mcse-003 @ : artiffcial intelligence and know.edge · pdf filemcse-oo3@ mca (revised) term-end...

MCSE-oo3@

MCA (Revised)

Term-End Examination

June, 2OO7

MCSE-003 @ : ARTIFfCIAL INTELLIGENCEAND KNOW.EDGE MANAGEMENT

Time : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 700

Nofe ' 7;:::';,:,#'i"::;::isory

Attempt anv

1. (a) Write a LISP program to perform depth first search . 70

(b) Describe "means ends analysis" as a technique for

AI problem soMng. For what type of applications is

it most suitable ? 10

(c) Transform following FOPL statements into equivalent

concepfual graph : 6

(i) vx NORMAUx) & GROWN(x) -+ WALK(x)

(ii) Vx,e MARRIED(x,y) + MARRIED(y,x)

(iii) Vx HASWINGS(x) and TAYSEGGS(x) -+

ISBIRD(x)

MCSE-oo3 @ 1 P.T.O.

Downloaded from www.paraman.in

(d) Differentiate between non monotonic and monotonic

reasoning.

(e) Transform the following into Prenex Normal form

Vxy (3zP(x, z) & P(y, zll -+ 3u Q(x, V, u) 1 0

2. (a)

(c)

3. (a)

(b)

(b)

Find the meaning of the statement

( l P v a ) & R - ) s v ( l n & a )

for each of the interpretations given below :

(i) P is true, Q is true, R is false, S is true

(ii) P is tnre, Q is false, R is true, S is true

Write a LISP function that determines whether two

sets are equal or not.

Prove Modus Ponens by truth table.

Explain the A* search algorithm. How is it modified

in AO* search algorithm.

Write the joint distribution of *1, *2, X3, x4, *5 and

x6 as product of chain conditional probabilities for

the following network :

1 0

3

1 0

1 0

x4

MCSE-003 @


4. (a) How does the use of heuristics reduce the searchspace ? Suggest a god heuristic function for

travelling salesman problem. 10

(b) Explain the concept of formal ized symbolic logics.Define following properties of statements : 10

(i) Satisfiable

(ii) Contradiction

(iii) Logical consequence

(iv) Valid

5. Write short notes on the following : 20

(i) Knowledge manipulation

(ii) Associative networks

(iii) Fuzzy matching algorithms

(iv) Conceptual Dependency Graph

MCSE-oo3 @ 2,000


MCA (Revised)


December, 2OO7

McsE-003 : ARTIFIG|AL TNTELLIGENGEAND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT


Note 3 Quesfion number 1 is compulsory. Attempt anythree quesffons from the rest.

f - (a) What is the purpose of Turing test ? Give a briefoutline of the Turing test. 2+3:5

. (b) What do you mean by arr argument? Briefly describeconcept of Valid, Invalid and Sound arguments. 2+S=S

(c) Given the formula e

E . : A - + B ; E r : - B ; G : - AI

prove that G is logical consequence of E, and F_without using truth table.

-' -L '"- -2

5

(d) Transform the following well formed formula toPrenex normal form

(V*) (Qk) -+ (l*) R(x, y)) 5

P . T . O .MCSE-OO3


(e) Write well formed formulae of following statements :

L +2! :52 2

(i) Person respected by every other person is a

king

(ii) Some, who are intelligent, can't read

(0 What do you mean by S-Expr6ssion in LISP ? Briefly

describe the type of S-Expressions available in LISP.

'

( s ) W h a t , d o y o u m e a n b y B a c k t r a c k i n g ? B r i e f l y

describe this concept with th€ help of an example

prolog program. 2+3=5

What is an expert system ? With the help of a block

diagram, describe the components of an expert

system. 5. :

that the rule q, {p + q) f q is a fallacy (i.e.

?

(b) Given knowledge consists of the facts :

(i) Whoever can read is literate.

(ii) Dolphins are not literate.t l -

(iii) Some Dolphins arg intelligent.

Use this available knowledge and the concept of

, fe.solution to prove the statement "Sbme, who are

intelligent, cannot read".

( c ) W h a t a r e t h e s y s t e m s a v a i l a b l e t o h a n d l e t h e

incompleteness of a knowledge base ? Briefly

7+4--5describe any one bf them

(h)

5

1 0

2 , (a) Check

Invalid)

2M CS E.OO3


3' (a) Write a program in LISP to find maximum of three

5numbers.

(b) Write a prolog program to identify the brother andsister relation. You can create a knowl edge base ofyour choice. 5

(c) What will be thg output for the following ? Sx7:S( i ) ( l i s t , a , ( bc ) )

(i i) (append ' (a) ' (bc))

( i i i ) (equal ,a (car , (ab)) )

(iv) (+5 (read))

(v) (cdr car ' ((ab)cd))

(d) From the prolog prograrn given below answer thegiven queries :

sister (sue, bob).

parent (annie, sam)

parent fiohn, annie).

male (iohn)

female (annie).

grandparent (x, z) :- parent (x, y), parent (y, z),male (X). Now give output for following queries : Sx7:S(i) ? parent (X, sam).

(ii) ? - grandparent (X, y)

, (iii) ? : grandparent (X, sam)

(iv) ? grandparent (john , Z).

(v) ? sister (annie, y).

M CS E-OO3 P . T . O .


4. (a) Write short notes on (any twol : 2x5:70

(i) PEAS

(ii) Structure of Agents

(iii) Task environments of Agents

(b) Write short notes (any two) : 2x5:70

(i) Semantic networks

(ii) Frames

(iii) Certainty factors

5. (a) Given a fuzzy set to describe the term tall

ta l l : 15 ' /O'0; 5 '5" /O'2; 5 '8" /0 '5; 6 ' /O'7;

6,5,, /0.8; 7 ' / I .0)

Discuss and describe membership function for the

fuzzy sets for each of the terms : 2x3+2-8

(i) Very tall

(ii) More or less tallt

(b) Draw cons-cell structure of the list5( (xY) (AB)) .

(c) Determine CNF for the formulaa ' : 7

D -) (A -> (B,n C))

MCSE-OO3 5,000


MCA

Term-Ead

MCSE-(X)B : ARTIFICIAL!NTELLIGENCEAND KNOWI-EDGE

Maximum Marks : 70OTlme : 3 hours

Note : Question number 7 isthree questtons lrom the

1. (a) What are the salient of cogniti';e science ?

How is it related with AI ?

(b) Give three examples of inferencing with English

statements using luzy modus ponens. Shorv that

difation of a hnry et A = CON (B) is a fLrzar set

E 1 0

(c) What is lhe purpme of case grammars ? Represent

the lollowing sentences using case structure : 7

(i) The plane flew above the clouds.

(ii) The co-pilot flew the plane.

MCSE-OO3 P . T . O .


(d) Transform the following statement into disjunctiwnormal form : 7O

( i l - ( P & Q ) & P v Q )

(ii) -(P v -O & B -+ S)

(e) For a particular event, if the initial obsenrationconfirms belief with degree 0.3 and secondobsenation confirms beliel with degree 0.2, find theMB, MD and CF for combined observations. I

2. (al Gr.ren the following information in a database :

Al ; if x is on top o{ y, y supports x

A2 : if x is above y, and they are touching eachother, x is on top of y

A3 : A cup is abo'.re a book

A4 : A cup is touching a book.

(i) Translate statements Al through A4 in clausal

form.

(ii) Show that the predicate supports (book, cup) is

true using resofi.rtion. 10

MCSE-OO3


A30

(b) Dilferentiate beh,veen uninlormed and informedsearch. Lisi the node exparsion of follor,rring treeusing b€st first search :

Define the following in brief :

(i) Knowledge

(ii) Intelligence

(iii) Inheritable knowledge

(iv) Knowledgeacquisition

(v) Knowledgemanagement

E<plain'script' knowledge representation technique.Write a script for a supermarket

How is inferencing used in deriving conclusions fromthe facts ? Dfferentiate between forward chainingand backward chaining. On what factors does thedecision to choose forward or backward chainingdepend ?

With the help of diagram, explain basic expertsystem architechre.

1 0

H12IIN 4

G 1 0

L 3 M

.B 28

, / l \D 2 2 E 1 9 F 1 6

l / \1 9 J 7 K 6 .

3. (a)

(b)

4. (a)

1 0

1 0

7 0

1 0

(b)

MCSE-003 P.T .O .


5. (a)

(b)

(c)

Develop a nrle-base using PROLOG for the followlng

relationships :

Mother-inlaw

Daughter-inlaw

Friend

Define lntelligent-Agent.

What is a Turing Test ? Do you know about anymachine which passed Turtng Test ?

Machines. can be made intelligent artificially but

ultimately persons make the machines. So who ismore intelligent - the artilicial machine or theperson ? Discuss.

4M CSE-OO3 10,ooo


MCSE-003o

MCA (Revised)


June. 2OO8

MCSE-003 O : ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEAND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Moximum Marks : 700Time : 3 hours

Note : Questton number 7 ts compulsory. Attempt anythree questlons from the rest.

(a) Define a LISP funcfon to calculate area of a circle.

(b) Define following properties of propositional

statements:

(i) Sausfiable

(ii) Contradiction

(iii) Valid

(iv) Equivalent

(v) Logicalconsequence

(c) What is meant by 'Closed Word Aszumpiion' ? Whereis it used in AI ?

MCSE-oO3 @ P.T . O .


(d)

te,l

With the help of diagram, explain tnrth malntenance

system. 10

How are non-monotonic reasoning systems different

from monotonic reasoning systems ? Define a fiuznl

relation for "good-students". The hnal relation must

contain attributes Name, Age, Class, Subjects-).iked

and Mark. 70

Explain in brief, the pattem recognition process.

Make diaqram also. 5

Explain the block-strucfure of an Expert-system.

How is rote leaming different from inductive

fearning ? 4

Transform the {ollowing conceptual graph into FOPL

statement :

IPERSON : SUE I <- (AGENT) +- [DRlNKl -

(O&JECT) -+ IFOOD : MILK]

0NSTRUMEM -+ [GtASSl

Explain hill climbing search technique Mth the help

o{ suitable example.

How is matching used in AI problem solvtng ? Explain

indexing technique used for n.rle matching.

0

2. (a)

(b)

(c)

3. (a)

(d)

McsE-oo3@

1 0


(b) Given the following information for a database ;A1. If x is on lop of y, y supports x.42. If x is above y and rhey are touching each

other, x is on iop of y.

A3. A cup is above a book.

A4. A cup is touching a book.

Show that the predicate supports (book, cup) is trueusing resolution. rc

4. (a) Tmce the constraint satisfaction procedure Jorsolving following cryptarithmetic problem : 10

C R O S S

R O A D S

b-"Tffi'(b) Explain "Credit Assignment problem,, in the context

of game playing. Write the minimax searchprocedure.

rc

5. (a) Write a recursive LISp program to find factorial of a. number.

(b) Translate each of the following into ConjunctiveNormal Form :

( i ) ( p _ + e _ + R

( i i ) P v ( _ P ^ Q ^ R )

(iii) (-p v e) v (p ̂ _e) ^ S

12

McsE-oo3 (D 3,0O0


o)COF-lLr)C:)

MCA (Revised)


Decemberr.2008

MCSE-OO3 : ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ANDKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENT

Tirne : 3 haurs Maximum Marks : L00

Note : Question number'1.

questions from the

is compulsory. Attempt any threerest.

(") Describe the Turing Test. If the Turing Test 10

is passed, does this show that computers

exhibit intelligence ? State your reasons.

Suggest some advances you think need to ,

be made in order for the Turing Test to.be

passed ?

(b) Translate the following sentences into first 10

(i) All dogs are mammals.

(ii) Tomy is a dog.

(*) Tomy is a mammal.

(iv) All mammals produce milk.

(") There is a dog which doesnlt produce

milk.


(c) Discuss how to deal with theincompleteness, inconsistency, fuzziness,change and non-monotonic reasoning.

(d) Discuss the Hill-climbing algorithm with anexample. Mention at least one real world

situation where you use Hill-climbing

method to solve your problem.

Explain the architecture of an Expert

System with the help of a diagram.

Distinguish between Natural LanguageProcessing (NLP) and Natural Language

Generation.

(") Illuskate at least two hard problems thatArtificial Intelligence research has not yetbeen able to solve.

10

1 0

(a)

(b)

2. 1,0

3. (u) Define the following in PROLOG :

Parent (X,Y)

Grandparent

Sibling

Both-parent of sibling

Define a fuzzy function "Tflll-mnn"

Use a truth table to show that, in

propositional logic, P -+Q can be rewritten

(0(ii)

("t(iv)

(b)

(c)

as -rPVQ.


1 0(u)4. Set-up a small rule-based system to advise

graduates as to what courses they need to

take to satisfy requirements for MCA. It will

be necessary to consult an expert advisor to

get all the requirements. Use PROLOG/LISP(or any other language like C, C++, Java) as

programming language. Include

explanations for user.

(b) What basic operations must a program

perform in order to access specific chunks

of knowledge ?

(c) Under what conditions would it make sense

to use both forward and backward

chaining ? Give an example where both areused.

5. (a) Give two examples of analogical learning 4you have experienced recently.

(b) IA/hat do you mean by a Truth Maintenance

System (TMS) ?

(c) What do you understand by supervisedlearning and unsupervised learning in a

neural network model.


(d) Explain the term "knowledge" with respect

to a knowl.edge based system. Distinguish

between procedural and declarative

knowledge.

- o 0 o -


l-C)

c\-rl.\9O

MCA (Revised)

Ierm-End Examination

!une, 2009

MCSE-OO3 : ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ANDKNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Time : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 1"00

Note : Question number 1- is compulsory. Attempt any three

questions from the rest.

State and justify the validity of following 4A

inference rules

(i) Chain rule

(ii) Simplification

Transform the FOPI. statement given below

into equivalent conceptual graph.

V, (Has wings (") A Layseggs (x)-+l<Blrd(x))

Determine whether each of the following

sentences are satisfactory, contradictory or

valid

( i ) ( P ^ Q ) v - ( P ^ Q )

(ii) (P-+Q) -+ - P

MCSE.OO3 1.

(a)1.

(b)

(c)

P.T.O.


(d)

(e)

(0

(g)

Transform the following conceptual graph

in to FOPL statement[PERSON: Anita] +-

(AGENT)<-[DRINK] -+ (OBIECT) -+ [Food:Milkl -+<-(Instrument Glass)

Describe 'Means-ends Analysis' as problem

solving technique.

Write a recursive program in LISP to find

factorial of a number given by the user ?

How languages for artificial intelligence

dif f ers f rom normal programmingIanguages? Give name of three languagesfrequently used as programming languagefor developing Expert Systems ?

(u) Transform the following in to CNF (Any

two)

( t - ( c - + D ) v ( c ^ D )

(ii) - (X -+ Y) -+ Z

(iii) P -+ (- cQ + R))

(b) With the help of a suitable example, describe

the "member" function of PROLOG. How

the same can be explored to per form

searching of a data in a list, recursively.

(.) Compare and contrast any three of the

following :

( i) Monotonic and Non Monotonic

reasoning

)

MCSE-OO3


3.

(it Predicate and Prepositional logic

(iii) DFS and BFS

(i") Conceptual graph and Conceptual

Dependency

(u) Translate the following axioms in to WFF's

(i) Every person has a mother

(ii) There is a woman and she is mother

of EVE

Write a PROLOG program for the following

relations.

(i) grandfather (X,Y)

(ii) Cousin brother (X,Y)

How do ru les in PROLOG di f fer f rom

general production systems rules?

Enumerate the var ious knowledge

representation schemes alongwith brief

description of each scheme.

\Atrhat is Turing Test ? If the machine passes

Turing Test, does it mean that the system is

in te l l igent ? What are the associated

problems with Turing Test ? What are

requi red improvements/advances to

overcome these problems ?

(b)

(c)

(a)4 . 1 0

MCSE-OO3 P.T.O.


10(b) Using the search tree given below, list the

elements of the Queue just before the next

node is expanded. Use DFS to search for

Goal node@Abo write the algorithm for

DFS.

Compare and contrast the following :

(i) Frames and scripts

(ii) Inf ormed search and uniformed

search

(iit Abductive inference and Analogical

inference

(ir) A* algorithm and AO* algorithm

What is an Expert system ? Explain its

architecture. Create an expert system to

infer whether a student has secured poor,

good, average or excellent marks in his/her

MCA exam.

- o O o -

4

1 0(u)5 .

(b) L 0

MCSE-OO3


MCSE-003

MCA (Revised)


December, 2009

OMCSE-003 : ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND

O KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT


Note : Question numberl is compulsory. Attempt any threequestions from the rest.

1. (a) What will be the output of the function 5when invoked with n= 5 and n = 6. Writeeach step, while calculating the result

(defun myfun (n)

(cond ((zerop n) —1)

(t

(*(-0 n)

myfun ( — n 1) ) )

) ) )

(b) Transform the following into Disjunctive 5Normal Form (DNF)

(P-*(~ R)))

MCSE-003

1


Represent the following sentence as aconceptual graph "cow has four legs andeats grass".

Evaluate the following LISP expressions : 5

(greaterp 18 151 76)

(reverse ((pq) r (st)))

(t (/ 95) 50)

(cadadr `(a (bc) d))

(v) (list 'a '(bc))

(e) Consider the following PROLOG program 10say the knowledge base is :

sister (sue, bill)

parent (ann, sam)

parent (joe, ann)

male (joe)

female (ann)

the rule applicable to the knowledge base issay :

grandfather (X,Z) : - parent (X, Y)i

parent (Y, Z),

male (X)

MCSE-003 2


Now perform following tasks :Explain the actual meaning of aboverule.What will be the output when givenknowledge base is inquired for

? - parent (X, sam)grandfather (X, Y)

What do you mean by term "Agents" in 5Artificial Intelligence ? Classify the varioustypes of agents.Briefly describe the term "Truth 5Maintainance System - TMS".

2. (a) Convert the following WFF into a set of 5clauses

,(3y postman (y) A bites (x, y)--> dog (x))

Briefly describe the And-OR graph. How 5

do they contribute to search and controlstrategy of an expert system ?Give conceptual dependency representation 5

of the sentence given below :"Mohan will eat pizza from the plate withfork and knife".

(d) Explain the following logic concepts, if 5required use suitable examples (Any two) :

Modus TollensSatisfiable statement

(iii) Resolution principle in propositionlogic

MCSE-003 3


(a) Write a function Deep-Reverse in LISP 10which takes a single list as argument andthen reverses the order of elements at thetop most level of the list. Further, recursivelyreverses the order of elements in a list whichare member of a higher level list. i.e. if wegive (a(bc)d(e(fg))h) as input to the functiondeveloped by you then (h((gf)e)d((b)a)should be the output.

(b) Represent the following situation with 10Associative networks.

"IGNOU is an open university establishedby an act of parliament. It has variousschools of studies and Divisions to supportacademic activities at the Head Quarters.IGNOU's regional centers are spread all overthe country to manage the academic andadministrative activities. Each School andDivision is headed by a Director and eachRegional Centre is headed by RegionalDirectors."

(a) Write a Prolog program to find factorial of 7a number given by the user.

(b) Compare and contrast BFS i.e. Breadth First 5Search technique with following

DFS Depth First Search

Heuristic Search

MCSE-003

4 P.T.O.


(c) Express the following knowledge as a 8semantic network structure withInterconnected nodes and labeled arcs.

"Ram is Vice President of ABC Comp. Heis married to Raj and has a male child Ars.Ars goes to school. Ram plays golf and ownsa silver coloured German made car,Mecedes Benz".

5. (a) Compare and contrast the following 8(Any two):

A* and AO*

Conceptual graph and conceptualrepresentation

(iii) Scripts and frames

(b) Write short notes on any two of the 7following :

Expert systems

Methods to deal with Uncertainitiesin knowledge systems

(iii) Non Deductive Inference rules

(c) Explain the difference between Forward 5and Backward Chaining. Under whichsituation which mechanism is best to use,for a given set of problems ?

- o 0 o -

MCSE-003 5


I MCSE-003 INo. of Printed Pages : 5

oz:t.

00CY)

Owzr

MCA (Revised)


June, 2010

MCSE-003 : ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ANDKNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT


Note : Question number 1 is compulsory. Attempt any threequestions from the rest.

1. (a) Mention three areas in which computers are 3better than human beings.

Explain briefly the following definition of 5Artificial Intelligence (A.I) given byEline Rich by explaining the underlinedtechnical terms involved in the definition :

Artificial Intelligence is the study oftechniques for solving exponentially hardproblems in polynomial time exploitingknowledge about the problem domain.

In context of objections to Turning Test, 3briefly discuss Chinese Room Test.

MCSE-003

1 P.T.O.


(d) For each of the following sentences, tell 2whether it is a proposition/statement ornot :

The sun rises in the West

Please, give me a glass of water

(e) Define the following concepts, each with a 10

s• ital-sle example :

Sound Argument

Interpretation of a formula

Consistent formula

Conjunctive Normal Form

Enumerate five characteristics of the 4programming language LISP.

Define a function in LISP language that

4

reads three numbers and returns the sumof the squares of these numbers.

Explain the sequence of steps in processing

by a PROLOG system, of the followingquery

? — prefix ( [ c, d ], [ c, d, e] )

Draw a Semantic Network for the 5representation of the following sentence :

Albert struck Lucy in the garden with asharp knife last month.

MCSE-003 2


2. (a) Construct Truth Table for the following 7formula :

(- (- P Q) n (- Q v P)),

Where P and Q are statement symbols

Transform the following into Disjunctive 7Normal Form :

( P Q) --> R , Where P, Q and R are

statement symbols.

Obtain a Prenex Normal form of the 6

formula

(ex) PO (3z) ((- P (x, y) A Q (x, z)) v R (x, y, z)).

3. (a) Translate the following statements into 9First Order Predicate Logic (FOPL) :

Everyone who saves money earns

interest

If there is no interest then nobodysaves money

(b) Using Resolution Method, deduce (ii) from 11(i) of Q. No. 3 (a).

MCSE-003 3


4. (a) Explain the effect of execution of the 5following statements :

* (+ (setq x 8) x) (+ (setq y 11) y))

' ( — (+ (setq p 12) (setq s 8)) (*p s))

(b) Evaluate the following LISP expressions : 5

(i) '( + 9 3 )

( expt 2 5 )

( even p ( + 9 6 ) )

(or 'Cat nil ( ) )

(v) ( equal '(two one) '(one two))

(c) Write a recursive function in LISP that finds 5the factorial of n for a natural number n.

(d) Represent the following statement in 5PROLOG :

Rita reads a book

5. (a) Discuss briefly the following components ofan expert system shell : 5x2=10

Inference Engine

Explanation subsystem of MYCIN

MCSE-003

4 P.T.O.


Briefly mention some characteristics of 5EMYCIN.

Discuss any one of the following general 5categories of an agent :

Simple Reflex Agents

Model Based Agents

Goal Based Agents

Utility Based Agents

•

MCSE-003 5


MCSE-003 No. of Printed Pages : 4

MCA (Revised) cN1


June, 2011

MCSE-003 : ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT


Note : Question number 1 is compulsory. Attempt any 3 questions from the rest.

1. (a) Write FOPL statement for the conceptual 5 graph given below

[PERSON : Ram] 4-- (AGENT).—[EATS]—■(OBJECT)

(INSTRUMENT CUTLERRY)--■ 4—[FOOD : DOSA]

(b) Use BFS to search for Goal node in the 5

following tree, also write algorithm's progression systematically.

MCSE-003

1

P.T.O.


(c) How does informed search differs from 5 uninformed search ? Classify the algorithm which lies in these two categories and give appropriate examples.

(d) Prove (p -> q) A (- r - -q)A r p is a 5 tautology, without using truth table.

(e) Write a LISP program to find GCD of two 5 numbers.

(f) Write well form formula (wff) for the 5 following. (i) God loves every one who loves

someone (ii) Every person has mother

(g) Find standard form of the following 5 formulas. (i) 3x Vy V3V3w p (x, y, z, u, v, w) zuv

(ii) ((Vx ) P (x) -> By Vz Q (y, z)) (h) What do you mean by Non-monotonic

reasoning systems ? What are the constituent components of such system ? Describe the inter relation between the components of such system.

2. (a) Obtain CNF and DNF for the following given formula - (A -> (- B A C)) .

(b) Trace the execution of following LISP code 5 and determine the answer when n = y (defun my func (n) (If ( =n 1) 1 (+ n (mufunc (- n 1)))))

(c) Compare and contrast following pair of 5 terms : (i) Hill climbing and BFS (ii) Conceptual graph and conceptual

dependency

(d) Write a prolog program to find factorial of 5 a number and trace 'it' for Fact (5).

5

5

MCSE-003 2


3. (a) Write Demorgan's laws for both predicate 5 and propositional logic ? The laws in these two domains are identical or inter-related ? Prove the Demorgan is law of propositional logic.

(b) Apply the principle of resolution to prove 7 the theorem "Some who are intelligent can not read", the given knowledge to the system is as follows :

(i) Who ever can read is literate

(ii) Dolphins are not literate

(iii) Some Dolphins are intelligent

(c) What are Agents in AI ? How Agents work 8 to import intelligence to a system ? Classify the different type of agents and briefly discuss their properties.

4. (a) Write A* Algorithm ? How A* algorithm is 8 different from AO* ? Out of the two which one is better and why ?

(b) In the arena of A.I., how the concept of 3 uncertainty is managed ? What are the structures, used to manage knowledge uncertainty.

(c) Differentiate between following pairs : 9

(i) Monotonic and Non-Monotonic reasoning.

(ii) Associative Networks and Conceptual graphs

(iii) Forward and Backward chaining

MCSE-003 3 P.T.O.


5. (a) Write short notes on any two of the 5 followings.

(i) S-expressions in LISP

(ii) Lambda functions

(iii) Mapping functions

(b) Write well form formula (wff) for the 5 following.

(i) Nothing beautiful is evil

(ii) For every natural number there is a number greater than it

(c) What are closed world assumption systems ? 5 What is the requirement of such systems ?

(d) Write propositional syntax of the following 5 inference rules.

(i) Simplification

(ii) Syllogism

(iii) Dilemma

(iv) Modus Ponens

(v) Hypothetical syllogism

MCSE-003 4


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