measuring china’s sti development part...

1

Final Presentation and Discussion Workshop

Beijing, 14th October 2014

Measuring China’s STI Development PART I


2



I. Introduction

II. Results

III. Conclusions

Contents

3



I. Introduction

II. Results

III. Conclusions

Contents

4



WP1: Identifying, Assessing and Updating Data and

Indicators Relevant to STI in China

The objective of this WP is to identify indicators which are

most relevant to measure the overall progress of STI

development in China and which are coherent with the

Innovation Union Scoreboard and the Innovation Union

Competitiveness Report.

I. Introduction

5



Data Collection STI Indicators

A selection of indicators used by the Innovation Union

Scoreboard (IUS 2011 and 2014) and the Innovation

Union Competitiveness report (IUC 2011 and 2013).

A selection of IUC indicators - the most recent

available data for the EU was extracted from Eurostat

in 2014, allowing a comparison between the EU and

China on relevant indicators.

I. Introduction

6



Methodology for Bibliometrics

The analysis of the scientific fields consists of two layers:

General developing trends of 12 fields are presented, focusing on

the number and growth rate of publications in the selected years;

In-depth analysis of collaborative research between China and the

EU in 6 selected fields – 1) Chemistry; 2) Computer Science; 3)

Environmental Science; 4) Medicine; 5) Pharmacology, Toxicology

and Pharmaceutics; 6) Physics and Astronomy.

I. Introduction

7



I. Introduction

II. Results

III. Conclusions

Contents

8



Indicators EU

(IUS 2011) China

Percentage population aged 30-34 having completed tertiary education 35.8

(2012) 15.2

(2012)

New S&T graduates (ISCED 5A) with S&E orientation, person 875,225 (2011)

1,433,849 (2011)

New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6), person 114,174 (2011)

50,289 (2011)

Human resources in Science and Technology aged 25-64, thousand persons

98,121 (2011)

74,086 (2011)

Indicators on Human Resources

II. Results

9



Indicators on R&D Spending

Indicators EU

(IUS 2011) China

Business R&D expenditure as % of GDP 1.3

(2012) 1.4

(2012)

Non-R&D innovation expenditures as % of GDP 0.56

(2010) 1.19

(2010)

SMEs innovating in-house 31.8

(2010) 17.5

(2010)

SMEs introducing product or process innovations 38.4

(2010) 28.3

(2010)

Venture capital (early stage, expansion and replacement) as % of GDP 0.277 (2012)

0.12 (2012)

II. Results

10



Indicators on Economic Effects

Indicators EU

(IUS 2011) China

Knowledge-intensive services exports as % total service exports 49.4 (2011) 38.8 (2011)

Contribution of medium and high-tech product exports to the trade

balance 11.90 (2012) 3.18 (2012)

License and patent revenues from abroad as % GDP 0.21 (2011) 0.013 (2011)

II. Results

11



Bibliometrics: Strongest Research Fields II. Results

Strongest research fields

represent scientific strengths

and competitiveness in the

past:

• Engineering

• Physics

• Astronomy

• Material Science

• Chemistry

Source: Scopus - SciVerse Elsevier

Share of academic disciplines, China vs. Worldwide

(total applications between 2000 and 2013)

01

02

03

0

perc

en

tag

e o

f to

tal

Eng

inee

ring

Phy

sics

& a

stro

nom

y

Mat

eria

ls

Che

mistry

Med

icin

e

Bio

ch, g

ene

& m

olec

ular

bio

Com

pute

r

Che

mical

Eng

Mat

hem

atics

Ear

th &

plane

tary

Agr

& b

io sci

Env

ironm

ent

Ene

rgy

Pha

rmac

olog

y

Imm

unol

ogy

Mul

tidisciplin

ary

Soc

ial s

ci

Neu

rosc

ienc

e

Bus

ines

s & m

anag

emen

t

Dec

ision

sci

Eco

nom

ics

Arts

& h

uman

ities

Vet

erin

ary

Nur

sing

Psy

chol

ogy

Hea

lth

Den

tistry

worldwide china

12



China’s Increasing Share in Publications

(% in Worldwide Research Output)

II. Results

China grew the most,

from 4% of the world

total in 2000 to 18% in

2013.


Shares in the worldwide total 2000-2013

(BRICK countries, EU27, United States and Japan)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

EU 27

United States

China

Japan

India

Brazil

Russia

13



Fastest Growing Fields in China

II. Results

12 fields Growth rate

2000-11

Ratio to the total

(2011)

Immunology and Microbiology 28.0% 0.03

Computer Science 27.5% 0.10

Environmental Science 25.7% 0.06

Agricultural and Biological

Sciences 25.3% 0.08

Medicine 24.7% 0.15

Biochemistry, Genetics and

Molecular Biology 23.9% 0.13

Energy 21.4% 0.05

Engineering 20.8% 0.30

Pharmacology, Toxicology and

Pharmaceutics 19.1% 0.04

Physics and Astronomy 18.3% 0.20

Materials Science 17.9% 0.20

Chemistry 17.7% 0.17

• Fastest growing fields indicate

future development trends

• Small fields with growth over

20%: Immunology and

Microbiology, Environmental

Science, Energy

• Strong fields with growth over

20%: Computer Science,

Medicine, Biochemistry,

Engineering


14



0%

10%

20%

30%

40%Engineering

EnergyMaterials Science

Computer Science

Chemical Engineering

Physics and Astronomy

Multidisciplinary

Chemistry

Earth and Planetary Sciences

Mathematics

Environmental Science

Pharmacology

Biochemistry... BiologyImmunologyAgr. and Biological Sciences

Decision Sciences

Medicine

Neuroscience

Veterinary

Dentistry

Economics, Econometricsand Finance

Business, Management andAccounting

Social Sciences

Health Professions

Nursing

Arts and HumanitiesPsychology

2000 2005 2010 2013

II. Results Share of Chinese Publications


Competitive advantage

in natural sciences

(Engineering, Computer

Science and Materials

Science). On the

contrary, research in

social sciences

(Psychology and Arts

and Humanities) has

not progressed on the

same level.

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II. Results

A value greater than 1 indicates that China

had more collaborative research with the EU

than the US

A value less than 1 means that China

collaborated more with the US than the EU.

In 2005, in terms of total collaborative

research with China, the EU was at a slightly

higher level than the US in Chemistry

(EU/US=1.04), and at a similar level in the

rest of the fields.

0.000

0.500

1.000

1.500Chemistry

Computerscience

Environmentalscience

Medicine

Pharmacology,Toxicology andPharmaceutics

Physics andAstronomy

Total publications Publications in high impact journals Source: Scopus - SciVerse Elsevier

Joint Publications with Chinese Institutes in 2005 (EU25/US)

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Joint Publications with Chinese Institutes in 2011 (EU27/US)

II. Results

The EU/US ratio of publications in high

impact journals increased in almost all

fields from 2005 to 2011.

The values in all fields (in terms of total

publications) dropped in 2011, indicating

that the US performed more collaborative

research with China while the EU

decreased its share in the selected fields.

0.000

0.500

1.000

1.500Chemistry

Computerscience

Environmentalscience

Medicine

Pharmacology,Toxicology and

Pharmaceutics

Physics andAstronomy

Total publications Publications in high impact journals Source: Scopus - SciVerse Elsevier

17



I. Introduction

II. Results

III. Conclusions

Contents

18



III. Conclusions

Compared to indicators which are labelled as ‘enablers’ in

the IUS, the improving Chinese performance on indicators

for innovation activities of firms are more impressive.

The strongest fields of publications are Engineering,

Physics and Astronomy, Material Science, and Chemistry.

China shows a strong competitive advantage in natural

sciences.

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III. Conclusions

Emerging small fields with growth over 20%:

Immunology and Microbiology, Environmental

Science, Energy (societal challenges).

Strong fields with growth over 20%: Computer

Science, Engineering, Medicine, Biochemistry

(economic motors).

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III. Conclusions

The share of the China-EU collaborations that

are published in high impact journals is lower

than that of the China - U.S. ones;

China´s collaborations in high impact journals

with the EU are increasing at a faster rate than

those with the U.S.

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Measuring China’s STI Development PART II


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I. Introduction

II. Results

III. Conclusions

Contents

23



I. Introduction

II. Results

III. Conclusions

Contents

24



I. Introduction

WP2: Mapping of China’s Research and Innovation Capabilities

in Selected Technologies

Provide a comprehensive overview of China’s research and innovation

capabilities across industrial sectors and in selected cross-cutting

technologies;

Provide novel insights into the development of China’s research and

innovation capabilities, concerning both general development as well as

specific strengths and weaknesses across selected economic sectors and

technologies.

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Indicators

The empirical analysis focuses on two main indicators:

The development of R&D expenditures

Patent applications

I. Introduction

26



Sectoral approach (I)

Eight industrial sectors have been selected:

Chemical Products

Pharmaceuticals

Fabricated Metal Products

Computers, Electronic, Optical Products

Electrical Equipment

Machinery and Equipment

Motor Vehicles

Other Transport Equipment

I. Introduction

27



Sectoral approach (II)

Further three major cross-cutting technologies are analysed. These

technologies do not follow the traditional industry classification but are

of special importance, also in light of the EU grand challenges policy:

Biotechnology

Environmental Technologies

Nanotechnology

I. Introduction

28



I. Introduction

II. Results

III. Conclusions

Contents

29



II. Results

China’s Industrial Structure

Difference in sector shares on total production between CN and the EU, 2009

Source: WIOD, own calculations

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

Ele

ctr

ical a

nd o

ptical

eq

uip

ment

Agri

culture

, m

inin

g

Meta

ls a

nd

meta

l pro

ducts

Texile

s, ap

pare

l, le

ath

er

Che

mic

al p

rodu

cts

Mach

inery

Non

-meta

llic m

inera

lpro

du

cts

Con

str

uctio

n

Foo

d a

nd t

obacco

Rub

ber

pro

ducts

Wood

an

d w

ood p

rodu

cts

Tra

nsport

equ

ipm

ent

Coke, oil

Ele

ctr

icity

, gas a

nd w

ate

rsu

pply

Pap

er,

prin

ting

Oth

er

man

ufa

ctu

rin

g

Post an

d tele

com

Hote

ls a

nd

resta

ura

nts

Tra

nsport

Fin

an

cia

l in

term

edia

tio

n

Rea

l esta

te

Tra

de

Ren

ting,

busin

ess s

erv

ices

Oth

er

serv

ices

Diffe

ren

ce i

n s

ha

re o

n t

ota

l b

etw

een

CN

an

d

the E

U

Manufacturing Sectors: China > EU

Services Sectors: China < EU

30



II. Results

Source: UNESCO, own calculations

Global Share in Total R&D Expenditures

26,1% 23,5% 23,5%

37,7%

34,5% 32,7%

13,7%

12,8% 10,7%

5,0%

8,9%

12,1%

5,0%

6,2%

6,2%

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

2002 2007 2009

GE

RD

(b

n P

PP

$)

Oceania

Other in Asia (excl. Japan,China, India, Israel)Newly IndustrialisedEconomies in AsiaIndia

China

Japan

Africa

Latin America and theCaribbeanNorth America

Other in Europe

European Union

China has

increased its total

R&D

expenditures

significantly

31



Private R&D expenditures in China relative to the EU (2010)

II. Results

Development of Industrial R&D Expenditure in Selected Economic Sectors

Source: China Statistical Yearbook, Eurostat, own calculations

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Oth

er t

ran

spo

rteq

uip

me

nt

Elec

tric

al a

nd o

ptic

aleq

uip

men

t

Mac

hin

ery

and

equ

ipm

ent

Che

mic

al P

rodu

cts

Mo

tor

veh

icle

s

Fabr

icat

ed m

etal

pro

duc

ts

Phar

ma

ceu

tica

ls

tota

l

Rat

io C

N/E

U

32



PCT Patent Applications II. Results

Number of total PCT patent applications (1990-2011)

Source: OECD, REGPAT database, January 2014, own calculations

The increasing

importance of

China and Rest

of World (RoW)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Num

ber o

f PCT

pat

ent a

pplic

atio

ns

China

ROW

Japan

US

EU-27

33



Share in global PCT patenting

II. Results


The shift in

global patenting

becomes even

more evident

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Shar

e in

glo

bal p

aten

ting

(PCT

)

EU-27

US

Japan

ROW

China

34



Share in Global PCT Patenting by Selected Sectors (2011)

II. Results

• Highest shares

in Computers,

Electronics,

Optical Products

and Electrical

Equipment

• A lower global

share for the

three cross-

cutting

technologies


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chemical Products

Pharmaceuticals

Fabricated Metal Products

Computers, Electronic, O

pticalProducts

Electrical Equipment

Machinery and Equipm

ent

Motor Vehicles

Other Transport

Biotechnology

Nanotechnology

Environmental Technologies

Shar

e in

glo

bal P

CT p

aten

ting

(201

1)

China

ROW

Japan

US

EU

35



I. Introduction

II. Results

III. Conclusions

Contents

36



III. Conclusions

Increasing performance of research and innovation in China over the past 20

years, indicated by the overall growth of patent applications and private R&D

investments, both in terms of absolute numbers as well as global shares.

Growth performance was not hampered by the global economic crisis from

2007-2009.

There is growing importance of R&D for generating innovation in China, and the

transformation of the economy to a more productivity-driven, knowledge based

economy.

Structural shift of the Chinese economy, with a growing share of knowledge

intensive industries, in particular telecommunication and electronics.

37



III. Conclusions

Growth of R&D investments was mainly driven by the Electrical

Equipment and Other Transport sectors, especially in ships and

boats; the gap between China and the EU in R&D expenditures

is the largest in Pharmaceuticals, followed by Motor Vehicles

and Fabricated Metal Products.

China´s patent growth seems to be driven mainly by increased

patenting in the field of Computers, Electronics and Optical

Products as well as Electrical Equipment.

A lower global share is identified for the three cross-cutting

technologies, with Nanotechnology being the lowest.

38



SPI – Sociedade Portuguesa de Inovação (Coordinator)

www.spieurope.eu

Sara Medina - [email protected]

Richard Deng - [email protected]

UNU – MERIT

The United Nations University - Maastricht Economic

Research Institute on Innovation and Technology

www.merit.unu.edu

Rene Wintjes - [email protected]

AIT – Austrian Institute of Technology

www.ait.ac.at

Bernhard Dachs - [email protected]

Zahradnik Georg - [email protected]

Tsinghua University

www.innovation.tsinghua.edu.cn

Jizhen Li - [email protected]

Renmin University

http://stat.ruc.edu.cn

Yanyun Zhao - [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]









http://www.innovation.tsinghua.edu.cn/


http://stat.ruc.edu.cn/

http://stat.ruc.edu.cn/




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