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TRANSCRIPT
-
Measurements of BC/EC and
the contribution of wood burning
to PM10 in Flanders
December 2nd, 2013
Christine Matheeussen
-
2 2
Number Pollutant
31 PM10
10 PM2,5 European Directive
2008/50/EG 38 NO/NO2
20 O3
24 SO2
4 CO
8 VOC (e.g. benzeen)
16 Heavy metals in PM10 (e.g. Pb, As, Cd, Ni) European Directive
2004/107/EG 5 PAH in PM (e.g. benzo(a)pyreen)
11 Heavy metals in deposition (e.g. Pb, Cd) VLAREM II
3 PAH in deposition
3 Hg
0 Black smoke
14 Black carbon
24 Dioxines en PCB’s
9 Acidification
6 Meteorological parameters
Pollutants measured by VMM - 2013
-
3 3
Measurements of BC/EC and the
contribution of wood burning to
PM in Flanders
• BC / EC measurements
• Routine BC measurements
• BC measurements near E40 highway
• Local contribution of EC to PM10 in street
canyons and near access roads in cities
• Contribution of woodburning to PM10
• Conclusions
-
Routine BC measurements in Flanders - 2013
Multi Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP 5012)
-
Routine BC measurements in Flanders - 2012
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Ze
lza
te
Ro
ese
lare
Zw
ijndre
cht
Lu
ch
tba
l
Gent
Bo
rge
rho
ut
Bo
rge
rho
ut tra
ffic
Ha
sse
lt
Ho
ute
m
De
sse
l
industrial urban suburban rural
µg
/m3
-
Routine BC measurements in Flanders
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
bla
ck
ca
rbo
n (
µg
/m³)
industrial urban suburban rural
-
6 m
17 m
55 m
96 m
BC measurements near E40 highway in
Affligem with mobile units – April 2012 to Feb
2013
-
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
%
µg
/m3
Distance from highway (m)
PM2.5 (µg/m3) BC (µg/m3) PM2.5 (%) BC (%)
L800 MW04MW03MW02
= 5,6 µg/m3
= 3,9 µg/m3
BC and PM2.5 measurements near E40
highway with mobile units – SW wind
PM2.5 (µg/m3)
BC (µg/m3)
-
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
%
µg
/m3
Distance from highway (m)
PM2.5 (µg/m3) BC (µg/m3) PM2.5 (%) BC (%)
L800 MW04MW03MW02
BC and PM2.5 measurements near E40
highway with mobile units – SW wind
PM2.5 (%)
BC (%)
-
• PM10
• EC/OC TOT (NIOSH) OC x 1,4 = OM
• levoglucosan >> GC/MS (trimethylsilylation)
OM (wood) = 9,1 Levoglucosan
PM (wood) = 10,7 Levoglucosan
>> Schmidl et al., Atm. Env. (2008)
Project based measurement of EC and
contribution of woodburning to PM10
-
11
Comparison BC (MAAP 5012) vs EC (TOT-NIOSH) at
Borgerhout (urban background (traffic))
R2 BC/EC
2007 BC = 1.45*EC + 0.66 0.91 1.82
2008-2009 BC = 1.18*EC + 0.92 0.64 1.68
2010-2011 BC = 1.65*EC + 0.35 0.78 1.89
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
BC
(µ
g/m
3)
EC (µg/m3)
BC vs EC ( 09/03/2007 until 11/07/2007)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
BC
(µ
g/m
3)
EC (µg/m3)
BC vs EC (25/10/2008 until 31/12/2009)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
BC
(µ
g/m
3)
EC (µg/m3)
BC vs EC (07/02/2010 until 06/02/2011)
-
• PM10 chemical characterisation projects
• routine EC measurements in PM2,5 at the rural
background station in Retie
Project based measurements of EC and
contribution of woodburning to PM
1st 2006-2007 Mix of rural, urban, suburban, industrial sites
2nd 2008-2009 Hot spots
3th 2010-2011 Wood burning
4th 2011-2012
-4 cities
Urban background, street canyon, major road
-Wood burning at urban background stations
5th 2013 -5 cities
-Urban background, street canyon
-
Concentration and composition of PM10 within cities (Chemkar IV)
• 4 cities
• Urban background
• Access road
• Street canyon
• Every 4th day (= 92d x 6)
• From June 2011 to July 2012
• PM10
• Ions
• Levoglucosan at urban background
Brugge : urban background access road street canyon
• EC/OC
• Elements
-
Concentration and composition of PM10 within cities (Chemkar IV)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
access r
oad
backgro
und
canyon
access r
oad
backgro
und
canyon
access r
oad
backgro
und
canyon
access r
oad
backgro
und
canyon
Antwerpen Brugge Gent Oostende
EC OM seasalt NO3 NH4 nssSO4 mineral dust other
-
15
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14a
cce
ss r
oa
d
str
ee
tca
nyo
n
acce
ss r
oa
d
str
ee
tca
nyo
n
acce
ss r
oa
d
str
ee
tca
nyo
n
acce
ss r
oa
d
str
ee
tca
nyo
n
Antwerpen Brugge Gent Oostende
µg/m
3
EC OM seasalt NO3 NH4 nssSO4 mineral dust
Local contribution to PM10 within cities (Chemkar IV)
-
• 7 sites
• Every 4th day (= 92d x 6)
• From Feb 2010 to Feb 2011
• PM10
• EC/OC
• Levoglucosan
Rural Urban Rural (sources) Urban Suburban Rural (sources ?) Rural
Houtem Gent Hamme Borgerhout Mechelen Lier Retie
Contribution of wood burning to PM10 (Chemkar III)
-
• 4 urban background sites
• Every 4th day (= 92d x 6)
• From June 2011 to July 2012
• PM10
• EC/OC
• Levoglucosan
• Ions
• Elements
Contribution of wood burning to PM10 (Chemkar IV)
Oostende Brugge Gent Antwerpen
-
PM10 concentrations (Chemkar III)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
01 feb
10
01 mrt
10
01 apr
10
01 mei
10
01 jun
10
01 jul
10
01 aug
10
01 sep
10
01 okt
10
01 nov
10
01 dec
10
01 jan
11
01 feb
11
µg
/m3
HAM GEN HOU MEC LIE BOR RET(H)
-
Levoglucosan concentrations (Chemkar III)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
01 feb
10
01 mrt
10
01 apr
10
01 mei
10
01 jun
10
01 jul
10
01 aug
10
01 sep
10
01 okt
10
01 nov
10
01 dec
10
01 jan
11
01 feb
11
µg
/m3
HAM GEN HOU MEC LIE BOR RET(H)
-
EC concentrations (Chemkar III)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
01 feb
10
01 mrt
10
01 apr
10
01 mei
10
01 jun
10
01 jul
10
01 aug
10
01 sep
10
01 okt
10
01 nov
10
01 dec
10
01 jan
11
01 feb
11
µg
/m3
HAM GEN HOU MEC LIE BOR RET(H)
-
OC concentrations (Chemkar III)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
01 feb
10
01 mrt
10
01 apr
10
01 mei
10
01 jun
10
01 jul
10
01 aug
10
01 sep
10
01 okt
10
01 nov
10
01 dec
10
01 jan
11
01 feb
11
µg
/m3
HAM GEN HOU MEC LIE BOR RET(H)
-
Contribution of wood burning to organic
matter in PM10 (Chemkar III)
2.06
3.85
3.273.51 3.54
2.99 2.95
0.78
1.35
3.20
1.261.50
1.411.20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
HOU GEN HAM BOR MEC LIE RET(H)
µg
/m3
OM(andere) OM(hout)
OM (non wood burning) OM (wood burning)
-
Average contribution of wood burning to PM10 in
summer and winter (Chemkar III)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
HOU GEN HAM BOR MEC LIE RET(H) average
µg
/m3
Apr-Sep Oct-Mar
All year Summer Winter Winter/
Summer
All stations 1,8 µg/m3 6,9 % 0,5 µg/m3 2.3 % 3,0 µg/m3 10.6% 5,9
-
Average contribution of wood burning to
PM10 in summer and winter (Chemkar IV)
0.420.370.30 0.22
2.92 2.88
1.92
2.55
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Antwerpen Brugge Gent Oostende
PM
(µ
g/m
3)
SUM WIN
All year Summer(Apr-Sep) Winter (Oct-March) Winter/
Summer
All stations 1.4 µg/m3 5.4 % 0.3 µg/m3 1.5 % 2.6 µg/m3 8.4 % 7.8
-
Contribution of wood burning to PM10 on
exceedance days (Chemkar III)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
07-0
2-1
0
24-0
4-1
0
28-0
4-1
0
20-1
2-1
0
07-0
2-1
0
15-0
2-1
0
24-0
4-1
0
21-0
7-1
0
25-0
7-1
0
08-1
2-1
0
20-1
2-1
0
01-0
1-1
1
29-0
1-1
1
02-0
2-1
1
07-0
2-1
0
15-0
2-1
0
08-1
2-1
0
20-1
2-1
0
01-0
1-1
1
29-0
1-1
1
02-0
2-1
1
07-0
2-1
0
15-0
2-1
0
08-1
2-1
0
20-1
2-1
0
01-0
1-1
1
29-0
1-1
1
02-0
2-1
1
07-0
2-1
0
15-0
2-1
0
08-1
2-1
0
29-0
1-1
1
02-0
2-1
1
07-0
2-1
0
15-0
2-1
0
09-0
7-1
0
08-1
2-1
0
20-1
2-1
0
01-0
1-1
1
29-0
1-1
1
07-0
2-1
0
15-0
2-1
0
29-0
1-1
1
Houtem Gent Hamme Borgerhout Mechelen Lier Retie
µg/m
3
PM-PMwood PMwood 50 µg/m3
-
Contribution of wood burning to PM10 on
exceedance days (Chemkar IV)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
21/1
1/2
01
1
05/0
2/2
01
2
16/0
3/2
01
2
28/0
3/2
01
2
23/0
5/2
01
2
16/0
1/2
01
2
16/0
3/2
01
2
24/0
3/2
01
2
28/0
3/2
01
2
23/0
5/2
01
2
21/1
1/2
01
1
16/0
1/2
01
2
16/0
3/2
01
2
24/0
3/2
012
28/0
3/2
01
2
23/0
5/2
01
2
16/0
3/2
01
2
24/0
3/2
01
2
28/0
3/2
01
2
23/0
5/2
01
2
Antwerpen Brugge Gent Oostende
µg/m
3
PM-PMwood PMwood 50 µg/m3
-
27
Conclusions
• Concentrations of EC and BC are highly influenced by traffic
• Average contribution of wood burning to PM10 • 2010-2011 : 1.8 µg/m3
• 2011-2012 : 1.4 µg/m3
• Average contribution of wood burning to PM10 in winter 6 to 8 times higher than in summer • Winter 2010-2011 : 3.0 µg/m3
• Winter 2011-2012 : 2.6 µg/m3
• During exceedance days the contribution can even be more important • 2010-2011 : average contribution of 6 µg/m3
• 2011-2012 : average contribution of 3 µg/m3