measures of population change births, deaths and fertility
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Measures of Population Measures of Population ChangeChange
Births, Deaths and FertilityBirths, Deaths and Fertility
World PopulationWorld Population
Crude Birth RateCrude Birth Rate Annual number of births Annual number of births
per 1,000 populationper 1,000 population
Crude Birth RateCrude Birth Rate
Crude Death RateCrude Death Rate Total number of deaths per Total number of deaths per
1,000 population1,000 population
Crude Death RateCrude Death Rate
Infant Mortality RateInfant Mortality Rate Number of deaths each Number of deaths each
year to infants under age 1 year to infants under age 1 per 1,000 live birthsper 1,000 live births
Infant Mortality RateInfant Mortality Rate
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Number of children born to Number of children born to
the average woman of the average woman of childbearing agechildbearing age
Replacement rate = 2.1Replacement rate = 2.1 Must be greater than this in Must be greater than this in
order for population to groworder for population to grow World average: 2.8World average: 2.8
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Rate of Natural IncreaseRate of Natural Increase Measure of growthMeasure of growth Natural Increase =Natural Increase =
• (Crude Birth Rate – Crude Death Rate)/10(Crude Birth Rate – Crude Death Rate)/10
Does not count Does not count immigration/emigrationimmigration/emigration
World average: 1.4%World average: 1.4%
Natural IncreaseNatural Increase
Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy Average number of years Average number of years
before deathbefore death
Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy
Arithmetic Population DensityArithmetic Population Density Number of people per square mile or Number of people per square mile or
square kilometersquare kilometer World = 53 per kmWorld = 53 per km22
LowestLowest• Mongolia = 2Mongolia = 2
HighestHighest• Monaco = 18,068Monaco = 18,068
USA = 35USA = 35
World Population DensityWorld Population Density
Physiologic Population DensityPhysiologic Population Density
Number of people per sq. mile or sq. km of Number of people per sq. mile or sq. km of arablearable land land
HighestHighest• Singapore = 440,998 per kmSingapore = 440,998 per km22
LowestLowest• Australia = 43Australia = 43
United States = 179United States = 179
EgyptEgypt
Population (2006)Population (2006)• 76.4 million76.4 million
Arithmetic DensityArithmetic Density• 7878
Pysiologic DensityPysiologic Density• 2,6682,668
Population GrowthPopulation Growth
Doubling TimeDoubling Time
How many years it takes for How many years it takes for population to doublepopulation to double
Useful population growth measureUseful population growth measure
World population doubling time has World population doubling time has been decreasingbeen decreasing
S-CurveS-Curve
Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity