measuring diversity in the recording industry: an international comparison
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CES-MATISSE CNRS – Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne. Measuring diversity in the recording industry: an international comparison. Heritiana Ranaivoson [email protected]. Introduction. The crucial issue of diversity, from bio- to cultural diversity (Unesco convention, 2005). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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Measuring diversity in the recording industry:
an international comparison.Heritiana Ranaivoson
CES-MATISSE CNRS – Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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Introduction
The crucial issue of diversity, from bio- to cultural diversity (Unesco convention, 2005).
Diversity as a political aim… requires to be assessed.
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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A multidimensional approach of diversity
Sources & Indexes of measurement of diversity in the recording industry
Main results on the OECD countries and limits of the approach
Possibilities of extension to other cultural fields
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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1.1. Diversity as a mix of variety, balance and disparity (Stirling, 1998; Moreau and Peltier, 2004).
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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1.2 Product diversity / Producer diversity Cultural diversity as a case of diversity of production in
the case of the cultural industries
Product Song: - Lyrics
- Music
Grouping of songs (Album/Single/ CD…)
Producer Artist (composer/author/interpret…)
Producer
Distributor
Selling point
Broadcaster
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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1.3 Supplied diversity / consumed diversity (Moreau and Peltier, 2004)
Supplied diversity : What level and nature of diversity is made available by the producers? How diverse are these producers?
Consumed diversity : Based on this supplied diversity what level and nature of diversity is actually consumed?
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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As a result of these three definitions of diversity, diversity in the cultural industries is defined as the variety, balance and disparity of, on the one hand, the products in the way they are made available and then consumed and of, on the other hand, the producers according to their potential market power and the way this power is expressed.
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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2. Sources & Indexes
Data on 73 countries, from 1958 to 2005.
Every member of the OECD is represented (except for Luxembourg).
More general data (population, GDP, broadband).
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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Variety Balance DisparitySupplied diversity
Number of new supplied discs (and albums) per capita [Product]
Share of new supplied domestic discs [Product]
-Balance of new supplied discs according to their origin [Product]
Number of available discs (and albums) per capita [Product]
Balance of available discs according to their origin [Product]
Consum
ed Diversity
Modified Shannon index of distributors [Producer]
Independent distributors' market share [Producer]
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Shannon index of distributors amongst certified discs [Producer]
Number of certified discs [Product]
Independent distributors' share of best-selling discs [Producer]Concentration of sales on certified albums [Product]Balance of best-selling discs according to their origin [Product]Share of domestic discs amongst best-sellers [Product]
Number of sold discs per capita [Product]
Market share of super- and hypermarkets [Product]
Market share of domestic discs [Product]
Balance of sold discs according to their origin [Product]
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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Indexes built to assess diversity in the recording industry – General considerations
Most are very simple ones (e.g. )
The Shannon index is used to assess both variety and balance (Shannon and Weaver, 1949) :
The Shannon evenness index (Pielou, 1969)
only takes balance into account :
All indexes are not partial indexes of cultural diversity but they all give information on cultural diversity.
Population
sold Discs
lni ii
SW p p
ln
ln
i ii
p pSE
S
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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Indexes built to assess diversity in the recording industry – some examples:
Market share of domestic discs :
A variant of the Shannon index is used for assessing
diversity of distribution :
being the market share (in %) of the ith major,
the number of major companies,
the market share of the independent companies as a whole.
1
ln100 100
MajorsNi i
i Indies Indies
p p
p p
sold Discs
sold discs National
ip
MajorsN
Indiesp
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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3. Main results on the OECD countries and limits of the approach
The first international assessment of diversity in the recording industry.
Independent evolutions of most characteristics of national markets.
Global evolutions (Oecd countries): - the increasing concentration of distribution,- parallel evolutions of sales per capita ,- an increasing market share of local production in most countries (especially the wealthiest) but...- …a reduced diversity in terms of origin of consumed discs.
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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Some limits
Heterogeneity of sources:- difficult comparisons in terms of levels => comparisons of evolutions,- missing data => use of moving averages to build a second more complete database,- possible different definitions of types.
A rather ‘macroeconomic’ approach.
Discussable tools.
A rather descriptive approach => causal links to be investigated
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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4. Possible applications to other fields Some tools already used in other cultural industries: film
(Moreau & Peltier, 2004), publishing (Benhamou & Peltier, 2006).
The approach is fundamentally inductive while relying on tools broadly used in economic analysis of institutional diversity or of concentration, as well as in other disciplines (e.g. information theory, biology).
=> ‘Easily’ adaptable to applied studies of diversity, notably to other media and cultural sectors.
Workshop on the International Measurement of Culture, Paris, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, 4-5 December 2006. [email protected]
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Thank you for listening.