservoirs which are ^.ised for -oond--reari,ng cyprinids.

The seeding of the ponds with young'st?irgeon ta'tes

(153)

a T e-^B2(^; n.^ Cages cons i st i^`►gplace aftp..._r they ri.^ 2 begun active ^ ^« ^

of ineen ,- ram.. .^ ef^ for t Y+ ails'^i.•`•1.22t`' t cl;;-f;a1 ^nesh-co',erec^ wo,^.? •' < ^^ ^.^ ,

t n

.

^the. c` ^^t--:s f _ '•):T?^, e .o od co-ns_^.:^t^; o f pL . o.. ,o

_LY1epond 11110 iai_+^^st}l `77Qr

, ^ a. • „ _t)Ye^^tnin`.^ 1:i.

!'•

N. L, estab“shed that the transition that takes place in the cages

of larvae from -s-olk to acive ieecingis linlçed with rapid

profound changes in the structure and functi.on of the

digestive system. During this period the mortality rate is

hieh indeed. At the same time, the total transition of

larvae to active feeding proceeds , rridly in favorable

temperature conditions and on the fifth day after the first

ingestion of food, the level of structural and functional

development of the digestive system which Provides sufficiently

for the polyphagy,which is characteristic of acipenserid

larvae,is reeched. The cages provide favorable conditions

for the smooth transition of the larvae to the active form

of feeding hence they have a high survival rate.

Experimental data showed that in many cases, the

pond system is the most productive. It is not accidental

that pond-rearine of sturgeon fry has found the widest •

application in the Soviet Union (in % of the total number

of juveniles).

1963 - 48.o 1964 - 52.1

1965 - 57.6 1966 - 58.4 1967 - 58.4

The possibilities which are offered by pond culture

can be estimated from the results obtained by the Volgograd

sturgeon hatchery which planned for an annue,1 production

of 3,7 millicn'fr (Lapitskaya, 1965). Already in the

ct.?;,^n',r;. C _r i.^ O^E2 ^ i• ^.C!i ^ the F Ct 2bi ) t r!iT e v1 i: e f`CC r nd Ÿ

? ;l0n bÿ' rrQC:uC:.n 4.8) ... 11 7_).07'! Îry,

In 19i:4 the crop from the ponds amounted to 1-1,5 million

fry or three times Vreater th an the planned capa.cit;T.

Fro,,a there on the ;Tearly output of fry in this enter-prise

exceeded the 10. nlilli.ân mark considerably. The economical

^^onsi dere.tions in porid pi scicultur. e are c,ons_derable

(Ki.selev and ï:Ii 1'shtei_^, 1.966). As a result of the development

of pond reari.ng in the Volga basin, it became possible to

construct a series of modern hatcheries for rearinF:, ac iper.-

seri_d fry (Table 2).

Table 2 shows that the Volga basin fish farms are

^__^ o f 1.!:: .pl'oûu^.:.ng ^juve;i+.,les o.^ ^e n ^u5siari, s ue.ilaue an d great

sttzrgeons. If we take the total. output of Russian sturgeon

fry as a Llni ^t then the numbers of fry of the other species

are represented by the figures shown in Table 3.

The sturgeon hatcheries situated in the delta of

the Volga River obtain the ripe sexual products exclusively

by the method of pituitary injections devised by N. L.

Gerbil'skii (Table 4).

The nuality of the ripe sexual products obtained 155)

by injection of pituitary gland suspensions is fully sati s-

factor.y (Table 5).

The 'Poe Lhus obtained i s fertilized successfull,^

(Table 6), 1

.Table 2

);41.?mber of stu.r=-,eon fry released by â ish. ,..

si.^uP.T^^d ^.n ^he Volga River delta,Ta6nHUa 2

Ÿea}'J147R:M a btTt}'CKa M0.101" O.CeTpODl,lX

• Rf16O4oAtiblF(H J2Doi1aMH AC76Tbd BO.SCH

c 19G3 r., maH, wT.

2 3j,,o; s^.',yra

6 1(fC3dFICKIti^ • • •C7 Ô:(tTY3.tbCKHtI • . •

NY.pRHHfICKfIH . . .

! 9 CCprHCDCKlü{ . . .

l o }1M14CaHapoDCKtIA

i

1.1 ^roro. ..I 16,58 1 9,95 8,63

2) fish farm; 3) great sturgeon; 4) Russianst^_a_^Ûeon; 5) stellate sturgeon; 6) Kizanskii;7) Fer,tyL?l'ski i; 8) Ikryanskii; 9) Sergievskij.;10) Aleksar_drot-sL:3i; 11) total.

Tab:l.e 3

1_) Ratio of fry by species, released by the sturgeon

hatcherl.es. Ta6nftua 31 CoorMO weHHe OTAeIbHblx uHAOa

a11H af+tflyCKC MOIIOAH oceYp0D61X

` Ha 3anoAax

4. S2 roA (ccrp Ccnpara fiulyrr<

2,862,458,221,611,44

t+OCCTIT

2,241.852.301,571,99

npQ.

ra

2,361.631,151,152.34

in. 1_969

I I

196319641965196619671968

0,400,72.1,450,742,100:94'

0.210,611,0:!0,951,240,92

2) year; 3) Russia.n sturgeon; V) stellate stvr^eon;5) p^reat sturgeon.

t.

co V

c.:

co Cl Cl

t.

tO

Cl CI

t.

I..

t.

•

83,8 96,0 85,01 87,1

94,2 71,1 71,3 92,7 93,0

61,6 1 82,9

76,9 88,8 82,6 87,5 93,7

84,8

76,9 89,6 90,0 79,6

76,5 82,7

83,6 79,1 70,4 71,8 73,1

89,1 91,3 89,0 65,7 100,0

74,4 100,0 88,8 90,5 85,1

49,8 76,4 70,0 68,0

78,9 92,9 75,0 93,0

96,0 100,0 90,0 100,0 100,0

. Table 4

1) Result - 'of injetion of te reproducrs J. PtuAbusw Kumumponating npoi43136-AnTeme6, wr.

-Ta6agtiot 4

5 Beayrit liToro L;• Ocerp 5 Ccippeora

c.: 6.:

V ..... tO ..0 V tO Cl Cl CI

ateog, tO tO

Knaltultà B npoimbetimpoaale q Aar«) impy

10-enmbcKilri t5. nponnIeullponatio c)'.aarto ItKpy

i.1 ligpnimucKilà • 8 npolurbeuuponuo

Aa•10 twpy 12 C4precricmdi •

8 hpoubelepoaaHo Q Amo Impy

1 3 e ccaH.11pOÛcKIth

npolumemosam 9 AVIO Ercpy

19 25 26 52 46 47 177 156 190 248 227 2G .., 15 24 20 40 41 35 88 147 159 143 212 2 14

14 11 18 29 23 36 51 104 72 94 138 13 11 16 26 21 36 39 74 57 78 106 Ury

20 20 23 40 18 27 70 143 166 130 181 2 1 15 18 19 36 16 24 49 102 117 100 136 1&0

15 16 16 64 32 42 122 83 71 201 131 11'; 14 16' 14 51 21 38 83 77 51 148 114 10) -- I 4 16 -- 15 27 -- 30 80 -- 49 123 -- 1 4 15 -- 15 23 -- 28 59 -- 47 9:

11-1-1-1T o r C nponlibeupouuto 68 76 99 1 85 134 179 420 516 579 673 726 re q Awe my 57 73 84 153 114 156 259 428 443 469 616 6b3

2) fish farm; :?) great sturgeon; 4) Russian sturgeon; 5) stellate sturgeon; 6) total; 7) Kizanskii; 8) injected; 9) eugs produced; 10) Bertyul'skii; 11) ikryanskii; 12) Sergievskii; 13) Aleksandrovskii; 14) total.

Table 5

1) Percentage of females. which produced high

quality eggs I Ta6AuttaS 1 flpottenT CaMOK, Aaawitx o6poKa4ecroemiye umpy

4 Occm

1 1966 r. 1967 r. 1963 r. 2 341.=

c./1 Yri,

1966 r.I 1967 r. 1068 r.

5 Ccoprorit

1966 r.I 1967 r.1 196dr.

u Kinancimil ! Beirrianbunii 8 IlKimituncrola

• 9 CeprieBnart A6.71eKURAKKICKlin • • . •

al - -

Cpeuma

2) fish farm; 5) great sturTeon; L) Rusfi. 5an st-rPon; 5) stellate sturgeon; 6) Kizanskii; 7) Bertyu3'si, i; 8) Ikryanskii; 9) Seruievski3; 10) Aleksandrow - 51; 11) average,

3 Se.arra 4 ocem 5 Ceapara

Table 6

Fel-tilization of eggs, 5"0.

Ta6Autta 6 . 1 . OnAoRornopemme mKpm, fied,

3i14.1 1965 r. I 1967 r.I 1968 r. 1966 r.I 1967 r. 1966 r: 1067 r. 1963 r. 1968 r.

6 KI-WHCKA 7 Eeplio.lbcrilet

11KpRIMUCKH11 CepruencEm5 AneKcanapoBuHR . .

71,6 46,9 75 •7 86,1 85,1 84,7 83,6 85,0 85,5 82,0 80,0 88,6 -- 85,0 80,4

66,7 67,2 80,8 81,6 82,0 80.5 90,0 84,2 80,8 76,7

59,5 65,9 70,0 74,0 70,0 70,3 78,0 81,5 71,2 67,8

86,8 81,2 86,8 81,0

74,6 78,4 78,4

11Cpeulimn 81,2 70,7 63,4 83,7 79,4 77,4 76,9 68,0 70,0

2) fish farm; 3) great sturgeon; 4) Russian sturgeon; 5) stellate sturgeon; 6) Kizanskii; 7) Bertyul'skii; 8) Ikryanskii; 9) Sergievskii; 10) Aleksandrovskii; 11) average.

The workers in sturgeon hatcheries face the problem

of how to improve the biotechnical process of sturgeon

culture in ail of its stages. This contains numerous

unsuspected possibilities because of the multifarious

ecological adaptability of the Acipenseridae (Gerbil'skii,

1962). This problem must be solved through intensification

of sturgeon culture by any means which, within the possibilities

of pisciculture, would allow the species an unlimited

opportunity for propagation (Gerbil'skii, 1965). PracticallY,

under the specific conditions for sturgeon culture, it boils

down to a better, more complete utilization of the food

basis and to the increase of food resources in the ponds.

'TEiese two ,-^^als are ac'h;.e,,=eà by implen:entwo cy.ci.eS Of

sti,rFReen fry Y?ri?t3l?Ctiol`? Gl.'.ring one season, by increa=;1"?^=

the densi.ty of seedir_g., by rearing several sr_,ecies of

aci_penseL•ids in the same r,ona, by using fertilizers, etc.

The use of fertilizers in particular helps to solve

the pr.ob1__e,r: of the creation of a stable food resource.

This is the reason why the sturgeon culturists in the Volga

River basin pay great attention to this method of.intens-f-

ic:ati.on.

The fervilizers enhance all the basic indices of

rearing of sturgeon fry. This is illustrated, for instance,

by the results of an experiment in one of the Volga. River

exnerimental hatcheries (Table 7).

Table 7

1) Effect of fertilizers on the rearing

stellate sturgeon fry.

of

iaGnKUa7

^ ÎiJiHRHKC yilO6pCHKH H:. PC3YJ{LTaT6L itJpaLLlKBaHKR MOlfOpK CC6pK)f H

HouepnpY:Q

I ^ CDCTRC yA^pLNHR4 BwHCHUCC•

MOCTk. %^ACCA OAHOPCr

MZIIbKe. 2

J)a6onpoAyK' yNCAcNNOCTE.h TNnNOCTe, Mo110AH. uimji

Aw^^ 17

15 Cynep(Joc(^aT ^ 9ActanascenKrpa

16 . KmTponb 10

} 73,6 ' 2.8

37.3 2,6

13I;7

58.2

5025

2) number of the pond; 3) composition of thefertilizer; 4) survival rate, %; 5) body weightof a sir_gle fry, g; 6) productivity, kg/ha;7) number of fry (number per gram); 8) superphosphate;9) amlÎioi'1.u:Tl nlLrat,e; 10) co?".trol.

- '

,

10

consdering the early rolyhagia of acipenseric

a Phenomenon which L. Gerbirskii has stressed reper, tedly,. •

the pisciculturlsts have devised methods for the joint

rearing of fry of variouS species (polyculture) and ofvaribus

age groups. - In polyculture there is a considerable broad- (156)

ening of the variety of fnod used by the fry and conseouertly

the best utilization of food resources. By rearing fry of

various species and age groups together, it is possible to

increase the yield of sturgeon fry per unit of pond area by

1. 5 or 2 times.

The efficacy of sturgeon culture is considerably

increased when two or three cycles of fry are reared during

one culture season. It is not accidental that rearing in

repeated cycles has accuired such wide application. Thus,

in the Volga River sturgeon hatcheries, during the second

cycle in 1969, 60.8% of all ponds were in active use. In

some hatcheries this percentage was even higher.

The results of the second and third rearing cycles

not only confirm their feasibility but also point out the

advantage of fry foraging at more favorable water temperatures

which are present after the first cycle.

One of the important potential possibilities for

increasing the efficacy of the efforts of sturgeon hatcheries

is to increase the number of fry reared per unit area. When

the food resources are abundant, it is possible to increase

cons iderab ly the dens3_ty of seeding of fry in ponds above

the T)^-̂ ^F.`^^;1^' i:^ ^i. !i:.t^r.Jir crR ^Sed sF°^+,_n?..The },ract7 ce^ of

:'t7.E indices of s tÛrg eCn ^.r^I ? Ca?.'1n^ CO?^5,.^::

erab _L y.

These are 2. few exampl es of how the ri sc i cu_.ture

practiced in the Volga River sturpeon hatcheries is being

intensifi.ed, 's'hey show that the artificial rearing of

acipenserids in the Volga River, which was founded by N. L.

Gerbil's'MIA, continues to develop further.

It must be noted that the research performed by

N. L. Gerbil.'ski.i in the field of sturgeon culture was not

of an exclusive regional nature. A series of his research

pro jects dealt with general problems of the artificial

rearing of acipenserids. "_'ogether with T1. T. KC?h1n and

B. N. Ka?anskii, N. L. Gerbil'skii participated in thesturgeon

development of the basic model of a n. hatchery. He also

contributed considerably to the geographical location of

sturgeon hatc.heries in the water reservoirs of the U.S.S.R.

Being a foremost theoretician in biology, N. L.

Gerbil'skii did very much for the development of sturgeon

hatchery practice.

References

1. Gerbil'ski.i., N1. L. (1938). An excursion into the

.physiology of spawning. "Rybnoe khozyaistvo" ("Fisheries")

No. 10-12.

12

2. ). A iethod of oituitary gland injectilu;

and its rnle in pisciculture. Sb, "Metod girofizarnykh

eun rol v voisproizvodstve rybnykh zapaso".

(Symposium: A Method of pituitary gland injections and its

role in restoration of fish resources".) Leningrad.

•

3. ibid (1947 ). Gonadotropic function of the pituitary

gland in teleosts and Acipenseridae. Trudy laboratorii

osnov rybolOvstva, (Trudy of the Laboratory for Basic

Pisciculture) Vol, 1.

4. ibid (1951). Biological principles and methodology

of the planned reproduction of acipenserids in connection

with the development of hydro-power stations, Vestnik •GU.

(Bulletin of the Leningrad S±c.te University) #9,

5. ibid (1956). Sturgeon culture in the basin of the

southern seas of the U.S.S.R. "Rybnoe khozyaistvo" (Fisheries)

No, 1.

6. ibid. (1957a). Present state and basic problems of

acipenserid culture in the lower courses of the southern

rivers of the U.S.S.R. Trudy soveshchaniya po rybolovstvu.

(Trudy of the Piscicultural Conference). Moscow, Editing

House of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.

7. ibid (1957b). Second alternative for the rearing of

acipenserid fry in ponds. "Uchenye zapiski L.G.U."

Seriya biologicheskikh nauk. (Scientific Notes of the

Leningrad Sti7te Univeristy Series of biology.) Edited by

the Leningrad (3tate University,

SCPri'

?2 CclE?r_^ C

-C-ou iIcations r!?E' dBV:'.! (; mef?^ c:?C.'. F^ e0 `rc p!?].C21 r?^ ?? Ï' .-a

C)7.•stl.lrge0l: :>>,°C>ïCl?^..^l;tYc? in water l'ese7.'%ro?rs of the If.-.-.P.

Sb. "Osetrovoe ;1hoZyc;:lSi:tro 11 vocioe:;:akh S.S.S.R." (SyTi1po.`=J.Ur1:

"Sturgeon cul-IU?:rf' in ;':c`„^i.er ?.^e,^-_,ervolrs of the U.S.S.R.).

,r:;o^,cocr. L^^^.^t.e;^ by the. ^^ce.è.emy of Sciences of the U.r._ S--.•

r 1^ r G eY'^) llls;.•: ii s N. T_, ,. s•'_ p..r-1?'! , N. I. and d h^ Z 2.?^i S^: ? 1. , B. N .

1i ^ '( 3.9U; h ^. T r:r_^ .o {;ec hnics of a sturgeon ha i chery and an

overlay of the 1)r. inciples. of a sturgeon hatchery, Sb.

"Osetro vue kho7yalstvo `r "odoemalii`? S . S.S ..f^.. ". (Syt7!poS).l:r.:

"Stt?rgeon ni.sci culture in v,,ater res;nrvo ir_s of the U.S.S.R.)

I^^Ioscov.t, Edite-:^ by the Academy of Sciences of the U.S..S.R.

,7c^ . t^;5e1_ev_ V. ;^, t^^i_l_'s?^^ei.r., V.V. (.19oe Analys?., of

two met'hodç for the rearin{; of sturgeon fry, ",Rybnoe

Kho zyai s,tvo" (F:i sheries ) No. 11.

1]_. La-oits?ca;, a, 7,. N. (1965). The experience of the

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xosanc-rno›, 1956, .‘'} 1. 6 r ep On /i b C H h H. II. Cocroninie H ocuonnue aa.aaini ocerpono.a.crna n DIDODDRX • tiux pet: CCCP. Tpy.abi coneuzaniin no pu6000acray. M., 143a-no AH CCCP, 1957a. 7 repOlinbCKHfi H. II. B -ropon Damian .; rippoDoro criocoGa nupau.nioainia stoaoalt

ocerpoDux. aarnicrin iffy». X2 228, Cepun Gisoaoriiiiecmitx llayx. 1,13.a.ao orw, 19576.

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1- 0 Ks:cc:ten B. K., M H b Tehu B. B. AH.a.1H3 anyz iter0,108 paaaeaelina »0;10All ocer- • posbix. 413u6lioe X03Flitc-roo›, 1966, X 11.

11 lIn n n iota n .TI. H. Ormer BoororpazcNoro puGoao.anoro saDoa. ePbt6noe SioaancrDos, 1965, Ns 6.

SUMMARY •

The state of Acipenserids's breeding in the Volga region is shown in the article. The growth of Acipenserids production in fish factories in connection with the applica-tion of the method of the hypophyseal injections is characterized. The influence of the pound method of growing of juveniles. worked out by N. L. Gerbilskii, at the intensifi-. cation of Acipenserid3 production in the Volga —Caspian region is considered.

The character of breeding of. sturgeons in the Volga in the modern conditions in given. The successes of science and practice achieved under the influence of N. L. Gerbil-1 • skii's ideal are reported and the outlooks of the soviel Acipenserids's pisciculture in this Important region are shown.