mcgrattan field of grey - dr. brown's medical · laryngomalacia & glossoptosis gasparin, 2017 33%...
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A Field of Grey
Katlyn Elizabeth McGrattan, Ph.D., CCC‐SLPAssistant Professor
University of [email protected]
Exploring the Evidence to Guide Infant Dysphagia Clinicians Through the Most Common Clinical Conundrums
Supports & DisclosuresSalary Support University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital
Grants and Research Support University of Chicago Innovation Fund, Non‐Invasive Neonatal Feeding Assessment Device
(PI: McGrattan) NIH, NIDCD, 1R01HD096881‐01A1, The Effect of Sensory Interventions on Swallowing and
Respiration Through Neurological Maturation in Preterm Infants (PI: German) Biogen, Phenotypes of Swallowing Physiology & Function Among Patients with Spinal
Muscular Atrophy Type 1 (PI: McGrattan)
Disclosures nuBorn Medical, VP of Research Biogen, Consultant Avexis, Consultant Dr. Browns, Speaker
Abbey Sterkowitz
Abigail Spoden
Anna Maunu
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The Infant Dysphagia Clinical Conundrum…
Clinical Symptoms Ambiguous Diagnostic Results Unclear Treatment
Lecture Outline
I. Healthy Infant Swallowing & Aspiration
II. Clinical Significance of Penetration & Aspiration
III. Risks of Thickeners & Alternative Thickening Agents
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Healthy Infant Swallowing & Aspiration
Normal Adult Swallowing
Garand, 2019
In a sample of 195 asymptomatic individuals 21‐68 yrs. old
Of healthy adults initiate a swallow below he vallecula during sequential swallows
Garand, 2019
Daniels, 2000
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Neuromuscular Maturation
Qureshi, 2002
4 Hours 4 Weeks
Sucking Attribute 4 hours 4 weeksSucks per Burst 10.27 21 Suck: Swallow Ratio 1:1 3:1Sucking Rate 0.91 sucks/second 1.13 sucks/secondVolume ingested per swallow 0.231mL 0.438mL
Neuromuscular Maturation
Qureshi, 2002
4 Hours 4 Weeks
Sucking Attribute 4 hours 4 weeksSucks per Burst 10.27 21 Suck: Swallow Ratio 1:1 3:1Sucking Rate 0.91 sucks/second 1.13 sucks/secondVolume ingested per swallow 0.231mL 0.438mL
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Clinical Significance of Penetration & Aspiration
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Thickened Liquids: Reduce Penetration & AspirationStudies examining the effect of thickened liquids show an overwhelming beneficial treatment effect on reducing bolus airway entry and feeding symptoms across populations:
Cardiac(Single Ventricle
Post Stage 1 Palliation)
McGrattan, 2016
45% Aspiration ReductionNectar vs. Thin
(p=0.006)
Down Syndrome
Jackson, 2016
57% Aspiration ReductionNectar vs. Thin
Laryngomalacia &Glossoptosis
Gasparin, 2017
33% Aspiration ReductionNectar vs. Thin
(p=0.015)
31% Penetration ReductionNectar vs. Thin
(p=0.001)
Thickened Liquids: Improve Symptoms
Krummrich, 2016
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
ApneaBlue/DuskyCongestion
CoughResists Feeding
Respiratory IllnessVomitingWheezing
Effect of Thickened Liquids on Infant Symptoms
Post‐Treatment Pre‐Treatment
**
**
*
*
N=44
Simply Thick (41%)Thick N Easy (59%)
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Thickened Liquids: Improve Symptoms
Krummrich, 2016
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
ApneaBlue/DuskyCongestion
CoughResists Feeding
Respiratory IllnessVomitingWheezing
Effect of Thickened Liquids on Infant Symptoms
Post‐Treatment Pre‐Treatment
**
**
*
*
N=44
Significance of Laryngeal PenetrationEvaluation of outcomes among 137 infants
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Significance of Laryngeal PenetrationEvaluation of outcomes among 137 infants
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Risks of Thickeners & Alternative Thickening Agents
Thickener Can Use on Breastmilk
Maintain Thickness Over Feed
Cohesiveness Population Requirements
Rice Cereal No No Reduces Thickness
Separates
Oatmeal No NoReduces Thickness
Separates
Xanthan Gum‐Simply Thick
Yes Yes Smooth Full Term > 12 mths oldContraindicated for preterm or children 42 wks PMAModerate‐Extremely ThickMust be greater than 1 yr PMA
Modified Corn Starch‐ Thick & Easy‐ Thicken Up‐ Thick‐It
No NoIncreases Thickness
Smooth Thick & Easy: 3+ yrs
Thicken Up: 3+ yrs
Not indicated for preterm
Foods Yes Yes Separates
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ArsenicMetalloid element commonly found as a compound in water and food as a result of contamination.
• Natural deposits• Mining• Manufacturing Processes• Metal SmeltingNaujokas, 2013
Highest Health Hazard
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Rankings (ATSDR)
Ranks chemicals based on numerous factors that generate a composite score for their overall public health risk:• Frequency of occurrence• Toxicity• Potential for human exposure
Naujokas, 2013
Group 1 Carcinogen
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Cardiovascular• Carotid Atherosclerosis• Ischemic Heart Disease
High Arsenic Exposure Effects
Cancer• Lung• Bladder• Kidney
4x Mortality>850µg/L
>100µg/L
Demonstrated Association Threshold
Typical Latency
20‐30 Years
Neurologic• Neuropathy• IQ• Communication
Respiratory• Bronchiectasis Mortality• Lung Volumes & Capacities• Congestion• Cough• Lower Respiratory Infection
Immune• Infant Mortality
from Infectious Disease
• Inflammation
Naujokas, 2013
Food & Water Contamination
Drinking WaterWells
10µg/L
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Threshold Regulated in government managed water lines to be within threshold bounds but
not in wells.
Duncan, 2019Carignan, 2015
Food ExposureRice
Limited known on low level
exposure effects
Present in low volumes in rice products , grains, and
infant formula.¾ Cup Rice per Day
36 tsp
American Academy of Pediatrics
Higher Infant Susceptibility
Children of All Ages
https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2012/11/arsenic‐in‐your‐food/index.htm
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American Academy of Pediatrics
Arsenic Exposure: Thin LiquidsNew Hampshire Birth Cohort Study• 10% families had water exceeding 10µg/L• Maximum 189 µg/L
7.5x
For every 1oz in formula intake2.6% in arsenic level
Arsenic in formula fed than breast fed
infants
Carignan, 2015
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Sources of Infant Arsenic Exposure
Rice Cereal54%
Other Solids19%
Water18%
Formula9%
AssumptionsWater: 0‐10 µg/LCereal: .0007 µg/L6 tsp Daily Rice Cereal (4mth)
Average Daily Dose of Arsenic
Shibata, 2016
Lifetime Cancer Risk: Arsenic in Infancy
World HealthAcceptable Cancer Risk from Water
10‐5
Total Infant Intake Risk
10‐5
Much more research needed in acceptable low
levels
Minimal Risk
Higher rice intake paces infants at more than minimal risk (10‐6)
for carcinogenic effects:
Formula…………….….4 oz/120mLFeeds…………………….6/dayMildly Thick……….…1 tsp/20mLTotal Intake…………..36 tsp/day
Shibata, 2016
6 tsp/day 4 mths
Increasing viscosity or fluid intake will place above APA
36 tsp
American Academy of Pediatrics
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Conclusions
Similac Spit-Up Enfamil A.R.
Did not become a thickened liquid under clinical testing conditions
Ready to Feed Consistently slightly thick (1/2 nectar)
throughout duration of bottle feed
PowderIncrease in thickness throughout a
feedAchieves slightly thick (1/2 nectar) to Moderately thick (honey) based on caloric density and time into feed.
Science StandScienceStand.org
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Katlyn Elizabeth McGrattan, Ph.D., CCC‐SLP
Assistant Professor
University of Minnesota
[email protected] CPAA_UMNScience StandScienceStand.org
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