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TRANSCRIPT
7 AD-AI09 579 HARRY DIAMOND LASS AOELPHI MD F/6 17/2TNF/S C3/D CONDUCT: A SIMULATION MODEL OF THE ARMY'S COMMAND, C ETC IiNOV 81 T V NOON, E MARX
UNCLASSIFI ED HOL-R-19711N
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UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Wh.n De. !.tere.d)
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM
1. REPORT NUMBER 2.'GOVT ACCESSION No. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
HDL-TR-1974 0 " / ,c2.4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
TNF/S C:'D CONDUCT: A Simulation Model of the Army's Technical ReportCommand, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C31) Pr __
Process S. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHOR(.) B. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(.)
Thomas V. NoonEgon Marx
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Harry Diamond Laboratories AREA 6 WORK UNIT NUMBERS
2800 Powder Mill Road DRCMS: 675708,00.000C0Adelphi. MD 20783 Proj Ele: 6.57.08.A
II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
Training and Doctrine Command November 1981Army Combined Arms Combat Development Activity 13. NUMBER OF PAGES
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Approved for public release, distribution unlimited.
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II. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
HDL Proj. E778E2
19. KEY WORDS (Conilnue ont reverlest didI noce-car and itdntlfy Sy block nurmber)
Simulation Command. control, and communications (C1) GPSSTactical missions DIVARTYTactical communications Air defenseCorps Combat Eiectronics Warfare Intelligence (CEWI)Division Tactical missions timelines
20. JSR ACT MCint-,e r vere o1li If nCessay -d Ideiftfy by block nutber)
A computer model (CONDUCT) has been developed that simulates corps and subordinatecommand, control, communications, and intelligence CIl functions with particular emphasis onthe integration of the new generation of intelligence, surveillance, and target-acquisition systemswithin the developing 1982 and 1986 force structure. CONDUCT is an event-by-event simulationmodel written in GPSS-V (General Purpose Simulation System), representing the combat andcombat support command/staff elements and communications nodes/nets for the operations andintelligence functions within a type corps. Maneuver and engineer units are represented to pla-toon level, artillery units to battery level, and target-acquisition and Combat Electronics Warfare .,
Do) ,,"" 1473 EmT-oo OF I.O,, 65 IS 0.WS.ETF tJAN 73 IUNCLASSIFIED
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ABSTRACT (Cont'd)
Intelligence (CEWI) units to sensor team level. Major command posts and operations centers are
subdivided into their primary functional areas. (e.g.. CM&D, ASAC, DAME, FSE, G2, and G3elements at DivMain). Also given are results from the initial 16-hr combat simulation.
A briefing structured around an analysis of data from the CONDUCT model is reported inHDL-SR-81-9, dated November 1981 In that analysis, Blue C' choke points and timelines for sen-sor and artillery missions, cueing missions, a nuclear refinement mission superimposed on con-ventional activities, and conventional first-strike duels against Red assets were determined in adynamic C' environment.
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SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OP THiS PAOGErmen D0.1. Pnre..od)
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CONTE NTS
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................... .............. 5
2. CONDUCT STRUCTURE............................................................................
3. THE MODEL............................................................. ............... 63.1 General Characteristics ............................................................... ........ 63.2 Nodes............................................................................................ 6
3.2.1 Staffing..............................................................................._73.2.2 Numbering ............................................................................. 8
3.3 Links ............................. _... ...................................................... 83.3.1 FM Nets ........................ ................................................... 93.3.2 Multichannel Links..................................................................... 93.3.3 Telephone Links........................................................................ 93.3.4 RATT Nets ............. __............................................................. .93.3.5 Courier ............... ._............................................................... 93.3.6 Numbering ................................................................... ....... .. 9
3.4 Tasks................................................................ .......................... .. 93.4.1 Node and Link Information ...................................................... .... 113.4.2 Acknowledgements of Messages................................................... 123.4.3 Branch Messages ...................................................... .... ......... 123.4.4 Information Copies ................................................................... 123.4.5 The "Nudge........................................................................... 123.4.6 Slice-Loading Messages............................................................. 12
3.5 Priorities........................................................................................ 133.5.1 Task Priority ........................................................... ............... 133.5.2 Other Additional Priority.............................................................. 14
3.6 Preemption........................................................................ .......... 143.6.1 Preemption of FM Nets.................................................. .......... 143.6.2 Preemption in a Multichannel Link .................................................. 143.6.3 Staft Preemption ..................................................................... 14
3.7 Time-Outs ............................................... .................................... 14
3.8 Degradation ................ ....................................... .......................... 153.8.1 FM Net Degradation ................................................................. 15
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CONTENTS (Cont'd)
Page
3.8.2 Multichannel Link Degradation ...................................................................... 15
3.8.3 Staff Degradation .......................................................................................... 15
3.9 Alternate Nodes and Links ........................................................................................ 153 .9 .1 A !te rn a te N o d e s ............................................... ................................................ 1 5
3 .9 .2 A lte rn a te L in ks ............................................................................................. . . 16
3 .10 P ro g ra m O u tp u ts ....................................... ................................................................ 163 .1 0 .1 E d ite d O u tp u t ............................. .................................... ............................. 1 6
3 .10 .2 S p e c ia l O u tp u t ............................................................................................... 1 63.10.2.1 Communication Scenario ........................................................ 16
3.10.2.2 Task Completion Data .................................. 16
4. SUGGESTED APPLICATION OF CONDUCT ...................................................................... 17
5. SUPPORTING COMPUTER PROGRAMS .......................................................................... 17
5 .1 D IE T . .................................................................................. 1 75 .2 J E L L Y ........................... 1.......................................................... ...................................... 1 7
D IS T R IB U T IO N ................. ............................ . . . ......................................................................... 1 9
FIGURES
1. Flow diagram of overall processing ...................................... ............................................. 11
2. Flow diagram of processing of information copies ............................................................. 13
TABLES
1. Example of Direct Support Fire Request from Forward Observer ......................... 62. Representative Nodes/Off ices at Sbveral Echelons ............................................................. 73. Representative Com munication Nets at Several Echelons ........... .................................... 84. Sample List of Tasks Represented in CONDUCT ................................... 10
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1. INTRODUCTION Each action which is required to define a par-ticular task contains the following information:
CONDUCT (Control of Nuclear and Divi-sional Units, Communications and Tactics) isan event-by-event simulation model of the e the oiestaff)ined in the acArmy's tactical command. control, and com- the time reqire to oces hergc-muniatins C1) rocss.The resnt ata tion by the staff and/or the officer in charge,m unications (C 1) process. The present data 9 t e c m u i a i n l n s d t. the communication link used tobase definition gives special emphasis to ac- transmit the action,tions related to nuclear release intelligence, e the time required to transmit the ac-surveillance, and target acquisition. CON- tion hDUCT faithfully represents both the staff proc-essing and the message flow causing orresulting from this staff processing under nor- These individual related actions are then con-mal and degraded conditions. CONDUCT was catenated to form a task. An example of theconstructed for use in the Theater Nuclear time-ordered set of related actions required toForce Survivability (TNF/S) study. The model conduct a direct support fire request from awas designed to provide data to and accept forward observer is shown in table 1.data from the other participants in this study.The C' data base presently used with the Each office is represented by a staff andmodel is of the division and below with limited by an officer in charge. The size of the staff iscorps assets, however, the model is not limited defined in part of the C' data base as user in-to this level and could include all the functions put. Incoming messages are queued andprcwithin a type corps. CONDUCT is written in essed by priority and time of arrival. The staff isGeneral Purpose Simulation System (GPSS-V)
occupied for the amount of time defined in theand is operational on the Harry Diamond task definition, and work on a task can beLaboratories' (HDL) IBM 370/168 computer. preempted by a task of a higher priority. The
staff elements can be degraded and restoredto original staff capacity according to a user-
2. CONDUCT STRUCTURE defined scenario.
CONDUCT is organized around what are Each communications medium (FM, AM,called "tasks." A task is a time-ordered set of multichannel, telephone, courier) that would berelated actions required to perform an activity used by each action in each task isunder a situation of nondegraded C1. The represented. Messages are queued and proc-following are examples of tasks. essed by priority and time of arrival. The com-
munication link is occupied for the amount of(1) Prepare and distribute the division time defined in the task definition, Communica-
operation order. tion delays can occur as a result of degrada-(2) Conduct a fire mission. tion of the link or preemption by higher priority(3) Prepare a nuclear target list. messages.
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TABLE 1 EXAMPLE OF DIRECT SUPPORT FIRE REQUEST FROM FORWARD OBSERVERa
Step Action Communication link
1 FO calls in mission Company Fire Control NetFIST Chief acknowledges.
2 FIST Chief coordinates with Company com- Company Command Netmander
3 FIST Teams call FA FDO with mission DS Bn Command Fire orFA FDO acknowledges Fire Direction Net
4 FA FDO gives order to batteries. DS Bn Fire Direction NetBatteries acknowledge
5 FA FDO alerts FIST Chief and FO that DS Bn Command Fire ormission will be fired Fire Direction Net
6 FA FDO gives order to tire. DS Bn Fire Direction Net
7 FO or FIST Chief calls in results DS Bn Fire Direction Net
Steps 4. 6. and 7 are repeated as necessary
a
FO - Forward ObserverFIST - Fire Support TeamFA FDO -- Field Artillery Fire Direction OfficerDS Bn - Direct Support Battalion
3, THE MODEL and different types of resources (i.e., staffs andcommunication links) can be preempted as
3.1 General Characteristics needed. These various elements (staffs andcommunications links) can also be destroyed
CONDUCT is a model of the tactical or degraded, and alternate destinations andcommand, control, and communications net- routes are included where available.works of the Army written in GPSS-V. The func-tional configuration of the Army components isrepresented by a single slice-that is, only one The simulated time unit is 10 s.brigade in the division, one battalion in thebrigade, and so on. 3.2 Nodes
The traffic in the network is There are many different types ofrepresented by tasks that specify the routing of nodes represented in the network, as shown inmessages, the processing times, and the table 2, and only one node of each type istransmission times. Each task is repeated at assumed to be in agreement with the slice con-given intervals partially varied by a random cept. No geographic location or coordinatesspread. Each message is assigned a priority, are assigned to a node.
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TABLE 2. REPRESENTATIVE NODES/OFFICES AT SEVERAL ECHELONS
Division Tactical Operations Center (TOC)Assistant CommanderG2G3Collection, Management, and DisseminationAll Sources Production SystemFire Support Officer/Fire Support Element (FSO/FSE)Electronic Warfare SectionDivision Air Space Management Element
Division Artillery TOCTOC Control (S3)Targeting Element (Order of Battle)Targeting Element (Target Production)Fire Control Element
Maneuver Brigade
CommanderS2S3FSO/FSESignal CenterBrigade Intelligence Support Officer (BISO, CEWI Battalion)
CEWI Battalion (Combat Electronics Warfare Intelligence)
CommanderS31Operations
Ground Surveillance Radar TeamRemote Sensors TeamCollection-Jamming PlatoonCommunications-Jamming TeamVoice-Collection TeamNon-Communications TeamCommunications-Security TeamElectronic Warfare Flight Platoon
3.2.1 Staffing has only one person assigned to it, this personcan be either a commander, a staff, or a com
Each node is assigned either the mander with a staff ot one. This option is con-proper number of staff members, according to trolled by the assigning of the appropriate timethe Table of Organization and Equipment (TOE) in the definition of the tasks.or the maximum number of concurrent tasks A commander is represented by athat a staff can p.rocess. Normally, one of them FACILITY, and tasks queue up for processingis given the role of officer in charge or com- according to priority. Once the commandermander, and the rest are assumed to be inter- starts on a task, this processing is not inter-changeable and form the staff. When a node rupted.
7i.
-- - --Sn- -' am. ,
The staff is represented by a Thus, if node 820 is assigned the reducedSTORAGE of capacity equal to the number of number 69, the FACILITY 69 represents thestaff members or maximum number of concur- commander; the STORAGE 69, with a capacityrent tasks. Tasks are accepted for processing of two, represents the staff; QUEUE 69 givesaccording to their priority and order of arrival, information on messages waiting for the staff:and they are set aside when a task of higher and QUEUE 369 gives information onpriority is introduced. Staff is also required at messages waiting for the commander.times for the transmission of the messages.
3.2.2 Numbering 3.3 Links
Nodes are assigned numbers less Basically, two types of links arethan 1000, and grouped according to their represented in the model: those that require afunction. To save storage space for the pro- staff member at each end to be engaged in thegram, these numbers are then reduced to con- task during the transmission, and those that dosecutive integers, and this relatioiship is not. The first type is that of an FM net orrepresented in the program by the functions telephone, and the second type is that of aREDUC and EXPAN: these functions are multichannel link, which has its own staff togenerated by the auxiliary FORTRAN program transmit the messages. Links of the first typeDIET. The FACILITY number and the STORAGE are represented by FACILITY's, where onlynumber for each node are then the reduced one message at a time can be transmitted.number, QUEUE's that reflect the times that Links of the second type are represented bymessages have to wait for the staff are given STORAGE's,', where the capacity representsthe same number as the node, and those the number of channels available in that link. A
QUEUE's corresponding to the commander sample of the types of links represented in thehave the node number incremented by 300. model is presented in table 3.
TABLE 3. REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNICATION NETS AT SEVERAL ECHELONS
Division Tactical Operations Center (DTOC)
Division Command/Operation Net (VHFfFM-very high frequency/frequency modulation)Division Intelligence Net (VHFIFM)Division Weather Net (VHF/FM)Division Command/Operation Net (HF/SSB-high frequency/single sideband)DTOC to Division Support Command (MC-multichannel)DTOC to Division Tactical Command Post (MC)DTOC to DIVARTY-Division/Artillery (MC)Division Command/Operation Net (RATT-radio teletypewriter)Division Intelligence Net (RATT)
DIVARTY
Command/Fire Net (VHF/FM)TAB Command/Operation Net (VHF/FM)TOC to Maneuver Brigade Fire Support Officer/Fire Support Element (FSO/FSE)
TOC to Maneuver Battalion FSOIFSE (Wire)Fire Net No. t (RATT)Fire Net No. 2 (RATT)
CEWI Battalion (Combat Electronics Warfare Intelligence)
Command Net (VHF/FM)Tasking/Reporting Net (VHF/FM)Operations Net (VHF/FM)Air Mission Control Net (VHF/FM)Intelligence Net (RATT)
8
1,d
A check can be performed to verify are busy while the conversation lasts,that a given link connects the two nodes telephone links are treated in the same mannerspecified in the task definition (see sect. 3.4). as an FM net with only two nodes.When LOGIC SWITCH 1 is set, this check isperformed; when LOGIC SWITCH 1 is reset, 3.3.4 RATT Netsthe checking procedure is skipped. This check-ing procedure scans matrix MH1, which con- The RATT (radio teletypewriter)tains a list of all the nodes in each communica- usually does not need a staff member to attendtion link or net. This matrix is generated by the it during the transmission of a message; conse-auxiliary FORTRAN program DIET. quently, such a link is represented in the same
way as a multichannel link of capacity one.3.3.1 FM Nets
3.3.5 CourierFM radios are commonly used for
communications at the lower echelons. A Some messages are carried fromnumber of nodes are included in each net. one node to another by a courier. Since noThese nets are represented by FACILITY's. statistics or other information are required inand preemption is allowed when LOGIC this case, all couriers are represented by aSWITCH 4 is set. A staff member is occupied at STORAGE of maximum capacity, similar to aboth the origination and destination nodes multichannel link with an "infinite' number ofduring transmission, channels. No staff is tied up by this type of
"transmission."3.3.2 Multichannel Links
Multichannel radios are normally 3.3.6 Numbering
used at higher echelons, and each link can Four-digit numbers are selectedcarry 12 or more messages simultaneously: for links, which are then reduced to the lowestthese links are represented by STORAGE's. It possible integers after those assigned to nodesis assumed in the model that personnel at the posibe intgraf Thsignal centers handle the transmission, thus by the program DIET.
freeing the staff at the nodes for other tasksduring that time. Transmissions on multi- The second most significant digitchannel links can also be preempted. indicates the type of link, with a 7 correspond-
ing to a telephone link, an 8 to a multichannel
Some nodes are not connected link, and a 9 to a composite link. The last two
directly by a multichannel link, but a connec- digits for a composite link give the row number
tion has to be established over several links, in MH6 where the link numbers are stored. TheEach of these links has to be available for the courier is assigned link number 9899.message to be transmitted. The matrix MH6 Each link, including a composite(another output from DIET) contains the infor- link, is associated with a QUEUE of the samemation about which links form a given com- reduced number that gives statistics on callsposite link. No checking can be done at pres- waiting for that link.ent to verify that the correct link numbers aregiven for a composite link. 3.4 Tasks
3.3.3 Telephone Links The traffic in the network is deter-mined by tasks that are generated periodically.
These telephone links are as- Each task reflects the communications on thesumed to connect directly the two nodes in battlefield associated with reports, fire mis-question, and no switching is taken into ac- sions. and other events. Each task defines thecount. Since the staff members at both ends message routing, the communication links
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used between nodes, the time on each link, the The characteristics of the task arestaff element used at each node, and the time stored in the parameters of the GPSS transac-each staff element spends processing the tion. The time between messages from themessage. A sample list of tasks represented in same task reflects the expected frequency ofCONDUCT is presented in table 4. New tasks such actions, and each message is assigned acan be defined or the present tasks modified basic priority The flow diagram for the proc-with minimum effort essing of a task is shown in figure 1.
TABLE 4 SAMPLE LIST OF 1ASKS REPRESENTED IN CONDUCT
Division Artillery Alerts Moving Target Locating Radar and Forward O'server of Suspected ActivitySound/Flash Center to 8-rn Field Artfliefy IFA) BattalionMoving Target Locating nadar to 8in FA Battalion
Direct Support IDS) Fire Request from Manejver Company Command to FA BatlersDS Fire Request from Aerial Observer to FA BatteryDS Fire Request from Forward Observer to FA BatteryHeavy Mortar Fire Request from Forward Observer
Light Mortar Fire Request from Forward ObserverTasking Message from Division Artillery to 8. in and 155 mo FA BattalionTarget-Acquisition Battery Radar Section to 8-in FA Battalion
Aerial Jamming Initiated by Collection ReportTactical Report from Collection-Jamming Team to Division CommandTactical Report from Colection Jamming Team to Mane.vee Bfiqade ,,.jr Copy to ASP (A Sorces Production SectionTactical Report from Collection Jamminq Team to ASP SectorTasking Message from Diision Command to Corlecbion Jammrq Tean
Tasking Message from Corps Collection Management and D,;,hen',iOri to Colectlion Jamming TearArtiliery Mission Called by Grfound Surveilrarce Radar TaniJamming Initiated by Collection Report
Emitter Situation ReportEmitter LOcation, and Identification ReportGUARDRAIL TaskingGUARDRAIL Immediate ReportinqGUARDRAIL Delayed ReportingLoss of Contact with Frrendlv UnitsBomb ReportiShell Report'Mortar ReportDivision Weather ReportCombat ReportInitial Enemy Contact ReportElectronic Warfare Estimate
Battlefield Information Reporting System iBIRS)
NBC 1- -Maneuver Company nitial Report of NBC (NUclear Bioqca, Ind Crrer, car i ttacr
NBC 2 -Evaluated Data ReportNBC 3- Expected NBC ContaminationNBC 4-Radiation Dose-Rate MeasurementsNBC 5 - Areas of NBC ContaminationObstacle ReportEngineer Spot ReportEngineer Situation ReportEngineer Taskinq ReportInteligence Collection Requiremerts/EEi (Essential Elements of Informatron) ChangeInlteligence DirectiveWarning OrderFragment Order
Air Defense Tactical Information Report
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TABLE 4 SAMPLE LIST OF TASKS REPRESENTED IN CONDUCT (Cont'd)
Air Defense Intelligence ReportAir Defense Command and Control OrdersAir Defense Tracking Information
Air Defense Early WarningAir Defense Friendly Flight IntormationAir Detense Weapons Status ChangeSituation Report from ADM (Atomic Demolition Munition) UnitIntelligence Summary to ADM Unit
Tasking Message from Maneuver Battalion S2 to Combat Support CompanyTasking Message from Weapons Platoon Leader to Mortar SquadronTasking Message from Fire Support Team Chief to Forward Observer
: ......... , ,1 ...
IL
Figure 1. Flow diagram of overall processing.
34.1 Node and LinklInformation parameter for the commander and the
preceding two digits for the staff. The link to
The node number is specified in get to that node is given by the last four digts
the last three digits of halfword parameters of the corresponding fullword paramater, andstarlng wth the tenth and going up. The proc- the preceding digits give the transmssion
essig imes at that node are given by he last time. This scheme varies somewhat in the
12V '"l't.. . ....
tw dgis f hecorepodig lotig-oit peceing twoe digitse f orw tf.Thlikt
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'' V a
3.4.2 Acknowledgements of Messages link, a new message is queued for transmis-sion and no further involvement is required by
If a message has to be ac- the main message. If one or more copies goknowledged by the recipient. the time is in- out on an FM net, an attempt is made tocluded in the transmission time and no special transmit them simultaneously if staff membersprocessing is done for this function in the are available at the destinations. When all in-model. formation copies on FM nets are transmitted,
the processing of the main message continues3.4.3 Branch Messages with its transmission to the next node. This pro-
cessing of information copies is illustrated inA message might be sent to figure 2. The information copies then cause
several places from a certain node, and each processing at their destination nodes andof these messages may generate further corn- possibly release branch messages waitingmunications. This multiplication of messages there. If further processing is required at theis represented by branch messages: the node the main message has reached, withoriginal message follows one of the paths, and possibly more information copies going outone or more new messages are sent on the afterward, the program allows for a destinationother branches. The branch messages are node equal to the present node, which causescreated at the same time the main message is the transmission to be skipped.created, and they are linked to a matchingchain at a GATHER block. The original count is 3.4.5 The "Nudge"equal to the total number of branch messagesin a task plus one (for the main message), and At times an activity initiated by athis number is stored in PB10 of the branch message-for example, an artillery bar-messages. The number of branch messages to rage-causes an incoming message to thatbe released at a node is stored in the cor- node-for example, a report on the effects ofresponding byte parameter of the main the barrage by an observer. These cir-message, an information copy (explained cumstances are represented in the model by abelow), or a previously released branch nudge, flagged by a 1 as the fifth digit from themessage. The corresponding transactions are right in the haltword parameter. A nudge im-released and checked for the right originating plies that the direction of transmission isnode number after the transaction has com- reversed, and staff processing occurs at thepleted the processing at the node. Transac- sending node in the amount given by a two-tions that correspond to branch messages digit number formed by the 6th and 5th digitselsewhere are put back on the matching chain, from the right in the floating-point parameter.with a GATHER count reduced by the number The main message waits for the arrival of theof released messages. nudge before continuing to the next node, if
any.3.4.4 Information Copies
3.4 6 Slice.Loading MessagesAt some nodes, information copies
are sent out to one or more destinations before The representation of only a slicethe message proceeds to the next destination, of the divisional assets underestimates theThe number of these copies at a node is given utilization of links and the staff at certainby the fourth digit from the right in the cor- nodes. For messages going from a higher to aresponding halfword parameter: the following lower echelon, this problem is not present. If agroups of parameters then contain the destina- brigade wants to send copies of a message totion and processing times of the information its three battalions, the battalions can receivecopies. If the copy goes out on a multichannel them simultaneously on an FM net. For
12
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messages going from a. lower to a higher other realizations of this node. Then transmis-echelon, this discrepancy is ameliorated by sion and processing occur at one or morespecial slice-loading messages that duplicate nodes at the higher echelon, after which thethe corresponding part of the main message messages are terminated to denote consolida-and that occur at intermediate times. No proc- tion of similar reports. These messages are notessing takes place at the originating node, tabulated as completed messages. Such abecause it really would originate at one of the message is marked by a 3 in PB4.
's Al" s 1.1.9Mf tUtGil Prioriies 3. STAFF
AA IF is5 5
StAFF IYil S
MotA cal A.SS AAA
AD I Is 111FISSIG
The standard five message classes Each task has a basic priority thatare represented in this model: routine, priority, is assigned at generation and that can vary be-immediate, flash, and flash override. Within tween 10 and 22 for routine messages, 30 and
each class there can be differences in 42 tor priority messages. 50 and 62 for in-precedence of each message for the purpose mediate messages. 70 and 82 for flashof staff processing, whence the ranges of 10 to messages, and 90 and 102 for flash override29, 30 to 49, 50 to 69. 70 to 89, and 90 to 109 messages. These ranges within each priorityare assigned to each above class, respective- class are used to simulate a staff member'sly. decision to select one task over another task,
13
-a Ill.- I--A. CG E _ - - -__ I
even though the selected task may have arriv- check whether the link can be preempted. Ifed later in time. For transmission, however, not, the message releases the staff and waits aeach task is processed on a first-in first-out certain time. This procedure avoids havingbasis within each priority class, with the higher staff tied up by messages waiting to bepriority classes being transmitted first. transmitted, which can lead to a freeze of ac-
tivities in the model.
3.5.2 Other Additional Priority 3.6.2 Preemption in a Multichannel Link
When a message is ready to betransmitted, it is assumed that it will get A GPSS group of users of a link is
preference in the assignment to a staff used also to determine whether a channel can
member when compared to another message be preempted by a message attempting to use
of the same basic priority that has yet to be the link. If so, a message with the lowest priori-
processed. This preference is represented by a ty in the link is replaced in the group by the ar-
temporary increase of the priority of the riving message after the preemption time is
message by 10 when it tries to get a staff noted in PF1 in the preempted transaction.member for transmission on an FM net. Thus, lack of membership in the group of users
and PF1 signals that the transmission was in-terrupted when the transaction returns to the
3.6 Preemption current events chain, and this step has to be
Priorities are assigned to different repeated. Consequently, the time between the
messages to ensure that more important preemption and the end of the original
messages are processed first. The priority of transmission is lost for a transaction that has
GPSS transactions assures that transactions to retry.
of higher priority are pulled off the currentevents chain first, and consequently they getpreference in the use of FACILITY's andSTORAGE's. When a message or task of i A staff member can be preemptedhigher priority interrupts the processing of one in a manner similar to a preemption in aalready there, preemption occurs. In GPSS, multichannel link, as both aere ipresented bypreemption according to priority is possible for STORAGEs. The main difference is that theFACILITY's. but not for STORAGE's. Thus, task is not started from the beginning but onlypreemption of multichannel links or staff the remaining time, plus a fixed amount of spin-members has to be handled differently from up time, is required to finish staff processing.preemption of FM nets. It is assumed that a Staff members are not preempted while com-commander always finishes a task and is not municating with another staff member.preempted by newly arrived tasks of higher 3priority.
The viability of tasks varies with the
3.6.1 Preemption of FM Nets function and contents of the messagerepresented. In order to deal with obsolete
FM nets are represented by tasks, a maximum time is assigned for eachFACILITY's, which can be preempted accord- task through the FUNCTION TOUT. Beforeing to priority if LOGIC SWITCH 4 is in the set each transmission, the transmit time iscondition. The transaction using the FACILITY checked, and if it exceeds the correspondingis pulled out of the future events chain, so that limit, the message is considered too old and isthe staff can be released and transmission can discarded. Branch messages that have not yetbe attempted again. A GPSS group is defined been released are also discarded, to avoid un-for users of each link, so that a message can necessary transaction on the matching chain.
14
3.8 Degradation duced for the duration of the degradation andagain increased to the original capacity by
Physical destruction, jamming, and entering the required number of units. This ar-other causes of attrition can eliminate or tificial usage then has to be subtracted fromdegrade the equipment and staff at the nodes the statistics of the run if a precise result is re-that form the different nets represented in quired. If more transactions are using the linkCONDUCT. The way degradation is im- than channels remain after degradation, a suf-plemented in the program is through a series of ficient number of transactions of the lowesttransactions generated by the auxiliary FOR- priorities present in the link are treated as ifTRAN program JELLY and released in the preempted.model through a JOBTAPE. These transactionscarry information on the node or link number 3.8.3 Staff Degradationdegraded, the duration of the degraded state,the time degradation occurs, and the remain- The staff at a node is representeding or degraded assets, if the degradation is by a STORAGE, and it can be degraded totallypartial, or partially, in the same manner as a
multichannel link. At this time there is no3.8. 1 FM Net Degradation degradation that affects the commander at a
node, but this possibility can be introduced in aAn FM net can be degraded totally straightforward way.
by making the corresponding FACILITYunavailable and removing any transaction 3.9 Alternate Nodes and Linksusing it as it it had been preempted. Partialdegradation can be simulated by specifying When the assets represented in thewhich nodes in tl~e net are out. This is done by model are degraded, the actions that would begiving the column numbers corresponding to taken on the battlefield are simulated by allow-these nodes in MH 1, where the sign of the en- ing the substitution of nodes and links by alter-try is changed to indicate that the node is out. nate nodes and means of communications.When partial degradation occurs, LOGICSWITCH 3 is set to indicate that this matrix has 3.9.1 Alternate Nodesto be checked. A transaction using the FACILI-TY at the time the net is degraded finishes us- When the STORAGE representinging the net without being interrupted, a node is made unavailable, representing the
elimination of the staff, an alternate node is3.8.2 Multichannel Link Degradation chosen as the destination of a message, if one
exists. This node is given in matrix MH2, whichTotal or partial degradation of a also specifies the primary nets that serve this
multichannel link can be specified by the node. When a node is substituted, alternatenumber of channels remaining in use. If the means of communications have to be found.degradation is total, the corresponding Halfword matrices 1 and 5, which give theSTORAGE is made unavailable, and all tran- nodes on a link and the links serving a node,sactions using the link are treated as if they are used to perform this search. If no link ishad been preempted. The STORAGE is made found, a courier is used to carry the message.available again after the duration of the Branch messages are also shifted from a nodedegradation has elapsed. to the alternate when required. If a node is
eliminated after a message has reached it, theIf the degradation is partial, the message and any branches down the line are
capacity of the STORAGE is effectively re- dropped.
15
10,
-7 - --
3.9.2 Alternate Links wait for staff, for the commander, or for a com-munications link.
When a link is unavailable, alter-nate links are sought using MH1 and MH5. e A table is printed for each of theWhen an alternate link cannot be found, the message types or tasks, showing a distributionmessage is assigned to a courier, of the transit times of all messages pertaining
to that task. Variations in this transit time canA future development that has be due to periods of waiting and to the different
heen considered is the assignment of com- times taken by different branches of the sameposite multichannel links or the possibility of in- message. Slice-loading messages andserting intermediate nodes in the processing of messages that time out or are otherwisea task. eliminated are not included in the tables.
3.10 Program Outputs 3.10.2 Special Output
A GPSS program has a standard 3.10.2.1 Communications Scenariooutput, which usually contains much unneededinformation. The output editor is used here to For a communicationsrestrict this output. In addition, special FOR- scenario, a record of the initial time, the dura-TRAN subroutines are used to provide informa- tion, the link number, the originator, and thetion on the link usage and task completion destination of each use of a link or net is giventimes, on a disk or tape file. The output is written by( the FORTRAN subroutine, WRT, which is inter-
3.10.1 Edited Output faced with the CONDUCT GPSS programthrough a HELPA block. The output during an
Each printout contains the follow- initial loading period is suppressed, and onlying information, calls terminating during the period for collec-
tion of statistics are tabulated. These entries9 The absolute simulated clock time and are then sorted by the FORTRAN program SRT
the relative (to the last RESET statement) clock by the time of call initiation. Calls that use com-time are given. posite links are included once for each link that
is used in the composite one, but the originator* The block count statistics are also and destination correspond to the composite
printed, to provide an overview of the program link.activity to check for peculiarities and possibleerrors. 3. 10.2.2 Task Completion Data
* The standard statistics for the FACILI- To provide an exact account ofTY's are printed to provide information on the the transit times of tasks and the time of com-use of commanders and FM nets, depending pletion of each task, a record of each task'son what the FACILITY represents. transit time and the time of completion are
given on a disk or tape file. The output is writ-* The standard statistics for the ten by the FORTRAN subroutine TPLT which is
STORAGE's are printed to provide information interfaced with the CONDUCT GPSS programon the utilization of the staff and the multichan- through a HELPA block. The output during annel and similar links, initial loading period is suppressed, and only
tasks terminating during the period for collec-* The standard printout for QUEUE's is tion of statistics are tabulated. These entries
provided, to show how long a message has to are then plotted according to task ID by the
16
auxiliary FORTRAN program TPLOT. The in- CONDUCT in order to minimize STORAGE re-dependent axis is the task termination time, quirements. The other inputs to DIET are thenand the dependent axis is the elapsed time converted to this new numbering system. Thefrom initiation of each task. output from DIET is a file of GPSS program
statements. The output from DIET includes thefollowing:
4. SUGGESTED APPLICATION OF CON-DUCT (1) GPSS discrete functions
REDUC and EXPAN which define the relation-been used to ship between the assigned numeric identifiersbeenewcosusedv itetos
(a) highlight C3 1 "choke points," and new consecutive integers,
(b) compare architecture alternatives, (2) GPSS storage initial cards for(c) develop system performance criteria, inputs 2 and 3,(d) evaluate impact of C3 degradation,(e) train at various levels of combined arms (3) GPSS halfword mafrix definition
organization, cards and initial cards for inputs 4, 5, 6, 7, and(f) assist in evaluation of communication 8.
security improvements, and(g) evaluate the nuclear release process (4) listing of node/staff, net, and
within corps. link definitions with the assigned numeric iden-
tifiers and the new assigned consecutive in-
5. SUPPORTING COMPUTER PROGRAMS tegers, and .
(5) FORTRAN data statement5.1 DIET which defines the relationship between the
assigned numeric identifiers and new con-DIET is an auxiliary FORTRAN pro- secutive integers for use in the GPSS HELP
gram which prepares the information from the blck FOtr poram RT wh psC',dat bae or se n CNDCT.Theinptsblock FORTRAN program WRT, which outputsC -3 data base for use in CONDUCT. The inputs the communication call scenario.
to DIET include the following:
(1) node/staff, net, and link defini- Outputs 1, 2, and 3 are incorporated in CON-tions with assigned numeric identifiers, DUCT. Output 5 is incorporated as pa-rt of
(2) staff capacities, WRT.(3) link capacities (in the case of
multichannel), 5.2 JELLY(4) connectivity of the communica-
tion nets and links, JELLY is an auxiliary FORTRAN pro-(5) staffs and alternates with the gram which generates a GPSS JOBTAPE of
alternate's primary communication net, transactions for use in CONDUCT that jam(6) colocated nodes/staffs, communication nets and links, degrade links,(7) switchable radios and the as- and/or degrade staff elements. The inputs to
signed nets, and JELLY include the following:(8) composite links.
DIET reduces the assigned numeric (1) clock time when degradationidentifiers to consecutive integers for use in occurs,
17
(2) duration of degradation, multichannel links or staff elements, or node(s)jammed or radio nets).
(3) link number (multichannel), net These inputs are required for each asset af-number (radio), or node number (staff) affected fected by the degradation and for each time in-by the degradation, and terval of degradation. The output from JELLY is
a time-ordered file of the degradation scenario(4) degree of degradation (total or which is associated with the GPSS JOBTAPE
partial degradation, remaining capacity of JOBTA1 in CONDUCT.
18
.. . . . . . . i l -A . . . . . i . . .% -.. . . .
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