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Unit 6 Ecology Biotic Factors
Environmental Factors that Influence Organisms
Ecology is the study of how living things interact with another and with their environment.
An organism interacts with and responds to both the living and nonliving things in its environment
ABIOTIC vs. BIOTIC FACTORS
Abiotic factors
the nonliving parts of an ecosystem
Abiotic factors include:
Water: All living things need water to carry out their life processes
Sunlight: Necessary for photosynthesis in plants
Oxygen: Most living things require oxygen to carry out their life processes
Temperature: The temperatures that are typical of an area determine the types of organisms that can live there
Soil: The type of soil in an area influences the kinds of plants that can grow
Biotic factors
living or once living organisms in the environment
Biotic factors include:
Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
Organisms depend on other organisms for food, shelter, protection, and reproduction
Ex: The biotic factors in the prairie dogs ecosystem include the grass and plants that provide seeds and berries.
The hawks, ferrets, badgers, and eagles that hunt the prairie dogs
are also biotic factors. In addition, worms, fungi, and bacteria are biotic factors that live in the soil underneath the prairie grass. These organisms keep the soil rich in nutrients as they break down the remains of other living things.
Name a biotic factor in your environment: people, dogs, plants, birds
Natures Cycles
Natures cycles help the earth renews itself.
The living things within an ecosystem interact with each other and also with their non-living environment to form an ecological unit that is largely self-contained. Sometimes this renewal process is violent and destructive. Sometimes it is gradual and gentle. Nevertheless, ecosystems contain within themselves the resources to regenerate themselves.
Cycles in nature include:
life cycles of plants and animalsseasonal cycles
lunar cyclesnitrogen cycle
oxygen-carbon cyclewater cycle
rock cycle
geophysical cycles (plate tectonics,
earthquakes and volcanoes)
13
(Bioenergy.org)
(Zazzle.com)
(http://computerkiddoswiki.pbworks.com/f/1195402734/insect_life_cycle.jpg)
POPULATIONS
Population Size
the number of individuals in the population
always changing
List how a population may change:
1. birth rates
2. death rates
3. movement of organisms into or out of an area
Limiting Factors
populations cannot continue to grow larger forever
any ecosystem has limits to the amount of biotic or abiotic factors available
List limiting factors that would change a populations size:
1. food availability
2. water availability
3. amount of available living space
4. available mates
Carrying Capacity
the largest number of individuals of a species that an environment can support and maintain
if a population gets bigger than the carrying capacity of the environment, individuals are left without the biotic and abiotic resources they need
Biotic Potential
the maximum rate at which a population can increase when there are unlimited biotic and abiotic resources
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LIVING THINGS
(Insect and flower)Mutualism
A relationship between in which both species benefit
Ex: tick bird/rhino, honey badger/honey guide bird, mushrooms
near the tree roots, bacteria/termites
Parasitism
(Mosquito and human)A relationship in which one species benefits
and the other species is harmed
The parasite hurts the host
but does not necessarily kill it
Ex: tick/rhino, heartworm/dog, lice/human, termite/tree
Commensalism
A relationship in which one species benefits
and the other species is not affected
It is neither helped nor harmed
(Barnacle on a sea scallop)
Ex: bird living in a tree, remora/shark, crab carrying sea urchin
Predator/ Prey
A relationship between two animal species in which one animal hunts the other animal for food
The hunter is the predator
The prey is hunted by the predator
Ex: penguin/fish, snake/mouse, shark/sea turtle,
hawk/rabbit, bear/fish
(Shark(predator) and sea lion (prey))
Label the following relationships:
Predator/prey: bird and wormPredator/prey: fox and rabbit
Commensalism: bird and treeCommensalism: moss on a tree
Mutualism: cow bird and cow Mutualism: clown fish and sea anemone
Parasitism: cow and West Nile mosquito
Parasitism: tree fungus and tree Mutualism: pollination between a bee
(Photos from nearctica.com/ecology) and a flower
WHO EATS WHAT?
I. Producers
Producers are organisms that do not have to eat anything to obtain their nutrients. They produce their own food through a process called photosynthesis.
In this chemical reaction, sunlight helps make complex substances such as proteins and starches.
Ex: plants
II. Consumers
Consumers are organisms that must eat other organisms to obtain their nutrients.
A. Herbivores eat plants
Ex: rabbit, deer
B. Carnivores eat other animals
Ex: hawk, mountain lion
C. Omnivores eat both plants and animals
Ex: humans
D. Scavengers
Scavengers are carnivores that eat animals that are already dead.
Scavengers usually wait until other animals are done feeding, and then they come in for leftovers.
Ex: vultures, hyenas, ants
E. Decomposers
Decomposers are natures recyclers. They help break down organic molecules into materials that go back into the soil to help fertilize the producers.
Ex: bacteria, maggots, fungi, worms
F. Parasites
Parasites are organisms that feed on animals that are still living.
Ex: tick, fungi, tapeworm
vulture pig deer worm flower
scavenger omnivoreomnivoredecomposerproducer
THE FLOW OF ENERGY THROUGH A COMMUNITY
A community is made up of all of the organisms that live together in an area.
The energy that flows through a community begins with solar energy.
The energy from the sun is transferred to producers and then to consumers.
A food web, food chain, or energy pyramid can show the transfer of energy.
1. FOOD WEB
shows the transfer of energy throughout all of the members
of a community
(hawksnakefroginsectplantrabbit)Ex:
Draw the missing arrows:
2. FOOD CHAIN
shows only one of the paths in the food web
Ex:
Draw the arrowheads in the correct direction:
acorn squirrelowl
3. ENERGY PYRAMID
diagram that shows the amount of energy available
at each level of the feeding order in a food chain
Ex:
( )
(hawk)
Label the pyramid:1%
(rabbits)producers
hawk_10%
(producers)rabbits
ADAPTATIONS
Traits that help a species to survive
A. Structural Adaptations
A body part aids in survival
Examples:
Survival Skill
Plants
Animals
Food Acquisition
Roots, leaves
Sharp teeth, claws
Movement
n/a
Wings, hooves, fins
Reproduction
Seed shape
Shell of eggs, pouch
Protection
Needles, thorns
Antlers, quills, odor
Conserve Water and Heat
Thick, waxy leaves
Blubber, thick fur
B. Coloration Adaptations
The coloring of a plant or animal aids in survival
2 types camouflage and warning coloration
Camouflage- characteristics that enable the organism to blend in with their surroundings (4 types of camouflage)
1. Protective coloration - camouflage in which colors and patterns of organisms match the surroundings
Ex: polar bear appears white to blend in with snow; chameleon
2. Protective resemblance - camouflage in which the shape and color of an organism match other objects in the surroundings
Ex: caterpillar resembles bird droppings; seahorse looks like coral
3. Mimicry - camouflage in which a species resembles another species in the same habitat
Ex: viceroy moth resembles monarch butterfly
4. Eye spots - camouflage in which an animal has a spot that resembles an eye in order to fool predators
Ex: fish eyespots on tail confuse predators
Warning Coloration- bold patterns and colors
that serve as a warning signal to other species and predators
Ex: dart frog
C. Behavioral Adaptations
Behaviors aid an animal species in survival
Examples:
Survival Skill
Behavior
Food Acquisition
Spinning a spider web
Birds call out when they find food
Protection (escaping danger)
Deer flips tail
Elephants surround their young
Reproduction (finding mates)
Cockroaches raise their wings and pose
Types of Behavior
1. Learned Behavior - an action that is not inherited from a species parent
Ex: skunk squirting; lion cubs hunting
2. Instincts - an inherited behavior; the species parent does not have to teach its offspring the behavior
Ex: wolves howling; puffer fish inflating its body
Behavioral Responses
1. Stimulus a change in an organisms surrounding that causes the organism to respond
2. Response an action or change in behavior to the stimulus
Internal stimuli signals inside an organism that cause a response
Example of internal stimuli:
Internal Stimulus
Response
dry mouth (thirst)
Drink water
growling stomach
Eat food
brains signal to lungs
Breathe
External stimuli signals outside an organism that cause a response
Examples of external stimuli:
External Stimulus
Response
Heat on a snake
Move to a cooler location
Light on a plant
Grows toward light
Sudden movement behind a door (seen by you)
Scream
Seasons (changing temperature) on animals
Store food, migrate, hiberbnate
Sound of a fox to a rabbit
Run away
UNIT 7: ABIOTIC FACTORS
(Condensation) (Condensation)
(Precipitation)
(Evaporation) (Surface Runoff) (Transpiration)
(Subsurface Runoff (underground)
(Accumulation)
Label the water cycle diagram using the words below:
Evaporation - the process in which liquid water becomes water vapor (a gas). Water vaporizes from the surfaces of oceans and lakes, from the surface of the land, and from melts in snow fields.
Transpiration - the process in which some water within plants evaporates into the atmosphere. Water is first absorbed by the plant's roots, then later exits by evaporating through pores in the plant.
Condensation - the process in which water vapor (a gas) in the air turns into liquid water. Condensing water forms clouds in the sky. Water drops that form on the outside of a glass of icy water are condensed water. (This term appears twice in the diagram.)
Precipitation - the process in which water (in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail) falls from clouds in the sky.
Subsurface Runoff - rain, snow melt, or other water that flows in underground streams, drains, or sewers.
Surface Runoff - rain, snow melt, or other water that flows in surface streams, rivers, or canals.
Accumulation - the process in which water pools in large bodies (like oceans, seas and lakes).
Components of Water
The chemical formula for water is H2O. It contains 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.
Rivers, lakes and oceans have natural salts in them that have dissolved out of rocks.
Problem: What happens to salt when water evaporates?
Hypothesis: If water containing salt evaporates, then the salt will be left behind.
Experiment:
Materials: Beaker, teaspoon, water, salt, heat source
Procedure: Boil 250mL of H2O and 2 tsp of salt. Observe and record data.
Conclusion: My hypothesis was correct. When water containing salt evaporates, salt is left behind.
Water Pollution
Unfortunately, besides H, O and salts, pollutants also exist in water.
Types of water pollution:
1. Acid rain
2. Wastes
3. Oil
4. Chemicals
Burning the fossil fuel, coal, can release SO2 (sulfur dioxide) into the air. SO2 combines with rain (H2O) to make H2SO4, or acid rain. Acid rain enters the water cycle by ending up in the lakes and rivers.
Burn coal release SO4 combine with rain enter H2O cycle
Mini Lab Part 1: Cleopatras Needle
Cleopatras Needle was a monument in the Sahara Desert in Egypt. It was being eroded by wind blown sand. After 2000+ years it was moved to the United States to save it. In just over 15 years, our acid rain has nearly destroyed it!
Problem: How does an acidic liquid affect a solid object?
Hypothesis: If certain objects are exposed to acid, then they will weather away.
Experiment:
Materials: chalk, vinegar, dropper, container
Procedure: Add a few drops of acid (vinegar) to a solid object (chalk).
Conclusion: My hypothesis was correct. The chalk weathered away when exposed to acid.
Mini Lab Part 2: Acid Rain in Lakes
The bedrock under lakes is not the same. Explore the effect of acid rain on different rock types.
Effect on granite: Does not affect MOST types of granite, only granite with feldspar.
Effect on limestone: Limestone weathers away (fizz)
If fizzing means the acid is neutralized, what would the effects of acid rain be in a limestone lake versus a granite lake?
With a limestone lake, the acid will be neutralized. However, the lakes limestone is eaten away. With a granite lake, the lake water will become more acidic.
Therefore, Cleopatras Needle is made of (granite/ limestone). Its a trick question. BOTH, because it is made of limestone and granite with feldspar.
CHALLENGE: Can you label this diagram of the water cycle?
(The Water Cycle)
(Precipitation)
(Precipitation)
(Condensation)
(Precipitation)
(Transpiration)
(Evaporation)
(Evaporation)
(Snowmelt Runoff)
(Evaporation)
(Surface Runoff)
(Surface Runoff)
(Groundwater)
(http://www.learningdemo.com/noaa/lesson07.html)
WATERSHEDS
1. Watershed a land area in which surface runoff drains into a lake or a system of rivers and streams. They come in all shapes and sizes and cross county, state, and national boundaries. We all live in a watershed!
2. The largest watershed in the United States is the Mississippi River watershed.
3. Surface Water includes lakes, rivers, streams and ponds.
4. Water beneath Earths surface, found in spaces in the soil, sand, and rocks, is called groundwater.
5. The upper zone of this underground area is called the unsaturated zone, or zone of aeration. (pore spaces are filled with air)
6. Farther down, water collects in the saturated zone or zone of saturation. (pore spaces are filled with water)
7. The top of the saturated zone is known as the water table.
8. Groundwater dissolves rocks to create caves.
9. An aquifer is a rock layer that stores ground water and allows it to flow. Aquifers and surface water occur in watersheds.
10. If the water table reaches Earths surface, water will flow out from the ground and form a spring.
11. When springs do not occur, wells must be dug or drilled to obtain water.
12. In the United States, 23% of the water used by people comes from groundwater.
13. Water (from a source such as a reservoir) is cleaned at a water treatment plant.
14. Wastewater is used water and is cleaned at a wastewater treatment plant.
AIR
Main components of air
Earths air contains 78% Nitrogen
20%Oxygen
1%Carbon Dioxide
1% Argon
Problem: Determine the percent of oxygen inside a small container.
Experiment:
Materials: candle, matches, pie pan, graduated cylinder
Procedure:
1. Affix a candle to the bottom of a pie pan.
2. Fill it about 1/3 full of water.
3. Light the candle.
4. Using an upside down graduated cylinder, place it over the candle.
5. Observe and record data.
Total mL air 100mL
mL of O2 20mL
%O2 20%
Conclusion: The burning candle will use the gas, Oxygen. This will decrease the air pressure inside the cylinder and cause the outside air pressure to push up the water to replace the used oxygen.
O2 - CO2 Cycle
Through photosynthesis
plants take in carbon dioxide to make food
and release oxygen
Through respiration
animals take in oxygen
and release carbon dioxide
AIR MASSES
An air mass is a large section of air that has the same basic temperature and humidity
Each air mass is described by two words that tell its basic temperature and humidity.
Temperature
Tropical warm air from the south
Polar cold air from the north
Humidity
Maritime wet air from oceans
Continental dry air from land
Four main air masses affect the United States
(1.CP)
(4.MP)
(2.MT) (3.CT)
FRONTS
A front is the boundary where two air masses meet.
4 types of fronts
Warm Front
Warm air pushes cold air
A sign that one is coming - cirrus clouds
Brings steady, lasting rain
Cold Front
Cold air pushes warm air
Rapid temperature drop
Can bring violent short-lived storms if the warm air is humid
Stationary Front
One that has stopped moving
Brings weather similar to a warm front
Occluded Front
A warm air mass is trapped between two cold fronts
(http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/af/frnts/home.rxml)Brings a combination of weather
VIOLENT WEATHER
Thunderstorms
1. come from cumulonimbus clouds, also called thunderheads
2. caused by cold fronts and rapid heating of humid air in the summer
3. creates lightning (static electricity caused by rapidly moving air currents)
4. creates thunder (the sound of the explosion that occurs as air expands rapidly and explosively when lightning heats the air to nearly 30,000 degrees C)
5. thunderstorm safety avoid touching metal object, find a low area away from trees, fences, and poles; stay away from water, avoid touching anything electrical
Tornadoes
1. often accompany thunderstorms and also form in low, heavy cumulonimbus clouds
2. About 800 tornadoes occur in the United States every year
3. Funnel - shaped and rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere due to the Coriolis Effect
4. the center is the worst part
5. the wind causes the damage
6. Tornado Watch= conditions are right for a tornado
7. Tornado Warning= a tornado has been sighted
8. tornado safety Move to the middle of the ground floor. Stay away from windows and doors. Lie on the floor under a sturdy piece of furniture. If you are outdoors, move to a building or lie flat in a ditch.
Hurricanes
1. form in the ocean over tropical waters
2. rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere
3. the calm center is called the eye of the hurricane
4. a wall of water called the storm surge causes most of the damage
5. other damage is caused by wind and flooding
6. more total energy than any other storm
(TOPSOILSUBSOILBEDROCK)OUR LAND
Layers the land beneath us can be divided into three layers
1. The bottom layer is called bedrock.
2. It is made of layers of rock.
3. As these layers are exposed to air and weather, they begin
to change physically and chemically.
4. They turn into smaller pieces, and its composition
can change.
5. These smaller pieces of bedrock make up the second layer,
which is called subsoil.
6. The top layer is called topsoil.
7. The rock pieces here have become very weathered and
may not even resemble the original bedrock.
8. Topsoil also contains organic material such as leaves,
insects, and roots.
9. Between the solid particles is either air or water.
10. (Nitrogen is released back into the air by:1. waste2. decomposition3. bacteria)Our topsoil is affected by the nitrogen cycle.
The Nitrogen Cycle
(Lightning adds nitrogen to soil) (Nitrogen from the air)
(Nitrogen-fixing bacteria form nitrogen compounds)
THE ROCK CYCLE
Heat and Pressure
(Metamorphic RockSedimentary RockSedimentMagmaIgneous RockHeat and PressureMeltingHeat and PressureMeltingCoolingWeathering and ErosionWeathering and ErosionWeathering and ErosionCompacting and Cementing)
(Melting)
Word bank (some will be used more than once):
compacting and cementingmagmasediment
weathering and erosionigneous rockcooling
heat and pressuremetamorphic rock
meltingsedimentary rock
(http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/diagram.html)
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rocks are made from molten rock. This rocks temperature is so hot that it melts. There are two basic types of igneous rocks: rocks made from magma underground, and rocks made from lava above ground.
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Intrusive igneous rocks are made underground out of magma. Because they are not ever exposed to the air or water, they cool very slowly. This allows the minerals in the rocks time to form large crystals. These rocks are also called coarse grained. The most common intrusive igneous rock is granite.
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Extrusive igneous rocks are made on the surface of the earth out of lava. These rocks cool quickly, which results in small or no crystals. Sometimes the lava cools so quickly that bubbles form from escaping gas. Some rocks are more than 50% holes! If the lava cools rapidly in water, the resulting rock can look like glass.
INVESTIGATING IGNEOUS ROCKS
Part 1: Separate the rocks into two groups: intrusive and extrusive.
Record the numbers of the rocks in each group.
Intrusive rocks - 3
Extrusive rocks 1,2,4,5
Part 2: Identify the rocks according to the following descriptions:
Rock number
Intrusive or Extrusive
Description
3
Intrusive
granite- large crystals of pink, black, and white
1
Extrusive
pumice light-colored with many holes
4
Extrusive
scoria rust-colored with many holes
2
Extrusive
basalt dark with no visible crystals, dull
5
Extrusive
obsidian black with glassy luster
Part 3: Conclusion
1. Which rock cooled most slowly? granite
2. Which rock cooled in water? obsidian
3. Which rocks had escaping gas? pumice and scoria
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks are made from sediments that were either pressed together or cemented together. Most sedimentary rocks form under water.
There are three main types of sedimentary rocks:
1. Clastic rocks are only composed of rock fragments.
2. Organic rocks also contain material that was once living.
3. Chemical rocks are formed by a chemical process.
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Rocks that are exposed at the surface of the earth are subjected to weathering. This breaks the rocks into smaller pieces. The process of erosion then moves the pieces to another location where they are deposited. These pieces become compressed and cemented together to form a clastic sedimentary rock. The size of the particles that make the rock is what identifies the rock type.
NON-CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Two kinds of non-clastic rocks exist: organic and chemical.
1. Organic sedimentary rocks are made either directly or indirectly from material that was once alive. Examples of materials that make up organic rocks are leaves and shells.
2. Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by a chemical process and do not involve any living organisms. An example of these would be evaporites, which form when water evaporates out of a solution, leaving the minerals behind.
INVESTIGATING SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Part 1: Separate the rocks into two groups: clastic and non-clastic.
Record the numbers of the rocks in each group.
Clastic rocks 4,1,3
Non-clastic rocks 2,5
Part 2: Identify the rocks according to the following descriptions:
Rock number
Clastic or non-clastic
Description
4
Clastic
conglomerate made of pebbles
5
Non-clastic
rock salt made when ocean water evaporates
1
Clastic
sandstone made of sand
2
Non-clastic
bituminous coal made from plant remains
3
Clastic
shale made of layers of silt
Part 3: Conclusion
1. If rock salt can be found on the surface in Texas, what inference can be made about Texas geological history? Texas was covered by ocean water.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphic rocks are made when already existing rocks are buried deep within the earth. Tremendous heat, great pressure and chemical reactions cause them to change into different rocks with different textures and structures. The mineral crystals in the rocks may change their size or shape or they may separate into layers. Because the amount of heat, pressure, and chemical reactions differ, the degree of metamorphism also varies. Some rocks change a little, while other rocks change drastically. There are two types of metamorphic rocks: foliated and unfoliated.
FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphic rocks with a foliated texture have mineral crystals arranged in parallel bands. These rocks tend to break along the parallel bands. The rocks form when the mineral crystals in the original rock re-crystallize or flatten under pressure.
UNFOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphic rocks with an unfoliated texture do not have bands of crystals and do not break into layers. However, the grains of the crystals can be changed in size and shape.
INVESTIGATING METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Part 1: Separate the rocks into two groups: foliated and unfoliated.
Record the numbers of the rocks in each group.
Foliated rocks - 1
Unfoliated rocks 2,3,4
Part 2: Identify the rocks according to the following descriptions:
Rock number
Foliated or Unfoliated
Description
4
Unfoliated
Marble large, light-colored crystals; not in bands; originally limestone
1
Foliated
Slate dark, flat layers of minerals; breaks along bands; originally shale
2
Unfoliated
Quartzite light-colored small crystals; originally sandstone
3
Unfoliated
Anthracite coal shiny black; originally bituminous coal
Part 3: Conclusion
1. Why are metamorphic rocks the least common ones to find?
Most metamorphic rocks are still buried underground.
THE THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS
Although the crust is separated from the mantle, the uppermost, rigid layer of the mantle moves as if it were part of Earths crust.
The rigid, upper part of Earths mantle together with the crust is called the lithosphere.
It is broken into about 30 sections called plates and they move around on the plastic-like asthenosphere which is also part of the mantle.
The plates do not move in the same direction. They move independently about 2 cm per year.
The places where different plates meet are called plate boundaries.
The constant movement of plates creates forces that affect Earths surface at the boundaries of these plates.
PLATE MOVEMENT (3 TYPES)
1. Divergent Plate Movement: Seafloor Spreading
(Plates that move apart)Plates move apart as a result of a force called tension and forms new oceanic crust
Ex: rift valleys
2. Convergent Plate Movement
(Plates that collide)Plates collide due to a force called compression. When plates collide, uplifting of Earths crust occurs.
Ex: mountains, volcanoes
If one plate sinks underneath another plate, it is called subduction.
3. Lateral Slipping Plate Movement: Transform Boundary
(Plates that slide past each other)Plates slide past each other due to a force called shearing. These plates move sideways and cause earthquakes along the fault line.
Ex: San Andreas Fault in California
(http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Continents.shtml)
PLATE MOVEMENT
A. PLATES THAT MOVE APART IN THE OCEAN
Ocean crust moves apart. Lava rises in the
rift valley forming a chain
of volcanic mountains called the
Mid Ocean Ridge.
Ex: Mid Atlantic Ridge
B. PLATES THAT MOVE APART ON LAND
Continental crust moves apart. This forms a
rift valley and rift mountains. Ocean water can fill in the gap to make a linear sea.
Ex: Red Sea
C. PLATES THAT COLLIDE
1. TWO OCEANIC PLATES
One of the plates is pulled under the other
plate. A series of volcanoes.
Forms a chain of islands called an
island arc. A deep sea
trench is formed. Magma may be pushed up, forming volcanoes in the vicinity.
Ex: Japan
2. OCEANIC PLATE AND CONTINENTAL PLATE
The oceanic plate is pulled under the continental plate. A chain of volcanic mountains forms on the land. A deep sea trench is formed in the ocean.
Ex: Mount St. Helens
3. TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES
As the plates collide, they form a series of
fold mountains.
Ex: Himalayas in Asia
(http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Continents.shtml)
PLATE TECTONICS MAP OF THE WORLD
(http://www.freewebs.com/mdreyes3/plate-tectonics.jpg)
Condensation