m.e. eldefrawi and r.d. o'brien- autoinhibition of acetylcholine binding to torpedo...

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Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U SA Vol. 6 8 , N o . 9 , pp . 2006-2007, September 1971 Autoinhibition of Acetylcholine Binding t o Torpedo Electroplax; A Possible Molecular Mechanism f o r Desensitization (equilibrium dialysis/acetvicholinesterase/receptors) M . E. ELDEFRAWI AND R . D . O'BRIEN Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, N e w York 14850 Communicated b y Thomas Einer, June 23, 1971 ABSTRACT Binding o f [3H1acetylcholine (measured b y equilibrium dialysis) t o a particulate preparation of Tor- pedo electroplax exhibits a t concentrations higher than 1 MuM. I t i s suggested that autoinhibition r e - sults from acetylcholine binding t o regulatory sites o n i t s receptor macromolecules. This binding causesthe change t o a n e w a n d inactive conformation a n d rejection o f acetyl- choline bound t o t h e larger number of active sites. Th e relationship t o t h e physiological phenomenon of d e - sensitization is discussed. W e previously showed that a particulate preparation from Torpedo electroplax bound four cholinergic ligands reversibly a n d with multiple high affinities ( 1 , 2 ) . Recently, w e showed that th e same preparation, after treatment with 0 . 1 mM Tetram (O,O-diethyl S-diethylaminoethyl phosphorothiolate) inhibited a l l t h e acetylcholinesterase ( C 3.1.1.7) present, a n d bound acetylcholine (ACh) reversibly with t w o high affinities. This binding w a s blocked a t both sites b y nicotinic cholinergic drugs ( 3 , 4) . Binding macromolecules were phospholipo- proteins a n d th e evidence suggested that they were acetyl- choline receptors (AChR), a n d not acetylcholinesterase. Very recently (5), a fraction w a s isolated from t h e same electroplax, after solubilization with t h e detergents Triton X-100 a n d sodium dodecyl sulfate. Irreversible binding o f t h e snake venom, a-bungarotoxin, b y this fraction w a s found t o b e lower when nicotinic ligands were present. I t w a s suggested that the binding macromolecules were AChR, a n d t h e con- centration of binding sites turned out t o b e equal t o those w e found f o r muscarone, nicotine, a n d AC h i n this electroplax ( 1 , 2 , 4 ) . I n th e present study, we report o n t h e autoinhibition o f ACh binding t o AChR o f Torpedo electroplax b y high concentrations o f ACh. METHODS Binding b y equilibrium dialysis 4 0 C f o r 1 6 h r ) i n 10 0 volumes o f a modified Krebs-Ringer solution (6), p H 7. 4 a n d ionic strength 0.2, containing various con- centrations of [(H]ACh (specific activity 5 0 Ci/mol; from N e w England Nuclear). After dialysis, excess radioactivity detected i n equal samples o f dialysis-bag contents over bath contents represented t h e amount o f bound ACh. Three samples were counted f o r each AC h concentration used, a n d every experiment w a s r u n i n triplicate. Details o f th e pro- cedure a n d preparation o f t h e lyophilized pellet ( a t 12,000 X g ) o f Torpedo electroplax (9.3 m g protein/g ofelectroplax, used a t 0 . 5 g o f electroplax/ml) were described ( 1, 2 ) . RESULTS Binding o f AC h reached saturation at a concentration just below 1 A M , a n d when th e concentration o f AC h w a s i n - creased, binding w a s reduced (Fig. 1 . This autoinhibitory effect o n binding increased gradually a t concentrations from 1 t o 4 M M , andwas followed b y a rapid increaseat higher con- centrations (Fig. 2 ) . N o t only w a s this effect observed when dialysis w a s a t 40C, but also a t 37CC. This inhibitory effect wa s reversible, for after repeated dialysis i n 1 00 volumes o f Kreb's-Ringer solution containing 0 . 1 M M ACh, high binding wa s restored. To investigate whether this autoinhibition w a s a n artifact o f t h e technique, w e first checked binding f o r extended periods ( u p t o 4 0 hr), an d found that equilibrium w a s completed a t a l l AC h concentrations within 16 h r . Hydrolysis o f AC h w a s n o t detected a t a n y concentration used throughout t he dialysis, hence, there w a s n o recovery o f active acetylcholin- esterase. Furthermore, a preparation o f Torpedo AChR, solubilized i n Triton X-100 o r Lubrol XW , also exhibited this autoinhibition*, thus excluding t h e possibility that reduction i n binding w a s caused b y vesicular exclusionor b y t h e presence o f permeability barriers a t high ACh concentrations. T he same phenomenon w a s also present when t h e effect o f several chemical modifiers [1,4-dithiothreitol, p-chloromercuri- benzoate, a n d p-(trimethylammonium)-benzenediazonium fluoroborate] on t h e binding o f AC h w a s studiedt. DISCUSSION T h e autoinhibition o f ACh binding t o AChR i s analogous t o excess substrate inhibition o f acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme i s totally inhibited i n t h e electroplax a n d there a r e differences between t h e t w o phenomena. T h e inhibition o f acetylcholinesterase i s revealed i n t h e catalytic rather than t h e binding step a n d i s d u e t o t h e blockade o f deacetylation b y high AC h concentrations (7). Also, inhibition o f the enzyme occurs a t concentrations higher than 1 mM rather than a t micromolar concentrations o f ACh. I t therefore seems unlikely that the enzyme plays a n y role i n t h e events described herein. Pharmacologically, t h e autoinhibitory effect o f a drug on a receptor is believed t o result from t h e presence o f t w o receptor * Eldefrawi, M . E., A . T . Eldefrawi, a n d R. D. O'Brien, unpub- lished data. t Edlefrawi, M . E . , a n d A. T. Eldefrawi, unpublished data. 2006 Abbreviations: ACh, acetylcholine; AChR, acetylcholine re- ceptors.

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8/3/2019 M.E. Eldefrawi and R.D. O'Brien- Autoinhibition of Acetylcholine Binding to Torpedo Electroplax; A Possible Molecular Mechanism for Desensitization

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/me-eldefrawi-and-rd-obrien-autoinhibition-of-acetylcholine-binding 1/2

P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i . USAV o l . 6 8 , N o . 9 , p p . 2 0 0 6 - 2 0 0 7 , S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 1

A u t o i n h i b i t i o n o f A c e t y l c h o l i n e B i n d i n g t o T o r p e d o E l e c t r o p l a x ;A P o s s i b l e M o l e c u l a r Mechanism f o r D e s e n s i t i z a t i o n

( e q u i l i b r i u m d i a l y s i s / a c e t v i c h o l i n e s t e r a s e / r e c e p t o r s )

M. E . ELDEFRAWI AND R . D . O'BRIEN

S e c t i o n o f N e u r o b i ol o g y a n d B e h a v i o r , C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y , I t h a c a , N e w York 1 4 8 5 0

C o m m u n i c a t e d b y T h o m a s E i n e r , J u n e 2 3 , 1 9 7 1

ABSTRACT Binding o f [ 3 H 1 a c e t y l c h o l i n e ( m e a s u r e d bye q u i l i b r i u m d i a l y s i s ) t o a p a r t i c u l a t e p r e p a r a t i o n o f T o r -pedo e l e c t r o p l a x e x h i b i t s a u t o i n h i b i t i o n a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n sh i g h e r t han 1 M u M . I t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t a u t o i n h i b i t i o n r e -

s u l t s from a c e t y l c h o l i n e b i n d i n g t o r e g u l a t o r y s i t e s o n i t sr e c e p t o r m a c r o m o l e c u l e s . T h i s b i n d i n g c a u s e s t h e c h a n get o a n e w a nd i n a c t i v e c o n f o r m a t i o n a nd r e j e c t i o n o f a c e t y l -c h o l i n e b o u n d t o t h e l a r g e r n u m b e r o f a c t i v e s i t e s . Th e

r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l p h e n o m e n o n o f d e -s e n s i t i z a t i o n i s d i s c u s s e d .

We p r e v i o u s l y s h o w e d t h a t a p a r t i c u l a t e p r e p a r a t i o n f r o m

T o r p e d o e l e c t r o p l a x b o u n d f o u r c h o l i n e r g i c l i g a n d s r e v e r s i b l ya n d w i t h m u l t i p l e h i g h a f f i n i t i e s ( 1 , 2 ) . R e c e n t l y , w e s h o w e d

t h a t t h e s a m e p r e p a r a t i o n , a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h 0 . 1 mMT e t r a m ( O , O - d i e t h y l S - d i e t h y l a m i n o e t h y l p h o s p h o r o t h i o l a t e )i n h i b i t e d a l l t h e a c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a s e ( C 3 . 1 . 1 . 7 ) p r e s e n t , a n d

b o u n d a c e t y l c h o l i n e ( A C h ) r e v e r s i b l y w i t h t w o h i g h a f f i n i t i e s .

T h i s b i n d i n g w a s b l o c k e d a t b o t h s i t e s b y n i c o t i n i c c h o l i n e r g i cd r u g s ( 3 , 4 ) . B i n d i n g m a c r o m o l e c u l e s w e r e p h o s p h o l i p o -p r o t e i n s a n d t h e e v i d e n c e s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e y w e r e a c e t y l -c h o l i n e r e c e p t o r s ( A C h R ) , a n d n o t a c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a s e .V e r y r e c e n t l y ( 5 ) , a f r a c t i o n w a s i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e s a m e

e l e c t r o p l a x , a f t e r s o l u b i l i z a t i o n w i t h t h e d e t e r g e n t s T r i t o n

X - 1 0 0 a n d s o d i u m d o d e c y l s u l f a t e . I r r e v e r s i b l e b i n d i n g o f t h es n a k e v e n o m , a - b u n g a r o t o x i n , b y t h i s f r a c t i o n w a s f o u n d t o

b e l o w e r w h e n n i c o t i n i c l i g a n d s w e r e p r e s e n t . I t w a s s u g g e s t e dt h a t t h e b i n d i n g m a c r o m o l e c u l e s w e r e A C h R , a n d t h e c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n o f b i n d i n g s i t e s t u r n e d o u t t o b e e q u a l t o t h o s ew e f o u n d f o r m u s c a r o n e , n i c o t i n e , a n d ACh i n t h i s e l e c t r o p l a x( 1 , 2 , 4 ) . I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , we r e p o r t o n t h e a u t o i n h i b i t i o no f ACh b i n d i n g t o AChR o f T o r p e d o e l e c t r o p l a x b y h i g hc o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f A C h .

METHODS

B i n d i n g w a s m e a s u r e d b y e q u i l i b r i u m d i a l y s i s ( a t 4 0 C f o r1 6 h r ) i n 1 0 0 v o l u m e s o f a m o d i f i e d K r e b s - R i n g e r s o l u t i o n( 6 ) , pH 7 . 4 a n d i o n i c s t r e n g t h 0 . 2 , c o n t a i n i n g v a r i o u s c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n s o f [ ( H ] A C h ( s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y 5 0 C i / m o l ; f r o m

Ne w E n g l a n d N u c l e a r ) . A f t e r d i a l y s i s , e x c e s s r a d i o a c t i v i t yd e t e c t e d i n e q u a l s a m p l e s o f d i a l y s i s - b a g c o n t e n t s o v e r b a t h

c o n t e n t s r e p r e s e n t e d t h e amount o f b o u n d A C h . T h r e e

s a m p l e s w e r e c o u n t e d f o r e a c h ACh c o n c e n t r a t i o n u s e d , a n d

e v e r y e x p e r i m e n t w a s r u n i n t r i p l i c a t e . D e t a i l s o f t h e p r o -c e d u r e a n d p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e l y o p h i l i z e d p e l l e t ( a t 1 2 , 0 0 0 X

g ) o f T o r p e d o e l e c t r o p l a x ( 9 . 3 m g p r o t e i n / g o f e l e c t r o p l a x , a n d

u s e d a t 0 . 5 g o f e l e c t r o p l a x / m l ) w e r e d e s c r i b e d ( 1 , 2 ) .

RESULTS

B i n d i n g o f ACh r e a c h e d s a t u r a t i o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n j u s tb e l o w 1 A M , a n d w h e n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f ACh w a s i n -c r e a s e d , b i n d i n g w a s r e d u c e d ( F i g . 1 ) . T h i s a u t o i n h i b i t o r y

e f f e c t o n b i n d i n g i n c r e a s e d g r a d u a l l y a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f r o m1 t o 4 M M , a n d w a s f o l l o w e d b y a r a p i d i n c r e a s e a t h i g h e r c o n -c e n t r a t i o n s ( F i g . 2 ) . N o t o n l y w a s t h i s e f f e c t o b s e r v e d w h e n

d i a l y s i s w a s a t 4 0 C , b u t a l s o a t 3 7 C C . T h i s i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c tw a s r e v e r s i b l e , f o r a f t e r r e p e a t e d d i a l y s i s i n 1 0 0 v o l u m e s o fK r e b ' s - R i n g e r s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 1 M M A C h , h i g h b i n d i n g

w a s r e s t o r e d .To i n v e s t i g a t e w h e t h e r t h i s a u t o i n h i b i t i o n w a s a n a r t i f a c t

o f t h e t e c h n i q u e , w e f i r s t c h e c k e d b i n d i n g f o r e x t e n d e d p e r i o d s( u p t o 4 0 h r ) , a n d f o u n d t h a t e q u i l i b r i u m w a s c o m p l e t e d a ta l l ACh c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i t h i n 1 6 h r . H y d r o l y s i s o f ACh w a sn o t d e t e c t e d a t a n y c o n c e n t r a t i o n u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h ed i a l y s i s , h e n c e , t h e r e w a s n o r e c o v e r y o f a c t i v e a c e t y l c h o l i n -e s t e r a s e . F u r t h e r m o r e , a p r e p a r a t i o n o f T o r p e d o A C h R ,

s o l u b i l i z e d i n T r i t o n X - 1 0 0 o r L u b r o l XW, a l s o e x h i b i t e d t h i sa u t o i n h i b i t i o n * , t h u s e x c l u d i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t r e d u c t i o ni n b i n d i n g w a s c a u s e d b y v e s i c u l a r e x c l u s i o n o r b y t h e p r e s e n c e

o f p e r m e a b i l i t y b a r r i e r s a t h i g h ACh c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . T h e

s a m e p h e n o m e n o n w a s a l s o p r e s e n t w h e n t h e e f f e c t o f s e v e r a lc h e m i c a l m o d i f i e r s [ 1 , 4 - d i t h i o t h r e i t o l , p - c h l o r o m e r c u r i -b e n z o a t e , a n d p - ( t r i m e t h y l a m m o n i u m ) - b e n z e n e d i a z o n i u m

f l u o r o b o r a t e ] o n t h e b i n d i n g o f ACh w a s s t u d i e d t .

DISCUSSION

T h e a u t o i n h i b i t i o n o f ACh b i n d i n g t o AChR i s a n a l o g o u s t o

e x c e s s s u b s t r a t e i n h i b i t i o n o f a c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a s e . T h i s

e n z y m e i s t o t a l l y i n h i b i t e d i n t h e e l e c t r o p l a x p r e p a r a t i o n ,a n d t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o p h e n o m e n a . T h e

i n h i b i t i o n o f a c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a s e i s r e v e a l e d i n t h e c a t a l y t i c

r a t h e r t h a n t h e b i n d i n g s t e p a n d i s d u e t o t h e b l o c k a d e o fd e a c e t y l a t i o n b y h i g h ACh c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( 7 ) . A l s o , i n h i b i t i o no f t h e e n z y m e o c c u r s a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h i g h e r t h a n 1 mM

r a t h e r t h a n a t m i c r o m o l a r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f A C h . I t t h e r e f o r es e e m s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e e n z y m e p l a y s a n y r o l e i n t h e e v e n t s

d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n .P h a r m a c o l o g i c a l l y , t h e a u t o i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f a d r u g o n a

r e c e p t o r i s b e l i e v e d t o r e s u l t f r o m t h e p r e s e n c e o f t w o r e c e p t o r

* E l d e f r a w i , M . E . , A . T . E l d e f r a w i , a n d R . D . O ' B r i e n , u n p u b -l i s h e d d a t a .t E d l e f r a w i , M . E . , a n d A . T . E l d e f r a w i , u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a .

2 0 0 6

A b b r e v i a t i o n s : A C h , a c e t y l c h o l i n e ; A C h R , a c e t y l c h o l i n e r e -

c e p t o r s .

8/3/2019 M.E. Eldefrawi and R.D. O'Brien- Autoinhibition of Acetylcholine Binding to Torpedo Electroplax; A Possible Molecular Mechanism for Desensitization

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/me-eldefrawi-and-rd-obrien-autoinhibition-of-acetylcholine-binding 2/2

A c e t y l c h o l i n e B i n d i n g t o E l e c t r o p l a x 2 0 0 7

5

\

1 0 30 50

1 / E L ]

F I G . 1 . L i n e w e a v e r - B u r k p l o t o f ACh b i n d i n g b y T o r p e d o

e l e c t r o p l a x ( 1 / B , i n n m o l / g e l e c t r o p l a x ' ; 1 / L , c o n c e n t r a t i o n o fACh i n 1 A M - 1 ) . The v e r t i c a l b a r s r e p r e s e n t t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n

o f n i n e t e s t p o i n t s a t e a c h c o n c e n t r a t i o n .

c o n f o r m a t i o n s , o n e h a v i n g h i g h - a f f i n i t y s i t e s , w h o s e o c c u -

p a t i o n p r o d u c e s t h e o b s e r v e d p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e , a n d a

s e c o n d w i t h l o w e r - a f f i n i t y s i t e s , w h o s e o c c u p a t i o n l e a d s t oe l i m i n a t i o n ( o r r e d u c t i o n ) o f t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e ( 8 ) .

ACh i s k n o w n t o e x h i b i t t h i s a u t o i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t p h y s i o -l o g i c a l l y . T h e p h e n o m e n o n i s b e t t e r k n o w n a s d e s e n s i t i z a t i o no f t h e c h o l i n e r g i c r e c e p t o r , w h e r e b y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o fACh c a u s e b l o c k a d e o f t h e r e s p o n s e a t n e u r o m u s c u l a r j u n c -t i o n s ( 9 , 1 0 ) , T o r p e d o e l e c t r o p l a x ( 1 1 ) , o r D - a n d H - n e u r o n e s

i n m o l l u s c a n g a n g l i a ( 1 2 ) . T h e o n s e t o f s u c h d e s e n s i t i z a t i o no c c u r s f a s t e r w i t h h i g h e r ACh c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( 1 0 ) . R e p e t i t i v en e r v e s t i m u l a t i o n , a t f r e q u e n c i e s w e l l w i t h i n t h e p h y s i o -l o g i c a l r a n g e e x p e r i e n c e d u n d e r t e n s i o n i n t h e r a b b i t a n d

c a t ( 1 3 ) , a l s o l e a d s t o d e s e n s i t i z a t i o n ( 1 4 ) .I t i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h a t d e s e n s i t i z a t i o n i s t h e r e s u l t o f

i n a c t i v a t i o n o f AChR ( 1 0 ) . T h u s , w e a r e t e m p t e d t o s p e c u l a t et h a t t h e a u t o i n h i b i t i o n p h e n o m e n o n o b s e r v e d h e r e w i t h ACh

b i n d i n g m a y b e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l d e s e n s i t i - ,z a t i o n p h e n o m e n o n . To e x p l a i n t h e r e d u c t i o n i n b i n d i n g o fA C h , w e m u s t m a k e t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e r e e x i s t o n a n y

o n e A C h - b i n d i n g m a c r o m o l e c u l e o n e o r m o r e l o w - a f f i n i t yb i n d i n g s i t e s ( r e g u l a t o r y s i t e s ) , w h o s e o c c u p a t i o n l e a d s t o t h ee l i m i n a t i o n ( o r r e d u c t i o n ) o f b i n d i n g t o a g r e a t e r n u m b e r o fh i g h - a f f i n i t y s i t e s ( a c t i v e s i t e s ) . We m u s t a l s o a s s u m e t h a te a c h r e c e p t o r m o l e c u l e h a s f e w e r r e g u l a t o r y s i t e s t h a n a c t i v es i t e s , a n d t h a t i f o n e i n c r e a s e s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f ACha b o v e t h a t n e c e s s a r y t o s a t u r a t e t h e b i n d i n g s i t e s , a c o n -

f o r m a t i o n a l c h a n g e i n t h e r e c e p t o r m o l e c u l e r e s u l t s . I n t h enew c o n f o r m a t i o n , t h e a f f i n i t y o f t h e a c t i v e s i t e s f o r ACh i s

d e c r e a s e d g r e a t l y , c a u s i n g e l i m i n a t i o n o f b o u n d ACh m o l e -

c u l e s f r o m t h e s e s i t e s .

I t s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i f o n e a s s u m e s t h a t t h e o n l ym o l e c u l e t h a t c a n b i n d t o t h e r e c e p t o r i s A C h , i t w i l l b e h a r d

t o e x p l a i n t h e e n e r g e t i c s b y w h i c h t h e r e c e p t o r , o n c e i t i s

s a t u r a t e d w i t h A C h , c a n b e d r i v e n t o a n e v e n m o r e s t a b l es t a t e b y a d d i n g ACh a n d r e d u c i n g t h e b o u n d A C h . T h e

e x p l a n a t i o n m a y i n v o l v e a p r o m o t e d b i n d i n g o f o t h e r l i g a n d sp r e s e n t i n t h e m e d i u m ( s u c h a s Ca++ o r o t h e r c a t i o n s ) , w h i c h

c a n o n l y o c c u r i n t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n p r o d u c e d b y v e r y h i g hACh c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , a n d w h i c h s t a b i l i z e t h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n .

O f t h e s e v e r a l m o d e l s p r o p o s e d f o r d e s e n s i t i z a t i o n o f t h ec h o l i n e r g i c r e c e p t o r ( 1 5 ) , t h e c y c l i c m o d e l o f K a t z a n d

2 4

[ L ]

F I G . 2 . P l o t o f 1 / B ( i n n m o l / g e l e c t r o p l a x ) - l a g a i n s t L( c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n A M ) . V e r t i c a l b a r s a s i n F i g . 1 . P o i n t s o n t h e

l i n e r e p r e s e n t a u t o i n h i b i t i o n o f ACh b i n d i n g .

T h e s l e f f ( 1 0 ) i s w i d e l y a c c e p t e d . T h i s m o d e l s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e

r e c e p t o r e x i s t s i n a n a c t i v e c o n f o r m a t i o n a t l o w ACh c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n s a n d a n i n a c t i v e c o n f o r m a t i o n a t h i g h ACh c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n s . I t a l s o a s s u m e s t h a t t h e a f f i n i t y o f t h e a c t i v es i t e s t o ACh i s r e d u c e d w h e n i n t h e i n a c t i v e c o n f o r m a t i o n .

H o w e v e r , i t d o e s n o t p r o p os e a m e c h a n i s m t o e x p l a i n h o w t h ec o n f o r m a t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d r e d u c t i o n i n a f f i n i t y o f t h o s es i t e s i s b r o u g h t a b o u t . We s u g g e s t t h a t b i n d i n g o f ACh t o t h e

p r o p o s e d r e g u l a t o r y s i t e s c o u l d b r i n g a b o u t s u c h c h a n g e s .A c c or d i n gl y, t h e a u t o i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f ACh b i n d i n g

b r o u g h t a b o u t b y b i n d i n g t o t h e p r o p o s e d r e g u l a t o r y s i t e s ,

a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t c o n f o r m a t i o n a l c h a n g e , c o u l d r e p r e s e n tt h e m o l ec u l a r r eg u la t o ry m e c h a n i s m u n d e r l y i n g d e s e n s i t i z a -t i o n . I t w i l l b e f e a s i b l e t o t e s t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s o n c e t h e p u r e

AChR i s a v a i l a b l e a n d t e c h n i q u e s o f f a s t k i n e t i c s a r e u s e d .

F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t i s g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d f r o m U . S . P u b l i cH e a l t h S e r v i c e g r a n t s NS 0 9 1 4 4 a n d GM 0 7 8 0 4 .

1 . O ' B r i e n , R . D . , L . P . G i l m o u r , a n d M . E . E l d e f r a w i , P r o c .N a t . A c a d . S c i . USA, 6 5 , 4 3 8 ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; E l d e f r a w i , M. E . ,A . T . E l d e f r a w i , a n d R . D . O ' B r i e n , M o l . P h a r m a c o l . , 7 , 1 0 4

( 1 9 7 1 ) .2 . E l d e f r a w i , M. E . , A . T . E l d e f r a w i , L . P . G i l m o u r , a n d R . D .

O ' B r i e n , M o l . P h a r m a c o l . , i n p r e s s .3 . E l d e f r a w i , M. E . , A . G . B r i t t e n , a n d R . D . O ' B r i e n , P e s t i c .

B i o c h e m . P h y s i o l . , 1 , 1 0 1 ( 1 9 7 1 ) .4 . E l d e f r a w i , M. E . , A . G . B r i t t e n , a n d A . T . E l d e f r a w i ,

S c i e n c e , i n p r e s s .5 . M i l e d i , R . , P . M o l i n o f f , a n d L . T . P o t t e r , N a t u r e , 2 2 9 , 5 5 4

( 1 9 7 1 ) .6 . E l d e f r a w i , A . T . , a n d R . D . O ' B r i e n , J . N e u r o c h e m . , 1 7 , 1 2 8 7

( 1 9 7 1 ) .7 . K r u p k a , R . M . , a n d K . J . L a i d l e r , J . A m e r . C h e m . S o c . , 8 3 ,

1 4 4 8 , 1 4 5 4 ( 1 9 6 1 ) .8 . A r i e n s , E . J . , A . M . S i m o n i s , a n d J . M . v a n R o s s u m , I n

M o l e c u l a r P h a r m a c o l o g y e d . E . J . A r i e n s , V o l . 1 , 2 8 7 ( 1 9 6 4 ) .9 . T h e s l e f f , S . , Ad a P h y s i o l . S c a n d . , 3 4 , 2 1 8 ( 1 9 5 5 ) .

1 0 . K a t z , B . , a n d S . T h e s l e f f , J . P h y s i o l . , 1 3 8 , 6 3 ( 1 9 5 7 ) .1 1 . B e n n e t t , M. V . L . , W. W u r z e l , a n d H . G r u n d f e s t , J . G e n .

P h y s i o l . , 4 4 , 7 5 7 ( 1 9 6 1 ) .1 2 . T a u c , L . , a n d J . B r u n e r , N a t u re , 1 9 8 , 3 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) .1 3 . A d r i a n , E . D . , a n d D . W. B r o c k , J . P h y s i o l . , 6 6 , 8 1 ( 1 9 2 8 ) ;

6 7 , 1 1 9 ( 1 9 2 9 ) .1 4 . T h e s l e f f , S . , J . P h y s i o l . , 1 4 8 , 6 5 9 ( 1 9 5 9 ) .1 5 . R a n g , H . P . , a n d J . M . R i t t e r , M o l . P h a r m a c o l . , 6 , 3 5 7

( 1 9 7 0 ) .

P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i . USA 6 8 ( 1 9 7 1 )

I