mcet civil hydraulic engg lab manualver3.0

8/18/2019 Mcet Civil Hydraulic Engg Lab Manualver3.0

1/111

Dr. MAHALINGAM COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

POLLACHI – 3

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

- LABORATORY MANUAL -

NAME : ____________________________

ROLL NO. : ____________________________

REG. NO. : ____________________________

CLASS : ____________________________

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC


2/111


3/111

IN:TUCTION:

Audience ; Undergradua&e Ci*il Engineering :&uden+ MCET

In&r%duc&i%n

T"i# la$%ra&%ry 'anual i# in&ended &% guide y%u &"r%ug" #e*eral e-(eri'en in &"e

"ydraulic engineering. Becau#e %) &"e na&ure %) &"e c%ur#e and la$%ra&%ry )acili&ie#+ y%u

'ay $e re %) &"ree and re(%r& ri&ing

#"%uld $e d%ne $y an indi*idual #&uden&. Tea' %r, i# al#% an i'(%r&an& a#(ec& %) &"i#

c%ur#e and i& ill en"ance y%ur (er)%r'ance.

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC ii


4/111

La$ cycle

T"e #&uden 'u#& c%'e (re(ared )%r &"eir la$ #e##i%n# i&" e-(eri'en in &"e gi*en

#e


5/111

La$%ra&%ry re(%r

?%u ill #u$'i& a re(%r& )%r eac" e-(eri'en& &"a& y%u (er)%r'. All re(%r ill $e graded

%n &"e &ec"nical c%n&en& a# ell a# &"e ri&ing and (re#en&a&i%n. T"e deadline )%r

#u$'i&&ing ill $e in)%r'ed $y &"e in#&ruc&%r. T"e#e deadline# are n%& c"angea$le.T"e (rinci(al g%al# %) la$%ra&%ry re(%r are &% &ell #%'e%ne el#e =u#ually a &eac"er>;

. "a& y%u did in &"e la$.

4. "y y%u did i&.

3. "a& y%u &"%ug"& %uld "a((en.

. "a& really "a((ened.

. "y y%u g%& &"e re#ul y%u %$&ained.

All #&uden are e-(ec&ed &% (r%duce &"eir %n %r,. C%(ying i# n%& all%ed andre)erence 'u#& $e clearly #&a&ed a& &"e end %) re(%r&. I) y%u u#e &"i# 'anual a# re)erence+

c%n*er& &"e #en&ence# in&% y%ur %n &"ird (er#%n+ (a#& &en#e+ (a##i*e *%iceF #en&ence# and

en#ure &"e #a'e. ZERO 'ar,# 'ig"& $e gi*en i) ca#e# %) (lagiari#' are )%und. :%'e %)

&"e e-(eri'en&al da&a %$#er*ed a# &ea' are e-ce(&i%n and &"e #a'e can $e u#ed $y all in

&"a& &ea'. U#e :I uni &"r%ug"%u& y%ur re(%r&.

A)&er &"e la$%ra&%ry #e##i%n. Clean u( y%ur %r, area.

4. Ma,e #ure y%u under#&and "a& ,ind %) re(%r& i# &% $e (re(ared and "en i& i# due.

3. C"ec, i&" &"e in#&ruc&%r %r &ec"nician $e)%re y%u lea*e.

N% Ma,e6u(#

:&uden 'u#& (ar&ici(a&e in all la$%ra&%ry e-erci#e# a# #c"eduled. 2e "a*e a$#%lu&ely n%

)le-i$ili&y in %ur la$ #c"edule. N% re(e&i&i%n cla## ill $e gi*en )%r )%rg%ne #e##i%n#.

In&ernal a##e##'en& Mar,#

In&ernal a##e##'en& ill $e (er)%r'ed a# (er &"e rule# %) &"e Uni*er#i&y.

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC i*


6/111

:?LLABU:

H?DAULIC ENINEEIN LAB 0 0 3 00

OB8ECTIVE

:&uden& #"%uld $e a$le &% *eri)y &"e (rinci(le# #&udied in &"e%ry $y c%nduc&ing &"e

e-(eri'en.

LI:T O! EGPEIMENT:

. De&er'ina&i%n %) c%6e))icien& %) di#c"arge )%r %ri)ice

4. De&er'ina&i%n %) c%6e))icien& %) di#c"arge )%r n%&c"e#

3. De&er'ina&i%n %) c%6e))icien& %) di#c"arge )%r *en&uri'e&er

. De&er'ina&i%n %) c%6e))icien& %) di#c"arge )%r %ri)ice 'e&er

. :&udy %) i'(ac& %) @e& %n )la& (la&e =n%r'al 9 inclined>

/. :&udy %) )ric&i%n l%##e# in (i(e#

. :&udy %) 'in%r l%##e# in (i(e#

5. :&udy %n (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# %) Pel&%n &ur$ine.

7. :&udy %n (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# %) !ranci# &ur$ine

0. :&udy %n (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# %) 1a(lan &ur$ine

. :&udy %n (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# %) Cen&ri)ugal (u'(# =C%n#&an& #(eed 9

*aria$le #(eed>

4. :&udy %n (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# %) reci(r%ca&ing (u'(.

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC *


7/111

LI:T O! EUIPMENT: AVAILABLE !O THE EGPEIMENT:9IN

LAB

. Bern%ulliF# &"e%re' J Veri)ica&i%n A((ara&u# 6 N%.

4. Calcula&i%n %) Me&acen&ric "eig"&

2a&er &an, K :"i( '%del i&" acce##%rie# 6 N%.

3. Mea#ure'en& %) *el%ci&y

Pi&%& &u$e a##e'$ly 6 N%.

. !l% 'ea#ure'en& %(en c"annel )l%

=i> C"annel i&" (r%*i#i%n )%r )i-ing n%&c"e#

=rec&angular+ &riangular K &ra(e%idal )%r'#> 6 Uni&

=ii> !lu'e a##e'$ly i&" (r%*i#i%n# )%r c%nduc&ing e-(eri'en %n

Hydraulic @u'(#+ genera&i%n %) #urge# e&c. 6 Uni&

. !l% 'ea#ure'en& in (i(e#

=i> Ven&uri'e&er+ U &u$e 'an%'e&er )i-&ure# li,e Val*e#+ c%llec&ing &an, 6 Uni&

=ii> Ori)ice 'e&er+ U &u$e 'an%'e&er )i-&ure# li,e Val*e#+ c%llec&ing &an, 6 Uni&

=iii> Ori)ice &an, i&" (r%*i#i%n# )%r )i-ing %ri)ice#+ in&ernal and e-&ernal

'%u&" (iece# %) di))eren& #"a(e# 6Uni&

/. L%##e# in Pi(e#

Ma@%r l%## J !ric&i%n l%## Pi(e leng&"# ='in. 3'> %) di))eren& dia'e&er# i&"

Val*e# and (re##ure ra((ing K c%llec&ing &an, 6 Uni&

Min%r L%##e# 6 Pi(e line a##e'$ly i&" (r%*i#i%n# )%r "a*ing :udden

c%n&rac&i%n# in dia'e&er+ E-(an#i%n# Bend#+ el$% )i&&ing+ e&c. 6 Uni&

. Pu'(#

=i> Cen&ri)ugal (u'( a##e'$ly i&" acce##%rie# =#ingle #&age> 6 Uni&

=ii> Cen&ri)ugal (u'( a##e'$ly i&" acce##%rie# ='ul&i #&age> 6 Uni&

=iii> eci(r%ca&ing (u'( a##e'$ly i&" acce##%rie# 6 Uni&

=i*> Dee( ell (u'( a##e'$ly #e& i&" acce##%rie# 6 Uni&

5. Tur$ine

=i> I'(ul#e =Pel&%n> &ur$ine a##e'$ly i&" )i&&ing# K acce##%rie# 6 Uni&

=ii> !ranci# &ur$ine a##e'$ly i&" )i&&ing# K acce##%rie# 6 Uni&

=iii> 1a(lan &ur$ine a##e'$ly i&" )i&&ing# K acce##%rie# 6 Uni&

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC *i


8/111

CONTENT:

S. NO EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

Cyc! " E#$!r%!&'(

". FLO) THROUGH ORIFICE................................................................................."

*. FLO) THROUGH NOTCHES...............................................................................+

3. FLO) THROUGH ORIFICE METER..............................................................."+

,. IMPACT OF ET ON PLATES.............................................................................*

/. FRICTION 0MAOR1 LOSSES IN PIPES...........................................................3/

2. PELTON )HEEL TURBINE...............................................................................,3

Cyc! * E#$!r%!&'(

. FLO) THROUGH ENTURI METER............................................................../3

4. MINOR LOSSES IN PIPES...................................................................................2"

+. 5APLAN TURBINE...............................................................................................2+

"6. FRANCIS TURBINE............................................................................................

"". PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP.....................................4/

"*. PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP................................+3

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC *ii


9/111

INDEG

:.

NO

DATE EGPEIMENT PAE

NO

MA1:

A2ADED

INITIAL

O! :TA!!

4

3

/

5

7

0

4

3

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC *iii


10/111


11/111

. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE

EG.NO; DATE;

". FLO) THROUGH ORIFICE

OB8ECTIVE:;

T% de&er'ine &"e c%e))icien %) di#c"arge+ c%n&rac&i%n and *el%ci&y )%r &"e

gi*en %ri)ice $y c%n#&an& "ead 'e&"%d.

T% de&er'ine &"e &i'e )%r e'(&ying &"e &an, "en a&er drain# &"r%ug" #"ar(

edged %ri)ice.

APPAATU: EUIED;

Ori)ice &an,

P%in& gauge )%r 'ea#uring @e& &ra@ec&%ryOri)ice9'%u&"(iece

Cali$ra&ed c%llec&ing &an,

:&%( a&c"

THEO?;

Ori)ice i# a de*ice "ic" i# u#ed )%r di#c"arging )luid# in &% &"e a&'%#("ere )r%'

&an,#. T"e &an, i# a##u'ed &% $e #u))icien&ly large )%r &"e *el%ci&y %) )l% in i& &% $e

negligi$ly #'all e-ce(& cl%#e &% &"e %ri)ice. In &"e *icini&y %) &"e %ri)ice+ &"e )luid

accelera&e# &%ard# &"e cen&re %) &"e "%le+ #% &"a& a# &"e @e& e'erge# i& #u))er# a

reduc&i%n %) area due &% &"e cur*a&ure %) &"e #&rea'line#. T"e reduc&i%n %) area due &%

&"i# l%cal cur*a&ure 'ay $e &a,en &% $e c%'(le&e a& a$%u& "al) &"e %ri)ice dia'e&er

d%n#&rea' %) &"e (lane %) &"e %ri)ice. T"e reduced #ec&i%n i# called &"e *ena

c%n&rac&a..

!%r #&eady+ )ric&i%nle## )l% %) an inc%'(re##i$le )luid al%ng a #&rea'line+ $ern%ulli#

e



12/111


13/111

. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE

=$> C%e))icien& %) *el%ci&y

Le& - and y $e &"e "%ri%n&al and *er&ical c%6%rdina&e# %) &"e cen&re line %) &"e @e& in

rela&i%n &% &"e cen&ral (%in& %) &"e *ena c%n&rac&a+ &"e ac&ual *el%ci&y =*ac&> %) &"e @e&

can $e calcula&ed.

!r%' &"e &ra@ec&%ry (r%)ile &"e "%ri%n&al c%%rdina&e %) any (%in& ( %n &"e @e& i#

- *ac& & and "ence

T"e *er&ical c%6%rdina&e %) P =!ig. .> i#

T"e c%e))icien& %) *el%ci&y C* can &"en $e calcula&ed a#

U#e &"i# eC%e))icien& %) c%n&rac&i%n

U#e &"i# )%r'ula &% calcula&e Cc )%r eac" #e& %) re#ul.

T"e %$#er*a&i%n# re


14/111

. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE

di#&ance xF $e&een &"e *ena c%n&rac&a %) &"e @e& and &"e needle. Al#% n%&e *er&ical

di#&ance yF $e&een &"e cen&re %) *ena c%n&rac&a and &"e cen&re %) @e& $el% &"e

needle. !%r &"e %ri)ice+ l%ca&i%n %) &"e *ena c%n&rac&a )r%' &"e edge )%r &"e #'all

%ri)ice can $e &a,en a# 0. dia'e&er %) &"e %ri)ice.

PECAUTION:

• C"ec, &"a& air i# n%& &ra((ed in &"e (ie%'e&ric &u$e "ile &a,ing reading.

• En#ure a&er le*el i# c%n#&an& in &"e #u((ly &an, $e)%re &a,ing any reading )%r

c%n#&an& "ead 'e&"%d.

POCEDUE =IN:TUCTIONAL MODE>

De&er'ina&i%n %) Cd+ C* and Cc u#ing c%n#&an& "ead 'e&"%d.. !i& &"e #"ar( edged circular %ri)ice9'%u&"(iece %) de#ired #ie &% &"e %(ening

in &"e #ide all %) &"e inle& &an,+ near i $%&&%'.

4. Turn &"e (u'( %n and ad@u#& &"e )l% ra&e u#ing regula&ing *al*e #% &"a& &"e

inle& &an, i# )illed &% &"e "eig"& %) &"e %*er)l% (i(e and #&eady di#c"arge i#

%$&ained.

3. Mea#ure &"e "ead HF u#ing &"e (ie%'e&ric &u$e )i-ed &% &"e inle& &an,.

. Once &"e @e& i# #&eady+ u#e #&%(a&c" )%r 'ea#uring di#c"arge. Mean"ile'ea#ure &"e xF and yF di#&ance#. yF 'ay $e 'ea#ured )r%' cen&re %) &"e

#&eady @e %r 'ay $e 'ea#ured rela&i*ely $y ,ee(ing %))#e& )r%' cen&re.

. Mea#ure &"e di#c"arge $y *%lu'e&ric 'e&"%d.

A)&er en&ering &"e reading# in &"e Ta$ula&i%n .+ c%'(u&e &"e nece##ary *alue#.

POCEDUE =2ri&e d%n y%ur %n (r%cedure in (re#en&a&i%n '%de>



15/111

. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE



16/111

D

H

0.D

y

P%in&

Vena c%n&rac&a 6

P%in& 4

P%in& P

C%n#&an& Head a&er #u((ly

!ig . E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r de&er'ina&i%n %) c%e))icien %) %ri)ice

O*er)l% Pi(e

Inle&

. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC /

C%llec&ing Tan,


17/111


18/111

. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE

APH;

eading# %$#er*ed during &"e can#&an& "ead e-(eri'en ere u#ed in &"i# gra(".

. &" + ac& *#. √ h are dran &a,ing √ h %n x 6a-i# and &" + ac& %n y J a-i#.

4. Cd *#. ac& i# dran &a,ing ac& %n x 6a-i# and Cd %n y J a-i#.

E:ULT: AND COMMENT:

PO:T EGPEIMENT ACTIVITIE:

T"e a((ara&u# #"%uld $e drained and cleaned a)&er u#e.

UE:TION: !O DI:CU::ION

. Did y%u %$#er*e di#&ance a& "ic" &"e *ena c%n&rac&a %ccurred during &"e

e-(eri'en& 2"a& i# &"e rela&i%n#"i( $e&een Cd + Cc and C*.

4. Can y%u u#e &"e #a'e )%r'ula+ i) y%u )i& a *ery large dia'e&er %) &"e %ri)ice

3. 2ri&e &"e e


19/111

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . =>

4. !LO2 THOUH NOTCHE:

EG.NO; DATE;

*. FLO) THROUGH NOTCHES

OB8ECTIVE:;

T% de&er'ine &"e c%e))icien %) di#c"arge %) &"e rec&angular+ &riangular and

&ra(e%idal n%&c"e#.

APPAATU: EUIED;

Hydraulic $enc"

N%&c"e# J ec&angular+ &riangular+ &ra(e%idal #"a(e.

H%%, and (%in& gaugeCali$ra&ed c%llec&ing &an,

:&%( a&c"

THEO?;

A n%&c" i# a #"ar(6edged de*ice u#ed )%r &"e 'ea#ure'en& %) di#c"arge in )ree #ur)ace

)l%#. A n%&c" can $e %) di))eren& #"a(e# J rec&angular+ &riangular+ &ra(e%idal e&c. A

&riangular n%&c" i# (ar&icularly #ui&ed )%r 'ea#ure'en& %) #'all di#c"arge#. T"e

di#c"arge %*er a n%&c" 'ainly de(end# %n &"e "ead H+ rela&i*e &% &"e cre#& %) &"e

n%&c"+ 'ea#ured u(#&rea' a& a di#&ance a$%u& 3 &% &i'e# H )r%' &"e cre#&. eneral

)%r'ula can $e %$&ained )%r a #y''e&rical &ra(e%idal n%&c" "ic" i# a c%'$ined

#"a(e %) rec&angular and &riangular n%&c"e#. By a((lying &"e Bern%ulli E.

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 7


20/111


I) ac& ac&ual di#c"arge i# ,n%n &"en c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge Cd %) &"e n%&c" can $e

e-(re##ed a#

Cd ac&9&".

DE:CIPTION

In %(en c"annel "ydraulic#+ eir# are c%''%nly u#ed &% ei&"er regula&e %r &% 'ea#ure

&"e *%lu'e&ric )l% ra&e. T"ey are %) (ar&icular u#e in large #cale #i&ua&i%n# #uc" a#

irriga&i%n #c"e'e#+ canal# and ri*er#. !%r #'all #cale a((lica&i%n#+ eir# are %)&en

re)erred &% a# n%&c"e# and in*aria$ly are #"ar( edged and 'anu)ac&ured )r%' &"in

(la&e 'a&erial. 2a&er en&er# &"e #&illing $a))le# "ic" cal'# &"e )l%. T"en+ &"e )l%

(a##e# in&% &"e c"annel and )l%# %*er a #"ar(6edged n%&c" #e& a& &"e %&"er end %) &"e

c"annel. 2a&er c%'e# %) &"e c"annel in &"e )%r' %) a na((e i# &"en direc&ed in&% &"e

cali$ra&ed c%llec&i%n &an,. T"e *%lu'e&ric )l% ra&e i# 'ea#ured $y rec%rding &"e &i'e

&a,en &% c%llec& a ,n%n *%lu'e %) a&er in &"e &an,.

A *er&ical "%%, and (%in& gauge+ '%un&ed %*er &"e c"annel i# u#ed &% 'ea#ure &"e

"ead %) &"e )l% a$%*e &"e cre#& %) &"e n%&c" a# #"%n in !ig. 4.. H%%, gauge can $e

'%*ed *er&ically &% 'ea#ure *er&ical '%*e'en.

!OMULAE U:ED;

A> ECTANULA NOTCH

C%e))icien& %) di#c"arge

th

act d

Q

QC =

B> TIANULA NOTCH




21/111


th

act d

Q

QC =

C> TAPEQOIDAL NOTCH


th

act d

Q

QC =

PECAUTION:

• En#ure and read ini&ial a&er le*el reading @u#& a$%*e &"e cre#&.

POCEDUE =IN:TUCTIONAL MODE>

Pre(ara&i%n )%r e-(eri'en&;

. In#er& &"e gi*en n%&c" in&% &"e "ydraulic $enc" and )i& &ig"&ly $y u#ing $%l in%rder &% (re*en& lea,age.

4. O(en &"e a&er #u((ly and all% a&er &ill %*er )l%# %*er &"e n%&c". :&%(

a&er #u((ly+ le& e-ce## a&er drain &"r%ug" n%&c" and n%&e &"e ini&ial reading

%) &"e a&er le*el h$Fu#ing &"e "%%, and (%in& gauge. Le& a&er drain )r%'

c%llec&ing &an, and #"u& &"e *al*e %) c%llec&ing &an, a)&er e'(&ying &"e

c%llec&ing &an,.

E-(eri'en& #&e(#;3. A)&er ini&ial (re(ara&i%n+ %(en regula&ing *al*e &% increa#e &"e )l% and

'ain&ain a&er le*el %*er n%&c". 2ai& un&il )l% i# #&eady.

. M%*e "%%, and (%in& gauge *er&ically and 'ea#ure &"e curren& a&er le*el "F

&% )ind &"e a&er "ead HF a$%*e &"e cre#& %) &"e n%&c".

. N%&e &"e (ie%'e&ric reading 0F in &"e c%llec&ing &an, "ile #i&c" %n &"e

#&%(a&c".

/. ec%rd &"e &i'e &a,en TF and &"e (ie%'e&ric reading F in &"e c%llec&ing&an, a)&er all%ing #u))icien& a&er


22/111


. e(ea& #&e( 3 &% #&e( / $y u#ing di))eren& )l% ra&e %) a&er+ "ic" can $e

d%ne $y ad@u#&ing &"e a&er #u((ly. Mea#ure and rec%rd &"e H+ &"e &i'e and

(ie%'e&ric reading in &"e c%llec&ing &an, un&il #e %) da&a "a*e $een &a,en.

I) c%llec&ing &an, i# )ull+ @u#& e'(&y i& $e)%re &"e #&e( n% 3.

5. T% de&er'ine &"e c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge )%r &"e %&"er n%&c"+ re(ea& )r%' #&e(

.

A)&er en&ering &"e reading# in &"e Ta$ula&i%n 4. and Ta$ula&i%n 4.4+ c%'(u&e &"e

nece##ary *alue#.




23/111

Cr8(( S!c'98& ;9!< 8= >9==!r!&' &8'c?!(

!ig 4. L%ngi&udinal #ec&i%n %) E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r n%&c"e#



dh

h

H

Cre#& %) 2eir

2ier Pla&e

%

Cre#& %) 2eir

2ier Pla&e

%

d

h H

Cre#& %) 2eir

2ier Pla&e

dh

h

H

ec&angular N%&c" 0 Triangular N%&c" B0 Tra(e%idal N%&c"

H

C%llec&ing Tan,

uiding r%dH%%, and P%in& gauge

Na((e

:&illing

$a))le#


24/111


OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J I Da&e ;_______________

A> !%r ec&angular n%&c"

N%&c" id&" BF 0.5' Ini&ial reading %) "%%, and (%in& gauge h0

Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0.50' - 0.50' 0./ '4

Ta$ula&i%n 4. J De&er'ina&i%n %) Cd %) rec&angular n%&c".

N%. Theoretical Discharge easurement Actual Discharge easurement Cd

"='>

H='>

T"e%re&ical Di#c"arge+ 2a&er i#e inC%llec&ing

Tan, ='>

Ti'eTa,en

TF =#ec>

V%lu'e %)a&er

c%llec&ed

='3>c&

Di#c"arge+ 7ac& 7c'7'?

4

3

/

ec&angular n%&c" ; A*erage Value %) Cd ....



25/111


26/111


OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: 6 III Da&e ; _______________

!%r Tra(e%idal n%&c"

N%&c" B%&&%' 2id&" BF 0.4 ' N%&c" angle F 45R

Ini&ial reading %) "%%, and (%in& gauge h0 Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0.50' - 0.50' 0./ '4

Ta$ula&i%n 4.3 J De&er'ina&i%n %) Cd %) &ra(e%idal n%&c".

N%. Theoretical Discharge easurement Actual Discharge easurement Cd

"='>

H='>

T"e%re&ical Di#c"arge+ 2a&er i#e inC%llec&ing

Tan, ='>

Ti'eTa,en

TF =#ec>

V%lu'e %)a&er

c%llec&ed

='3>c&

Di#c"arge+ 7ac& 7c'7'?

4

3

/

Tra(e%idal n%&c"; A*erage Value %) Cd ....



27/111


APH;

6 Cd *er#u# ac& cur*e# are dran &a,ing ac& %n x 6a-i# and Cd %n y J a-i# in &"e

#a'e gra(" )%r all &"e n%&c"e#.

46 ac& *er#u# H cur*e# are dran &a,ing H %n x 6a-i# and ac& %n y J a-i# in &"e

#a'e gra(" )%r all &"e n%&c"e#.

E:ULT: AND COMMENT:




• Di#cu## a##u'(&i%n# %) &"e &"e%ry and (%##i$le e-(eri'en&al err%r#.

• 2"a& are &"e (ur(%#e# %) n%&c" and eir# and "ere d% y%u u#e &"e' in &"e

(rac&ical li)e.

• C%'(are &"e (er)%r'ance %) &"e V6n%&c" eir i&" &"a& %) &"e rec&angular

eir.



28/111


29/111

3. !LO2 THOUH OI!ICE METE

EG.NO; DATE;

3. FLO) THROUGH ORIFICE METER

OB8ECTIVE:;

• T% de&er'ine &"e c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge C d )%r &"e &% di))eren& %ri)ice

'e&er#.

APPAATU: EUIED;

Pi(e line #e&u( i&" %ri)ice'e&er# including )l% c%n&r%l de*ice#.

C%llec&ing &an,

:&%( a&c"

THEO?;

Ori)ice 'e&er %r,# $a#ed %n &"e Bern%ulliF# (rinci(le &"a& $y reducing &"e cr%##6

#ec&i%nal area %) &"e )l% (a##age+ a (re##ure di))erence i# crea&ed $e&een &"e inle&

and &"r%a& and &"e 'ea#ure'en& %) &"e (re##ure ena$le# &"e de&er'ina&i%n %) &"e

di#c"arge &"r%ug" &"e (i(e. C%n#ider a cr%## #ec&i%n $e)%re &"e %ri)ice &"r%a& a#

#ec&i%n => and a cr%## #ec&i%n a& &"e %ri)ice &"r%a& a# #ec&i%n =4>.

A##u'ing &"e )l% &% inc%'(re##i$le and in*i#cid $e&een &"e #ec&i%n => and &"e

:ec&i%n =4>+ &"e c%n&inui&y e

and #ec&i%n =4>

and Bern%ulliF# e


30/111


31/111


.

A

4

4

A

4

4

−

=

A

A

g A (

A and A4 are area %) cr%## #ec&i%n %) &"e (i(e and area %) &"e &"r%a& re#(ec&i*ely.

H "' - = ρ

ρ m6> ="' i# di))eren&ial le*el %) 'an%'e&er )luid 'ea#ured in 'e&er#>

ac& Ac&ual di#c"arge 'ea#ured )r%' *%lu'e&ric &ec"ni


32/111


33/111



!ig . Ori)ice 'e&er# and Ven&uri 'e&er &e#& #e&u( =MCET9BME9!M9E900/ #e&u(>

U6Tu$e 'an%'e&er

Ori)ice 'e&er

Inle& dia 0''

T"r%a& dia 4''

In)l% )r%'+

(u'(

Pie%'e&ric

Tu$e K :cale

C%llec&ing Tan,

:ie 0./'-0./'

Ori)ice 'e&er

Inle& dia 4''

T"r%a& dia ''

Ori)ice 'e&er

Inle& dia0''

T"r%a& dia 4''

Ven&uri 'e&er

Inle& dia 0''

T"r%a& dia 4''

Ori)ice 'e&er

Inle& dia 4''

T"r%a& dia ''

"'


34/111



C> !%r %ri)ice 'e&er N%. ;

Dia'e&er %) %) inle& (i(e dF 0.0 ' Area %) inle& AF '4

Dia'e&er %) %) &"r%a& d4F 0.04' Area %) inle& A4F '4

Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./0' - 0./0' 0.3/ '4 1

Den#i&y %) &"e 'an%'e&er li

H

='>

>A=S − ρ

ρ m

mh

T"e%re&ical Di#c"arge+

H ( Qth =

Ti'e

T

=#ec>

2a&er ri#e in

C%llec&ing Tan,

='>

V%lu'e

c%llec&ed ='3>

Ac& S

Di#c"arge+ 7ac&th

act

d Q

QC =

4

3

/

A*erage *alue %) Cd )%r %ri)ice N%. .



35/111


OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J II Da&e ;_______________

!%r %ri)ice 'e&er N%. 4;

Dia'e&er %) %) inle& (i(e dF 0.04 ' Area %) inle& AF '4

Dia'e&er %) %) &"r%a& d4F 0.0 ' Area %) inle& A4F '4

Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./0' - 0./0' 0.3/ '4 1


H

='>

>A=S − ρ

ρ m

mh

T"e%re&ical Di#c"arge+

H ( Qth =

Ti'e

T

=#ec>

2a&er ri#e in

C%llec&ing Tan,

='>

V%lu'e

c%llec&ed ='3>

Ac& S

Di#c"arge+ 7ac&th

act

d Q

QC =

4

3

/

A*erage *alue %) Cd )%r %ri)ice N%. 4.



36/111


APH;

6 ac& *#. H are dran in &"e #a'e gra(" )%r 4 %ri)ice 'e&er# &a,ing H %n x 6a-i#

and ac& %n y J a-i#.

46 Cd *er#u# ac& cur*e# are dran &a,ing ac& %n x 6a-i# and Cd %n y J a-i# in &"e

#a'e gra(" )%r $%&" &"e %ri)ice 'e&er#.

E:ULT: AND COMMENT:




. Di#cu## a##u'(&i%n# %) &"e &"e%ry and #%urce %) err%r#.

4. 2"a& i# &"e (ur(%#e %) )inding Cd %) %ri)ice

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 4/


37/111

. IMPACT O! 8ET ON PLATE:

EG.NO; DATE;

,. IMPACT OF ET ON PLATES

OB8ECTIVE:;

T% e-(eri'en&ally de&er'ine &"e )%rce re. A)&er #&ri,ing &"e

(la&e a##u'ing &"e (la&e i# #'%%&"+ @e& lea*e# &"e (la&e i&" a *el%ci&y e


38/111


A> ON THE NOMAL PLATE.

2"en (la&e i# "eld n%r'al &% &"e *er&ically e'erging @e& i&" a *el%ci&y *F+ !%rce ! yF

i# e. =*60> a*4

2"ic" i# al#% can $e ri&&en a# * %r

B> ON THE INCLINED PLATE.

2"en (la&e i# "eld inclined a& W &% &"e *er&ically e'erging @e& i&" a *el%ci&y *F a#

#"%n in )ig. . =$>+ )%rce !nF "ic" i# n%r'al &% &"e (la&e i# e-er&ed %n &"e (la&e $y&"e @e&.

By a((lying &"e i'(ul#e6'%'en&u' (rinci(le in &"e direc&i%n n%r'al &% &"e )la& (la&e

:%+ !n =. a. *>. =*.#in 60> a*4 #in

T"i# n%r'al )%rce can $e re#%l*ed in&% &% c%'(%nen

! y !n #in a*4 #in4 %r

! x !n c%# a*4 #in c%# %r

DE:CIPTION

T"e a((ara&u# c%n#i# %) rec&angular ca#ing )a$rica&ed i&" &ran#(aren& (le-igla## %n

#ide# &% #ee ac&i%n %) *er&ical @e& c%'ing )r%' &"e n%le a& &"e $%&&%' %) &"e ca#ing.

2a&er di#c"arged )r%' a n%le #&ri,e# a &arge& &"a& i# a&&ac"ed &% a le*er "ic" carrie#

a eig"&. T"e le*er i# #u((%r&ed a& )ulcru'. Balancing eig"& i# a&&ac"ed a& %ne end %)

&"e le*er )%r le*eling &"e le*er. On &"e %&"er end+ eig" can $e (laced &% 'ea#ure &"e)%rce e-er&ed $y &"e @e& %ne &"e (la&e "ic" 'ay $e "eld (er(endicular %r inclined &%

&"e @e&. I'(inged a&er )all# d%n i&"in &"e ca#ing and i''edia&ely )l%# &% &"e

c%llec&ing &an,.

!OMULAE U:ED;

A> THEOETICAL !OCE ON THE NOMAL PLATE.



39/111


B> THEOETICAL !OCE ON THE INCLINED PLATE.

PECAUTION:

• Ma,e #ure &"e )ulcru' and &"e le*er '%*e'en& i# )ric&i%n )ree.

• En#ure &"e de#ired angle $e&een @e& and &"e (la&e.

POCEDUE;

6 Mea#ure &"e di#&ance -aF)r%' )ulcru' and &arge& lin, and &"e di#&ance - $F)r%'&arge& lin, &% &"e l%ading (%in& %n &"e le*er.

46 A&&ac" &"e (la&e a& &"e &arge& (%in& a& &"e de#ired inclina&i%n &% &"e direc&i%n %) @e&.

36 e'%*e all eig"& and le*el &"e le*er u#ing &"e $alancing eig"&.

6 A&&ac" &"e de#ired 'a## 'F and rec%rd i&.

6 O(en regula&ing *al*e and increa#e &"e )l% &ill &"e le*er i# le*eled $y &"e @e&.

2ai& un&il )l% i# #&eady.

/6 A)&er a&er le*el in &"e c%llec&ing &an, reac"e# '%re &"an 30c' in &"e (ie%'e&ricreading+ #i&c" %n &"e #&%(a&c". T"i# (recau&i%nary 'ea#ure i# &% a*%id

)luc&ua&i%n in ini&ial reading.

6 ec%rd &"e &i'e &a,en TF )%r ri#e in a&er le*el F in &"e c%llec&ing &an, a)&er

all%ing #u))icien& a&er


40/111





41/111

! x

! y !

n

)

*

!ig. 3.=$> I'(ac& %) 8e& %n inclined (la&e

94 94

! y =

!n

d8e&

70W

!ig. .=a> I'(ac& %) 8e& %n n%r'al (la&e

d

8e&

!ig . E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r i'(ac& %) @e&

8e&

2eig"&

!ulcru'

Balancing

2eig"&



C%llec&ing Tan,

"c&

xb xa


42/111



D> !%r n%r'al (la&e

Dia'e&er %) n%le dF Area %) @e& aF '4 Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, 0.' - 0.' 0.4 '4

Ga ' G $ '

Den#i&y %) &"e li

i#e in a&er

le*el in

C%llec&ing

Tan, ='>

V%lu'e ='3> Di#c"arge+ 7

4

3



43/111


OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: 6 II Da&e ;_______________

!%r inclined (la&e

Dia'e&er %) n%le dF Area %) @e& aF '4

Dia'e&er %) n%le dF Area %) @e& aF '4 Angle $e&een (la&e and @e& W

Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, 0.' - 0.' 0.4 '4 Ga ' G $ '

Ta$ula&i%n .4 J !%r inclined (la&e.

N%.

+x'erimental ,orce Actual Discharge easurement T"e%re&ical !%rce YErr%r 00S=!6! y>9!Ma## m

=,g>

! Ti'e

T

=#ec>

i#e in a&er

le*el in

C%llec&ing

Tan, F ='>

V%lu'e ='3> Di#c"arge+ 7

4

3



44/111


APH;

A>. !%r n%r'al (la&e;

6 E-(eri'en&al !%rce ! *er#u# and T"e%re&ical )%rce !y *er#u# are dran in

&"e #a'e gra(" )%r &"e #e& %) *alue#.

B>. !%r inclined (la&e;

46 E-(eri'en&al )%rce ! *er#u# and T"e%re&ical )%rce !y *er#u# are dran in

&"e #a'e gra(" )%r &"e #e& %) *alue#.

E:ULT: AND COMMENT:




. 2"a& i# &"e rela&i%n#"i( $e&een )%rce and *%lu'e&ric )l% ra&e

4. Di#cu## a##u'(&i%n# %) &"e &"e%ry and (%##i$le e-(eri'en&al err%r#.

3. 2"en (la&e i# &%% )r%' &"e @e& "a& )ac&%r=#> #"%ud $e c%n#idered in &"e

)%r'ula&i%n

. 2"ere &"i# #&udy can $e a((lied in (rac&ical u#e



45/111

. !ICTION =MA8O> LO::E: IN PIPE:

EG.NO; DATE;

/. FRICTION 0MAOR1 LOSSES IN PIPES

OB8ECTIVE:;

• T% 'ea#ure &"e )ric&i%n )ac&%r )%r )l% &"r%ug" di))eren& dia'e&er %) (i(e#

%*er a ide range %) eyn%ld# nu'$er =La'inar+ &ran#i&i%nal and &ur$ulen&

)l%#> and c%'(are i&" &"e c%rre#(%nding &"e%re&ical *alue

APPAATU: EUIED;

Z!l% l%##e# in (i(e#[ a((ara&u# i&" )l% c%n&r%l de*ice and 'an%'e&er.

C%llec&ing &an,

:&%( a&c"

THEO?;

Vari%u# )luid# are &ran#(%r&ed &"r%ug" (i(e#. 2"en &"e )luid# )l% &"r%ug" (i(e#+

energy l%##e# %ccur due &% *ari%u# rea#%n#. Pred%'inan& l%## i# due &% &"e (i(e

r%ug"ne##. T% (r%*ide ade


46/111


en%ug" 'ercury &% read &"e di))eren&ial "ead "'F. 2a&er i# c%lle&ed in &"e c%llec&ing

&an, )%r arri*ing ac&ual di#c"arge u#ing #&%( a&c" and &"e (ie%'e&ric le*el a&&ac"ed

&% &"e c%llec&ing &an,.

!OMULAE U:ED;

>. Darcy c%e))icien& %) )ric&i%n =!ric&i%n )ac&%r> 4..4

-V

h D g f

f =

"ere f Darcy c%e))icien& %) )ric&i%n+

g gra*i&y due &% accelera&i%n.

D Dia'e&er %) &"e (i(e+

h f "' - = ρ

ρ m6> ="' i# di))eren&ial le*el %) 'an%'e&er )luid 'ea#ured in

'e&er#>

L Leng&" %) (i(e $e&een &"e #ec&i%n# u#ed )%r 'ea#uring l%## %) "ead+

ac& Ac&ual di#c"arge 'ea#ured )r%' *%lu'e&ric &ec"ni. eyn%ld# nu'$er µ

ρ DV D

..e A =

"ere \ i# &"e c%e))icien& %) dyana'ic *i#c%#i&y %) )l%ing )luid.

Vi#c%#i&y %) a&er a& di))eren& &e'(era&ure# i# li#&ed $el% =e); i,i(edia.%rg>.

T!%$!r'@r! C 0 40 4 30 0 0 /0 0

9(c8(9'y \ P( ] 0^ 3.05 0.03 5.70 .75 /.3 . .//5 .0

PECAUTION:

• :ince &"e a((ara&u# i# 'ade )%r c%nduc&ing 'any e-(eri'en+ 'a,e #ure %nly

re


47/111


3. :&ar& &"e (u'( and ad@u#& &"e c%n&r%l *al*e @u#& en%ug" &% 'a,e )ully

de*el%(ed )l% =(i(e )ull )l%> $u& la'inar )l%. 2ai& )%r #%'e&i'e #% &"a&

)l% i# #&a$ilied.

. Mea#ure &"e (re##ure di))erence "'F acr%## &"e %ri)ice 'e&er.. A)&er a&er le*el in &"e c%llec&ing &an, reac"e# '%re &"an 30c' in &"e

(ie%'e&ric reading+ #i&c" %n &"e #&%(a&c". T"i# (recau&i%nary 'ea#ure i# &%

a*%id )luc&ua&i%n in ini&ial reading.

/. ec%rd &"e &i'e &a,en TF )%r ri#e in a&er le*el F in &"e c%llec&ing &an, a)&er

all%ing #u))icien& a&er



48/111



!ig /. E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r )inding )ric&i%n l%##e# =MCET9BME9!M9E900/ #e&u(>

U6Tu$e 'an%'e&er

"'

C%llec&ing Tan,

Pie%'e&ric

Tu$e K :cale

40'' &% 0''

Enlarge'en&

0'' &% 40''

C%n&rac&i%n

40'' (i(e + 4'

$e&een (re##ure

&a((ing#

4'' (i(e + 4'

$e&een (re##ure

&a((ing#

In)l% )r%'+

(u'(


49/111


50/111



B> !%r (i(e N%. 4;

Dia'e&er %) (i(e DF 0.00 ' Area %) Pi(e AF '4 Leng&" %) Pi(e LF 4.0'

Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./0'- 0./0' 0.3/ '4 C%e))icien& %) dyna'ic *i#c%#i&y \ a& WC .7- 06 Pa.#.


Ti'e

T

=#ec>

i#e %) a&er

le*el in

C%llec&ing

Tan, ='>

V%lu'e

='3>

Ac&S

Di#c"arge+

7ac&

Vel%ci&y V

ac&9A

h f

='>

>A=S − ρ

ρ mmh

4

..4

-V

h D g f

f = µ

ρ VD

4

3

/

5

7

0



51/111


APH;

6 =:EMI6LO ra("> !ric&i%n )ac&%r f *#. eyn%ld# nu'$er e are dran in &"e

#a'e gra(" )%r 4 (i(e# &a,ing e %n x 6a-i# and f %n y J a-i# =M%%dy diagra'>.

La'inar+ &ran#i&i%n+ &ur$ulen& %ne are iden&i)ied %n &"e gra(" and #a'e "a*e $een

'ar,ed %n &"e gra(".

46 Head l%## h f *#. Vel%ci&y V are (l%&&ed in &"e #a'e gra(" )%r $%&" &"e (i(e#.

From the previous graph, velocities are identified and marked

corresponding to zones.

E:ULT: AND COMMENT:




. C%''en& %n &"e i'(%r&ance %) eyn%ld# nu'$er.

4. 2"ile )l% i# la'inar in &"i# e-(eri'en&+ "ic" 'ea#ure 'u#& $e &a,en a&

'%#& accuracy

3. 2"ere %uld d% y%u a((ly &"e )inding# %) &"i# e-(eri'en&



52/111


53/111

/. PELTON 2HEEL TUBINE

EG.NO; DATE;

2. PELTON )HEEL TURBINE

OB8ECTIVE:;

T% #&udy &"e %(era&i%n %) Pel&%n "eel &ur$ine and &% 'ea#ure &"e (%er

%u&(u& %) a Pel&%n 2"eel &ur$ine.

T% %$&ain &"e (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic# =Ou&(u&+ e))iciency *aria&i%n i&"

#(eed> )%r di))eren& %(ening# %) &"e n%le a& a c%n#&an& #(eed.

APPAATU: EUIED;

Pel&%n "eel uni& in#ide a ca#ing i&" a &ran#(aren& ind%+ #u((ly (u'(+

*en&uri 'e&er i&" (re##ure gauge+ &ac"%'e&er+ (re##ure gauge a& &"e inle& &% &"e

&ur$ine+ r%(e $ra,e dru' i&" #(ring $alance c%nnec&ed &% &"e &ur$ine.

THEO?;

T"e Pel&%n &ur$ine u#ed in &"i# e-(eri'en& i# an i'(ul#e &ur$ine. T"e &%&al dr%( in

(re##ure %) &"e )luid &a,e# (lace in #&a&i%nary n%le#. A (r%(%r&i%n %) &"e ,ine&ic

energy %) a "ig" *el%ci&y @e& i# c%n*er&ed in&% 'ec"anical %r, deli*ered &% &"e #"a)&.

T"e )luid &ran#)er# i '%'en&u' &% $uc,e '%un&ed %n &"e circu')erence %) a

"eel. Pel&%n 2"eel i# u#ed in "ydr%elec&ric #c"e'e "en &"e "ead a*aila$le e-ceed#

a$%u& 300'. T"e &ur$ine i# #u((lied i&" a&er under "ig" "ead &"r%ug" a l%ng

c%ndui& called 'enstoc . T"e a&er i# &"en accelera&ed &"r%ug" a n%le and di#c"arge

a& "ig"6#(eed )ree @e& a& a&'%#("eric (re##ure+ "ic" &"en i'(inge# &"e ca#cade %)

i'(ul#e $uc,e. T"e i'(ac& &"u# (r%duced cau#e# &"e runner &% r%&a&e and "ence

(r%duce# &"e 'ec"anical (%er a& &"e #"a)&.

DE:CIPTION

:c"e'a&ic %) &"e Pel&%n &ur$ine e-(eri'en&al #e&u( i# #"%n in !igure 5.. T"e Pel&%n

&ur$ine c%n#i# %) &"ree $a#ic c%'(%nen+ a #&a&i%nary inle& n%le+ a runner and a

ca#ing. T"e runner c%n#i# %) 'ul&i(le $uc,e '%un&ed %n a r%&a&ing "eel. T"e @e&

#&ri,e# &"e $uc,e and i'(ar '%'en&u'. T"e $uc,e are #"a(ed 'anner &% di*ide

&"e )l% in "al) and &urn i rela&i*e *el%ci&y *ec&%r nearly 50W. N%le i# c%n&r%lled

$y &"e #(ear *al*e a&&ac"ed. A (re##ure gauge i# a&&ac"ed &% &"e a&er (i(e en&ering &"e

&ur$ine )%r reading &"e a*aila$le a&er "ead. T"e di#c"arge &% &"e #e&u( i# #u((lied $y



54/111


a (u'( and di#c"arge i# calcula&ed )r%' reading %) (re##ure gauge &"a& i# a&&ac"ed &%

&"e *en&uri 'e&er. P%er i# 'ea#ured )r%' &"e &ur$ine u#ing r%(e $ra,e arrange'en&

i&" #(ring $alance #y#&e'.

!OMULAE U:ED;

A##u'ing &"a& &"e #(eed %) &"e e-i&ing @e& i# er% =all %) &"e ,ine&ic energy %) &"e @e& i#

e-(ended in dri*ing &"e $uc,e>+ negligi$le "ead l%## a& &"e n%le and a& &"e i'(ac&

i&" &"e $uc,e =a##u'ing &"a& &"e en&ire a*aila$le "ead i# c%n*er&ed in&% @e& *el%ci&y>

>. P%er A*aila$le &% &"e &ur$ine Pin'ut .g..H

"ere

i# &"e den#i&y %) a&er+

g i# &"e accelera&i%n due &% gra*i&y+

can $e calcula&ed u#ing *enuri'e&er (re##ure reading a#;

.

A

A0>=4

4

A

4

4A4

−

⋅−⋅=

A

A

' ' g AQth

%r >= 4A ' ' ( Qact −=

"ere Ven&uri 'e&er c%n#&an& .A

40

4

A

4

4

−

⋅

=

A

A

g AC

(

d

+

Cd i# &"e c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge *en&uri 'e&er

(+ (4 are (re##ure reading# a& &"e inle& and &"e &"r%a& %) *en&uri 'e&er

re#(ec&i*ely

H i# &"e a*aila$le "ead "ic" can $e c%'(u&ed )r%' &"e Pi .

H 0 S Pi. =in '>+ i) Pi i# 'ea#ured in ,g9c'4.

By a((lying &"e angular '%'en&u' e+

2 i# &"e 'a## in ,g.



55/111


g i# &"e accelera&i%n due &% gra*i&y+ ='9#ec4>

r i# &"e radiu# %) &"e $ra,e dru' "al) &"ic,ne## %) r%(e.

N i# r(' %) &"e $ra,e dru' #"a)&.

PECAUTION:• En#ure all &"e gauge# read er% under n% l%ad+ n% )l% c%ndi&i%n#.

• All% &"e c%%ling a&er &% )l% al%ng &"e $ra,e dru' "en &"e &ur$ine run#

under l%ad.

• 1ee( &"e #(ear *al*e cl%#ed un&il &"e #u((ly (u'( de*el%(# nece##ary "ead.

• L%ad &"e &ur$ine gradually.

• Le& &"e #(eed %) &"e &ur$ine #&a$ilie a)&er eac" c"ange in &"e l%ad $e)%re

&a,ing &"e reading#.

• e'%*e &"e l%ad %n &"e $ra,e dru' $e)%re #i&c"ing %)) &"e #u((ly.

POCEDUE; =In#&ruc&i%nal '%de>

. N%&e &"e n%le dia'e&er+ (i(e dia'e&er+ *e&uri'e&er #(eci)ica&i%n#. Mea#ure

$ra,e dru' dia'e&er. e'%*e all &"e l%ad# )r%' &"e $ra,e dru'.

4. 1ee( &"e #(ear *al*e and inle& *al*e cl%#ed. :&ar& &"e (u'(.

3. Increa#e &"e n%le %(ening =incre'en& $y 4 > i&" &"e "el( %) #(ear *al*e.

. radually %(en &"e deli*ery *al*e &% %$&ain &"e de#ired "ead and le& &"e &ur$ine

run n% l%ad.

. N%&e &"e *en&uri 'e&er (re##ure gauge reading# P and P4 )%r 'ea#uring &"e

di#c"arge F.

/. N%&e &"e &ur$ine (re##ure gauge reading Pi.

. N%&e &"e #(ring $alance reading and 'ea#ure &"e #"a)& #(eed =N> u#ing

Tac"%'e&er.

5. Increa#e &"e eig"& %n $ra,e dru' and n%&e &"e #(ring $alance reading and

eig"& %n &"e dru' =: and 2>. Mea#ure &"e #(eed %) &"e #"a)& =N> u#ing

&ac"%'e&er.

7. e(ea& #&e( 5 )%r &%&al %) 0 &i'e#.

0. Cl%#e &"e c%n&r%l *al*e.

. e(ea& #&e(# 3 &% 0 )%r a& lea#& di))eren& n%le %(ening#.

4. !inally #"u&d%n &"e (%er and cl%#e all &"e *al*e#.



56/111


A)&er en&ering &"e reading# in &"e Ta$ula&i%n /. &% /5.+ c%'(u&e &"e nece##ary

*alue#.




57/111


58/111



Bra,e dru' radiu# r 0.4 ' %(e radiu# r4 0.00 ' r=rr4> 0.40 ' Ma## %) "anger M" 1g

Venuri'e&er c%n#&an d ' d4 ' Cd 0.75 A '4 A4 '

4 1

A> !%r 0.4Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e.

Ta$ula&i%n /. J !%r 0.4Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e

N% 2

=,g>

:

=,g>

:(eed

N=r('>

Ven&uri'e&er Tur$ine

Pre##ure

H T%r


59/111



B> !%r 0.0Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e.

Ta$ula&i%n /.4 J !%r 0.0Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e

N% 2

=,g>

:

=,g>

:(eed

N=r('>


Pre##ure

H T%r


60/111


OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J III Da&e ;_______________

C> !%r 0.Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e.

Ta$ula&i%n /.3 J !%r 0.Y %(ening %) #(ear *al*e

N% 2

=,g>

:

=,g>

:(eed

N=r('>


Pre##ure

H T%r


61/111


OB:EVATION AND COMPUTATION: J IV Da&e ;_______________

D> !%r )ull %(ening %) #(ear *al*e.

Ta$ula&i%n /. J !%r )ull %(ening %) #(ear *al*e

N% 2

=,g>

:

=,g>

:(eed

N=r('>


Pre##ure

H T%r


62/111


APH;

6 Pl%&&ed uni& P%er Pu *#. uni& #(eed Nu &a,ing Nu %n x 6a-i# and uni& P%er Pu

%n y J a-i# )%r all ca#e# in &"e #a'e gra(" = cur*e#>

46 Pl%&&ed e))iciency b *#. uni& #(eed Nu &a,ing Nu %n x 6a-i# and b %n y J a-i# )%r

all &"e &a$le# in &"e #a'e gra("= cur*e#>

E:ULT: AND COMMENT:




. 2"y i# #(li&&er edge (r%*ided in &"e $uc,e

4. Can &"e nu'$er %) @e& '%re &"an %ne :&a&e &"e rea#%n.

3. i*e &"e rea#%n# )%r all &"e (%in 'en&i%ned in &"e a$%*e #ec&i%n

(recau&i%n#F. 2"a& "a((en# i) n%& )%ll%ed.

. 2"a& are &"e a##u'(&i%n# 'ade in &"i# e-(eri'en&



63/111

. !LO2 THOUH VENTUI METE

EG.NO; DATE;

. FLO) THROUGH ENTURI METER

OB8ECTIVE:;

• T% de&er'ine &"e c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge C d )%r &"e &% di))eren& *en&uri

'e&er#.

• T% #&udy &"e *aria&i%n %) c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge C d i&" eyn%ld# Nu'$er

APPAATU: EUIED;

Pi(e line #e&u( i&" a *en&uri 'e&er i&" )l% c%n&r%l de*ice.

C%llec&ing &an,

:&%( a&c"

THEO?;

Ven&uri 'e&er %r,# $a#ed %n &"e Bern%ulliF# (rinci(le &"a& $y reducing &"e cr%##6

#ec&i%nal area %) &"e )l% (a##age+ a (re##ure di))erence i# crea&ed $e&een &"e inle&

and &"r%a& and &"e 'ea#ure'en& %) &"e (re##ure ena$le# &"e de&er'ina&i%n %) &"e

di#c"arge &"r%ug" &"e (i(e. C%n#ider a cr%## #ec&i%n $e)%re &"e *en&uri &"r%a& a#

#ec&i%n => and a cr%## #ec&i%n a& &"e *en&uri &"r%a& a# #ec&i%n =4>.

A##u'ing &"e )l% &% inc%'(re##i$le and in*i#cid $e&een &"e #ec&i%n => and

&"e :ec&i%n =4>+ &"e c%n&inui&y e

and #ec&i%n =4>

and Bern%ulliF# e


64/111


2"ere H "' S = ρ

ρ m6> ="' i# di))eren&ial le*el %) Hg in 'an%'e&er 'ea#ured in

'e&er#+ ' and are 'a## den#i&y %) 'an%'e&er )luid =u#ually 'ercury > and 'a##

den#i&y %) )l%ing )luid+ re#(ec&i*ely.>

!%r &"e ,n%n ac&ual )l% ra&e ac& + *en&uri 'e&er i# cali$ra&ed and i

C%e))icien& %) di#c"argeth

act d

Q

QC =

DE:CIPTION

A *en&uri 'e&er i# a de*ice u#ed )%r 'ea#uring &"e di#c"arge &"r%ug" &"e (i(e#.

A Ven&uri'e&er c%n#i# %);

> An inle& #ec&i%n )%ll%ed $y a c%n*ergen& c%ne.4> A cylindrical &"r%a&.

3> A gradually di*erging c%ne.

T"e inle& #ec&i%n %) &"e Ven&uri'e&er i# %) &"e #a'e dia'e&er a# &"a& %) &"e (i(e+ "ic"

i# )%ll%ed $y a c%n*ergen& c%ne. T"e c%n*ergen& c%ne i# a #"%r& (i(e+ "ic" &a(er#

)r%' &"e %riginal #ie %) &"e (i(e &% &"a& %) &"e &"r%a& %) &"e Ven&uri'e&er. T"e &"r%a&

%) &"e Ven&uri'e&er i# a #"%r& (arallel #ide &u$e "a*ing i cr%##6#ec&i%nal area #'aller

&"an &"a& %) &"e (i(e. T"e di*ergen& c%ne %) &"e Ven&uri'e&er i# gradually di*erging

(i(e i&" i cr%##6#ec&i%nal area increa#ing )r%' &"a& %) &"e &"r%a& &% &"e %riginal #ie

%) &"e (i(e. All &"e )l% 'e&er# need cali$ra&i%n a (ri%ri "ere a ,n%n


65/111


.

A

4c%n#&an&'e&erVen&uri 2"ere

di#c"argeT"e%r&ical

4

A

4

4

−

=

=

A

A

g A (

H ( Qth

A and A4 are area %) cr%## #ec&i%n %) &"e (i(e and area %) &"e &"r%a& re#(ec&i*ely.

H "' - = ρ

ρ m6> ="' i# di))eren&ial le*el %) 'an%'e&er )luid 'ea#ured in 'e&er#>

ac& Ac&ual di#c"arge 'ea#ured )r%' *%lu'e&ric &ec"ni


66/111


67/111



In)l% )r%'+

(u'(

Ori)ice 'e&er

Inle& dia0''

T"r%a& dia 4''

!ig . Ori)ice 'e&er# and Ven&uri 'e&er &e#& #e&u( =MCET9BME9!M9E900/ #e&u(>

U6Tu$e 'an%'e&er

Ori)ice 'e&er

Inle& dia 0''

T"r%a& dia 4''Pie%'e&ric

Tu$e K :cale

C%llec&ing Tan,

:ie 0./'-0./'

Ori)ice 'e&er

Inle& dia 4''

T"r%a& dia ''

Ven&uri 'e&er

Inle& dia 0''

T"r%a& dia 4''

Ori)ice 'e&er

Inle& dia 4''

T"r%a& dia ''

"'


68/111



E> !%r *en&uri 'e&er N%. ;

Dia'e&er %) inle& (i(e dF 0.0 ' Area %) inle& AF .4// -063 '4

Dia'e&er %) &"r%a& d4F 0.04 ' Area %) &"r%a& A4F .705-06 '4

Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./' - 0./' 0.3/ '4 dyna'ic *i#c%#i&y \ 0.00 Pa.#


H

='>

>A=S>4= − ρ

ρ m

T"e%re&ical

Di#c"arge+

H ( Qth =

Ti'e

T

=#ec>

2a&er i#e in

C%llec&ing

Tan, + ='>

V%lu'e ='3>

Ac&S "c&

Di#c"arge+

7ac&=>9=>

7c'7'?

=5>9=>A..

.C

d

Qact

π µ

ρ

=> =4> =3> => => =/> => =5> =7> =0>

4

3

/

A*erage *alue %) Cd )%r *en&uri 'e&er N%. .


Hence+ Ven&uri 'e&er c%n#&an&

4

4

4

A

4

−

=

A

A

g A (

0.0043/4


69/111



B> !%r *en&uri 'e&er N%. 4;

Dia'e&er %) inle& (i(e dF 0.04 ' Area %) inle& AF .437 -06 '4

Dia'e&er %) &"r%a& d4F 0.0 ' Area %) &"r%a& A4F ./-06 '4

Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./' - 0./' 0.3/ '4 dyna'ic *i#c%#i&y \ 0.00 Pa.#


H

='>

>A=S>4= − ρ

ρ m

T"e%re&ical

Di#c"arge+

H ( Qth =

Ti'e

T

=#ec>

2a&er i#e in

C%llec&ing

Tan, + ='>

V%lu'e ='3>

Ac&S "c&

Di#c"arge+

7ac&=>9=>

7c'7'?

=5>9=>A..

.C

d

Qact

π µ

ρ

=> =4> =3> => => =/> => =5> =7> =0>

4

3

/

A*erage *alue %) Cd )%r *en&uri 'e&er N%. 4.


Hence+ Ven&uri 'e&er c%n#&an&

4

A

4

4

A

4

−

=

A

A

g A (

0.000503


70/111


APH;

6 Cd *#. ac& are dran in &"e #a'e gra(" )%r $%&" &"e *en&uri 'e&er# &a,ing ac& %n

x 6a-i# and Cd %n y J a-i#.

46 ac& *#. H are dran in &"e #a'e gra(" )%r $%&" &"e *en&uri 'e&er# &a,ing H %n

x 6a-i# and ac& %n y J a-i#.

E:ULT: AND COMMENT:




. "a& i# &"e *en&uri 'e&er (rinci(le.

4. 2"a& i# y%ur c%nclu#i%n "en y%u c%'(are &"i# re#ul i&" &"%#e %) %ri)ice

'e&er

3. A& "a& #i&ua&i%n d% y%u rec%''end %ri)ice 'e&er %*er *en&uri 'e&er. 2"y

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC /0


71/111

5. MINO LO::E: IN PIPE:

EG.NO; DATE;

4. MINOR LOSSES IN PIPES

OB8ECTIVE:;

• T% 'ea#ure &"e "ead l%## due &% di))eren& (i(e )i&&ing# a& di))eren& )l% ra&e#

and &% de&er'ine &"e l%## c%e))icien& )%r #udden enlarge'en& and #udden

c%n&rac&i%n %) (i(e )i&&ing.

APPAATU: EUIED;

Z!l% l%##e# in (i(e#[ a((ara&u# i&" )l% c%n&r%l de*ice and 'an%'e&er.

C%llec&ing &an,

:&%( a&c"

THEO?;

Vari%u# )luid# are &ran#(%r&ed &"r%ug" (i(e#. 2"en &"e )luid# )l% &"r%ug" (i(e#+

energy l%##e# %ccur due &% *ari%u# rea#%n#. Pred%'inan& l%## i# due &% &"e (i(e

r%ug"ne##. Al#% &"e addi&i%nal c%'(%nen li,e inle&+ %u&le& $end# *al*e# and e&c. add

&% &"e %*erall "ead l%## %) &"e #y#&e'. T% (r%*ide ade


72/111


=5.4>E T"e "ead l%## due &% #udden c%n&rac&i%n

E-(re##i%n )%r "ead l%## due &% &"e #udden enlarge'en& i# a((lica$le )%r &"e #udden

c%n&rac&i%n c%ndi&i%n. In &"i# ca#e l%## i# )r%' &"e *ena c%n&rac&a #ec&i%n &% &"e %u&le&

#ec&i%n =c%n&rac&ed #ec&i%n>.

:%+( )

44

4

4

4 AA

44

−=

−=

c

c

cC g

V

g

V V h "ere Cc i# c%e))icien& %) c%n&rac&i%n.

2"en

4

AA

−=

c

cC

. + &"en

g

V . h cc

4

4

4=

H%e*er+ u#ing &"e 'ea#ured &"e (re##ure "ead di))erence H+ Bern%ulliF# eE


73/111


74/111


75/111





76/111


MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC //

!ig /. E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r )inding )ric&i%n l%##e# =MCET9BME9!M9E900/ #e&u(>

U6Tu$e 'an%'e&er

"'

C%llec&ing Tan,

Pie%'e&ric

Tu$e K :cale

40'' &% 0''

Enlarge'en&

0'' &% 40''

C%n&rac&i%n

40'' (i(e + 4'

$e&een (re##ure

&a((ing#

4'' (i(e + 4'

$e&een (re##ure

&a((ing#

In)l% )r%'+

(u'(


77/111



C> !%r #udden Enlarge'en&;

Dia'e&er %) inle& dF 0.04 ' Area %) inle& AF 3./-06 '4

Dia'e&er %) %u&le& d4F 0.0 ' Area %) %u&le& A4F .4//-063 '4 Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./ ' - 0./ ' 0.3/ '

4


"'='>

V%lu'e

c%lelc&ed

='3>

Di#c"arge

7ac&

V V4 eh

( )

g

V V

4

4

4A −

H

='>

"'S >A= − ρ

ρ m

4

4

4

4

A H g

V V he −

−=

4

3

/ TOTALA*erage l%## c%e))icien& )%r &"e gi*en enlarge'en& 1 e ..



78/111



D> !%r #udden c%n&rac&i%n;

Dia'e&er %) inle& dF 0.0 ' Area %) inle& AF .4//-063 '4

Dia'e&er %) %u&nle& d4F 0.04 ' Area %) %u&le& A4F 3./-06 '4 Area %) c%llec&ing Tan, Ac& 0./ ' - 0./ ' 0.3/ '

4


"'='>

V%lu'e

c%lelc&ed

='3>

Di#c"arge

7ac&

V V4 ch

g

.V

4

4

4

H

"'S >A= − ρ

ρ m

='>

4

4

4

4

A H g

V V he +

−=

4

3

/

TOTALA*erage l%## c%e))icien& )%r &"e gi*en #udden c%n&rac&i%n 1 c ..

MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC /5


79/111


APH;

> Head l%## he *#. Ac&ual di#c"arge ac& )%r #udden enlarge'en&+ 4>Head l%## hc *#.

Ac&ual di#c"arge ac& )%r #udden c%n&rac&i%n are (l%&&ed in &"e #a'e gra(". Ac&ual

Di#c"arge ac& i# 'ar,ed %n &"e -6a-i#.

4> L%## c%e))icien& 1 e *#. Ac&ual di#c"arge ac& )%r #udden enlarge'en&+ 4> L%##

c%e))icien& 1 c *#. Ac&ual di#c"arge ac& )%r #udden c%n&rac&i%n are (l%&&ed in &"e

#a'e gra(". Ac&ual Di#c"arge ac& i# 'ar,ed %n &"e -6a-i#.

E:ULT: AND COMMENT:




. i) &"e #a'e &e#& #ec&i%n i# u#ed )%r #udden enlarge'en& and #udden c%n&rac&i%n+

in "ic" ca#e "ead l%## %uld $e '%re

4. 2"a& are $a#ic e


80/111




81/111

7. 1APLAN TUBINE

EG.NO; DATE;

+. 5APLAN TURBINE

OB8ECTIVE:;

T% #&udy &"e %(era&i%n %) 1a(lan &ur$ine and &% 'ea#ure &"e (%er %u&(u& %) a

1a(lan &ur$ine.

T% %$&ain &"e (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic#

APPAATU: EUIED;

1a(lan &ur$ine uni&

2a&er #u((ly (u'(

Ven&uri 'e&er i&" (re##ure gauge#

Tac"%'e&er

Pre##ure gauge a& &"e inle& &% &"e &ur$ine

Bra,e dru' i&" #(ring $alance and l%ading #e&u(.

THEO?;

Hydraulic Tur$ine# are 'ac"ine# "ic" c%n*er& Hydr% energy &% 'ec"anical energy.

1a(lan Tur$ine i# an a-ial )l% reac&i%n &ur$ine i&" ad@u#&a$le *ane#. T"i# &ur$ine i#

#ui&a$le "ere large


82/111

7. 1APLAN TUBINE

DE:CIPTION

:c"e'a&ic %) &"e 1a(lan &ur$ine e-(eri'en&al #e&u( i# #"%n in !igure 4.. The

a((ara&u# c%n#i# %) a ca#ing i&" a runner. uide *ane# #i&ua&ed in#ide &"e ca#ing

direc &"e a&er &% &"e unner. Pr%*i#i%n "a# $een 'ade #uc" &"a& &"e runner $lade#

can $e ad@u#&ed de(ending %n &"e l%ading c%ndi&i%n. T"e a&er e-i &"r%ug" an el$%

&y(e "%ri%n&al dra)& &u$e (laced in &"e c%llec&ing &an,. Tran#(aren& ind% i#

(r%*ided %n &"e ca#ing )%r a clear *ie %) &"e runner $lade# and i )unc&i%ning.

Pre##ure &a((ing# a& a((r%(ria&e (%#i&i%n# are (r%*ided &% 'ea#ure deli*ery and

*acuu' "ead. An e-&en#i%n #"a)& i&" "%u#ing i# (r%*ided )%r c%nnec&ing &"e %&%r &%

&"e l%ading arrange'en&. T"e #e&u( include# a cen&ri)ugal (u'( %) re=4C

4A

4

4 g ' 'd

( C Q d −= π

"ere Cd i# &"e c%e))icien& %) di#c"arge *en&uri 'e&er

C

A

4A

A

−

=

d

d (

d+ d4 are inner dia'e&er# %) &"e *en&uri inle& and &"e &"r%a&

re#(ec&i*ely

(+ (4 are (re##ure reading# a& &"e inle& and &"e &"r%a& %) *en&uri

'e&er re#(ec&i*ely



83/111


84/111

7. 1APLAN TUBINE

5. N%&e &"e #(ring $alance reading and eig"& =: and 2> and 'ea#ure &"e #"a)&

#(eed =N>.

7. Ta,e 5 reading# %) NF+ in &"e all%a$le range %) #(eed $y *arying &"e l%ad =:

and 2> %n &"e $ra,e dru'.0. e(ea& #&e(# 3 &% 7 )%r %&"er r%&%r (%#i&i%n =)%r )ull %(ening angle>.

. !%r 'ain c"arac&eri#&ic cur*e#+ c%n#&an& "ead i# &% $e 'ain&ained. :% &"e 'ain

*al*e "a# &% $e ad@u#&ed &% ,ee( &"e &%&al "ead c%n#&an& "en *ary &"e l%ad#.

A)&er en&ering &"e reading# in &"e Ta$ula&i%n 7. &% 7.4+ c%'(u&e &"e nece##ary

*alue#.




85/111

7. 1APLAN TUBINE


1a(lan Tur$ine &e#& rig

P

P4

1a(lan Tur$ine 6 De&ail#

!ig 7. E-(eri'en&al #e&u( )%r 1a(lan Tur$ine

=:c"e'a&ic Diagra' J A cl%#ed circui&>

Pu'(

Val*e

Ven&uri

'e&er

:

:(ring

$alance

Bra,e Dru'

T% Tac"%'e&er

eading

2eig"&+ 2

1a(lan

Tur$ine

Pi

P*

P4

P

"


86/111

7. 1APLAN TUBINE


Den#i&y %) a&er 000 ,g9'3

Bra,e dru' radiu# r 0. ' %(e radiu# r4 0.00 ' r=rr4> 0.0 ' Ma## %) "anger M" 1g

Venuri'e&er c%n#&an Cd 0.75 d0. ' d4 0.0/ ' 1 .04

A> !%r )ull ga&e %(ening 6 Ta$ula&i%n 7.

N% 2

=,g>

:

=,g>

:(eed

N=r('>

Ven&uri'e&er Tur$ine Pre##ure H T%r


87/111

7. 1APLAN TUBINE

B> !%r "al) ga&e %(ening 6 Ta$ula&i%n 7.4

N% 2

=,g>

:

=,g>

:(eed

N=r('>




88/111

1APLAN TUBINE

APH;


%n y J a-i# )%r $%&" &"e &a$le# in &"e #a'e gra(" =4 cur*e#


$%&" &"e &a$le# in &"e #a'e gra("=4 cur*e#>

E:ULT: AND COMMENT:




. 2"a& i# &"e di))erence $e&een (el&%n "eel &ur$ine and 1a(lan &ur$ine

4. Di))eren&ia&e &"e reac&i%n+ (r%(eller+ a-ial )l%+ radial )l% &ur$ine#.

3. 2"a& i# dra)& &u$e 2"y i# i& u#ed




89/111

0. !ANCI: TUBINE

EG.NO; DATE;

"6. FRANCIS TURBINE

OB8ECTIVE:;

T% #&udy &"e %(era&i%n %) !ranci# &ur$ine and &% 'ea#ure &"e (%er %u&(u& %) a

!ranci# &ur$ine.

T% %$&ain &"e (er)%r'ance c"arac&eri#&ic cur*e#.

APPAATU: EUIED;

!ranci# &ur$ine uni&

2a&er #u((ly (u'(

Ven&uri 'e&er i&" (re##ure gauge#

Tac"%'e&er

Pre##ure gauge a& &"e inle& &% &"e &ur$ine

Bra,e dru' i&" #(ring $alance and l%ading #e&u(.

THEO?;

Hydraulic Tur$ine# are 'ac"ine# "ic" c%n*er& "ydr% energy &% 'ec"anical energy.

!ranci# Tur$ine i# a radial )l% reac&i%n &ur$ine i&" ad@u#&a$le guiding *ane#.

!ranci# &ur$ine# are u#ed )%r 'ediu' "ead# and 'ediu' )l% ra&e#. 2a&er i#

deli*ered in&% a *%lu&e ca#ing "ic" c%'(le&ely #urr%und# &"e runner and i# under

(re##ure a# ell a# *el%ci&y. T"e a&er i# guided &"r%ug" $%&" )i-ed and ad@u#&a$le

*ane# in &"e ca#ing and glide# %n&% &"e runner $lade# a& an angle. T"e a&er &"en &urn#

in &"e runner &% e-i& (arallel i&" &"e a-i# %) r%&a&i%n. !inally &"e a&er )r%' &"e

runner i# di#c"arged in&% &"e dra)& &u$e.

T"e )l% &"r%ug" &"e (i(e i# 'ea#ured i&" &"e *en&uri 'e&er )i&&ed in &"e (i(e line.

T% (re##ure gauge# are (r%*ided &% 'ea#ure &"e (re##ure di))erence $e&een inle&

and &"r%a& %) &"e *en&uri 'e&er. T"e ne& (re##ure di))erence acr%## &"e &ur$ine inle& and

e-i& i# 'ea#ured i&" a (re##ure gauge and a *acuu' gauge. T"e#e reading# are

#u))icien& &% calcula&e &"e P%er a*aila$le &% &"e &ur$ine. T"e &ur$ine %u&(u& i#

de&er'ined i&" &"e $ra,e dru' #e&u( and &ac"%'e&er.



90/111


91/111

0. !ANCI: TUBINE

H i# &"e a*aila$le "ead "ic" can $e c%'(u&ed )r%' &"e (re##ure a& inle& %) &"e

&ur$ine Pi and *acuu' gauge reading P* .

H 0 S Pi =P*9/0> . =in '>+ i) Pi i# 'ea#ured in ,g9c'4 and P* i# in ''

%) Hg.4>. T"e (%er de*el%(ed $y &"e &ur$ine %n &"e #"a)& %) $ra,e dru' can $e ri&&en a#;

/0

4..>.=.

/ r g 0 1 T 2 hout'ut

π ω −+==

"ere

T i# &"e &%r+

` i# &"e r%&a&i%nal #(eed %) &"e r%&%r =#"a)&>+

2 i# &"e 'a## in ,g.

g i# &"e accelera&i%n due &% gra*i&y+ ='9#ec4>

r i# &"e radiu# %) &"e $ra,e dru' "al) &"ic,ne## %) r%(e.

N i# r(' %) &"e $ra,e dru' #"a)&.

PECAUTION:

• En#ure all &"e gauge# read er% under n% l%ad+ n% )l% c%ndi&i%n#.

• All% &"e c%%ling a&er &% )l% al%ng &"e $ra,e dru' "en &"e &ur$ine run#

under l%ad.

• L%ad &"e &ur$ine gradually.

• Le& &"e #(eed %) &"e &ur$ine #&a$ilie a)&er eac" c"ange in &"e l%ad $e)%re

&a,ing &"e reading#.

• e'%*e &"e l%ad %n &"e $ra,e dru' $e)%re #i&c"ing %)) &"e #u((ly.

POCEDUE;

. N%&e &"e *en&uri 'e&er #(eci)ica&i%n#. Mea#ure $ra,e dru' dia'e&er and &"er%(e dia'e&er.

4. 1ee( &"e guiding *ane a& #ui&a$le angle.

3. Cl%#e &"e deli*ery *al*e and #&ar& &"e (u'(.

. radually %(en &"e deli*ery *al*e #% &"a& &"e &ur$ine r%&%r (ic,# u( &"e #(eed

&% &"e 'a-i'u'.

. L%ad &"e &ur$ine $y adding eig" %n &"e $ra,e dru' eig"& "anger.

/. N%&e &"e *en&uri 'e&er (re##ure gauge reading# (F and (4F )%r 'ea#uring &"edi#c"arge F.



92/111

0. !ANCI: TUBINE

. N%&e &"e &ur$ine inle& (re##ure gauge reading Pi and *acuu' gauge reading P*.

5. N%&e &"e #(ring $alance reading and eig"& =: and 2> and 'ea#ure &"e #"a)&

#(eed =N>.

7. Ta,e 5 reading# %) NF+ in &"e all%a$le range %) #(eed $y *arying &"e l%ad =:and 2> %n &"e $ra,e dru'.

0. e(ea& #&e(# 3 &% 7 )%r %&"er r%&%r (%#i&i%n =)%r )ull %(ening angle>.

. !%r 'ain c"arac&eri#&ic cur*e#+ c%n#&an& "ead i# &% $e 'ain&ained. :% &"e 'ain

*al*e "a# &% $e ad@u#&ed &% ,ee( &"e &%&al "ead c%n#&an& "en *ary &"e l%ad#.

A)&er en&ering &"e reading# in &"e re#(ec&i*e &a$le# and c%'(u&e &"e nece##ary

*alue#.




93/111


94/111

0. !ANCI: TUBINE


Den#i&y %) a&er 000 ,g9'3

Bra,e dru' radiu# r 0. ' %(e radiu# r4 0.00 ' r=rr4> 0. ' Ma## %) "anger M" 1g

Venuri'e&er c%n#&an Cd 0.75 d 0. ' d4 0.0/ ' 1 .04

A> !%r "al) %(ened guide $lade (%#i&i%n. ; Ta$ula&i%n 0.

N% 2

=,g>

:

=,g>

:(eed

N=r('>



95/111

0. !ANCI: TUBINE


B> !%r )ully %(ened guide $lade (%#i&i%n ; Ta$ula&i%n 0.4

N% 2

=,g>

:

=,g>

:(eed

N=r('>



96/111

APH;


%n y J a-i# )%r $%&" &"e &a$le# in &"e #a'e gra(" =4 cur*e#


$%&" &"e &a$le# in &"e #a'e gra("=4 cur*e#>

E:ULT: AND COMMENT:




. 2"a& i# &"e di))erence $e&een !ranci# &ur$ine and 1a(lan &ur$ine

4. Di))eren&ia&e &"e reac&i%n+ (r%(eller+ a-ial )l%+ radial )l% &ur$ine#.

3. 2"a& i# dra)& &u$e 2"y i# i& u#ed


MCET_CIVIL_Hydraulic Engg_LAB_MANUALVer3.0.DOC 5/


97/111

. PE!OMANCE TE:T ON CENTI!UAL PUMP

EG.NO; DATE;

"". PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

OB8ECTIVE:;

T% #&udy &"e %(era&i%n %) cen&ri)ugal (u'( and &% %$&ain &"e (er)%r'ance

c"arac&eri#&ic cur*e#.

APPAATU: EUIED;

Cen&ri)ugal (u'( i&" (re##ure gauge and *acuu' gauge #e&u(.

:&%( 2a&c"

C%llec&ing &an,

:cale

Tac"%'e&er

Energy 'e&er

THEO?;

A cen&ri)ugal (u'( i# a r%&%dyna'ic (u'( &"a& u#e# a r%&a&ing i'(eller &% increa#e &"e

(re##ure %) a )luid. T"e (u'( %r,# $y &"e c%n*er#i%n %) &"e r%&a&i%nal ,ine&ic energy+

&y(ically )r%' an elec&ric '%&%r %r &ur$ine+ &% an increa#ed #&a&ic )luid (re##ure. T"i#

ac&i%n i# de#cri$ed $y Bern%ulli# (rinci(le. T"e r%&a&i%n %) &"e (u'( i'(eller i'(ar

,ine&ic energy &% &"e )luid a# i& i# dran in )r%' &"e i'(eller eye and i# )%rced

%u&ard &"r%ug" &"e i'(eller *ane# &% &"e (eri("ery. A# &"e )luid e-i &"e i'(eller+

&"e )luid ,ine&ic energy i# &"en c%n*er&ed &% (re##ure due &% &"e c"ange in area &"e

)luid e-(erience# in &"e *%lu&e #ec&i%n. T"e energy c%n*er#i%n+ re#ul in an increa#ed

(re##ure %n &"e deli*ery #ide %) &"e (u'(+ cau#e# &"e )l%.

DE:CIPTION

T"e &e#& (u'( i# a #ingle #&age cen&ri)ugal (u'(. I& i# c%u(led i&" an elec&ric '%&%r

$y 'ean# c%ne (ulley $el& dri*e #y#&e'. An energy 'e&er i# (er'anen&ly c%nnec&ed &%

'ea#ure &"e energy c%n#u'ed $y &"e elec&ric '%&%r )%r dri*ing &"e (u'(. A #&%(

a&c" i# (r%*ided &% 'ea#ure &"e in(u& (%er &% &"e (u'(. A (re##ure gauge and a

*acuu' gauge are )i&&ed i& &"e deli*ery and #uc&i%n (i(e#+ re#(ec&i*ely+ &% 'ea#ure &"e

(re##ure.



98/111


!OMULAE U:ED;

> TOTAL HEAD h '

' H vd ++= >

H/0

=A0 '

2"ere (d i# &"e (re##ure gauge reading a& deli*ery #ec&i%n in ,g9c'4

(* i# &"e *acuu' gauge reading a& #uc&i%n #ec&i%n in '' %) Hg

" i# &"e *er&ical di#&ance $e&een &"e *acuu' gauge and (re##ure

gauge.

4> Di#c"arge C

ct

T

3 A

Ta.enTime

collected Volume ×=

'39#

2"ere Ac& i# c%llec&ing &an, area

i# &"e "eig"& %) a&er ri#e in &"e c%llec&ing &an,

Tc i# &"e &i'e &a,en

3> P%er %u&(u& %) &"e (u'( gQH 2 4 ρ = N.'9# %r 2a&&

> P%er in(u& &% &"e '%&%r

T /

/

e

3

×

×× 3A03/00 N.'9# %r 2a&&

2"ere Ne i# &"e energy 'e&er c%n#&an& ie. Ne re*%lu&i%n )%r 12".

T i# &"e &i'e in #ec )%r N re*%lu&i%n in energy 'e&er

> P%er in(u& &% &"e (u'( 7.05.0A03/00 3

×××

××=

T /

/ 2

e

3 5 N.'9# %r 2a&&

2"ere Ne i# &"e energy 'e&er c%n#&an& ie. Ne re*%lu&i%n )%r 12".

T i# &"e &i'e in #ec )%r N re*%lu&i%n in energy 'e&er

0.5 and 0.7 are a##u'ed *alue# )%r &"e e))iciency %) &"e '%&%r and &"e

$el& &ran#'i##i%n e))iciency+ re#(ec&i*ely

/> Y E))iciency A00×= 5

4

2

2 η



99/111


PECAUTION:

• En#ure er% reading in (re##ure gauge and *acuu' gauge $e)%re #&ar&ing &"e

e-(eri'en&

POCEDUE;

o N%&e &"e c%llec&ing &an, 'ea#ure'en+ energy 'e&er c%n#&an& Ne and *er&ical

di#&ance "F )r%' &"e *acuu' gauge and (re##ure gauge.

o 1ee( &"e deli*ery *al*e )ully cl%#ed and #uc&i%n *al*e )ully %(en+ a)&er ini&ially

(ri'ing &"e (u'(.

o :&ar& &"e '%&%r

o Ad@u#& &"e ga&e *alue )%r a re


100/111



C%llec&ing Tan,

Pie%'e&ric

Tu$e K :cale

2345

400 e*9,2"De(& %) CIVILEngg+MCET

P%llac"iJ /4003

In)l% )r%' #u'(

&"r%ug" )%%& *al*e

Vacuu' Pre##ure

gauge =:uc&i%n>

Pri'ing (i(e

C%n&r%l Val*e

Pre##ure gauge

=Deli*ery>

Cen&ri)ugal

(u'(

Elec&ric '%&%r

Pulley #y#&e' )%r ad@u#&ing

r(' %) (u'(

Ad@u#&'en&

'ec"ani#'

Ba#e (la&e

2a&er le*el

Energy 'e&er

Deli*ery (i(e

:uc&i%n

Pi(e

"

In#ide (u'(

!ig. . Cen&ri)ugal (u'( &e#& rig


101/111


mcet civil hydraulic engg lab manualver3.0

Documents