measuring innovation and growth in knowledge...

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2012/SOM1/EC/029 Agenda Item: 12

Measuring Innovation and Growth in Knowledge Economies

Purpose: Information Submitted by: OECD

First Economic Committee MeetingMoscow, Russia

14-15 February 2012

2/18/2012

1

APEC & OECD economies

OECD only

APEC only

Measuring innovation and growth in knowledge economies

Alessandra Colecchia, OECD, Head Economic Analysis and Statistics, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry

APEC Economic Committee, Moscow 14-15 February 2012

MEASURING INNOVATION: A NEW PERSPECTIVE

• Innovation today: measurement and challenges • Innovation indicators for policy making • When indicators and policy advice meet: the OECDinnovation policy platform

New ways of looking at traditional indicators and new experimental indicators that provide insight into areas of policy interest

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INNOVATION TODAY & CHALLENGES

Innovation is broader than R&D, it includes design and marketing

HOW WE DEFINE AND MEASURE INNOVATION TODAYInnovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product, process, new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations.

Source: OECD/Eurostat (2005), Oslo Manual, Paris, 3rd Edition

Innovation is broader than R&DProduct innovators by R&D status 2006-2008

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

%R&D-active firms Firms without R&D

Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on Eurostat (CIS-2008) and national data sources, June 2011.

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The international framework for measuring innovation in businesses

(Oslo Manual and innovation surveys)

Innovation inputs- R&D

- Software

- Design-Marketing-Training

…

Innovation outputs-Innovators:

* New products (goods and services)

* New processes* New organisational and

marketing methods- Non-innovators:

* Ongoing or abandoned activities

Innovation impacts

- Measures of business performance

(within survey or data-linked)

CHALLENGE on DEFINITION/MEASUREMENTINNOVATION comes from R&D, software development,

design, marketing activities but also from public sector, users, society

6

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Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011. Data on intangible investment are based on COINVEST [www.coinvest.org.uk] and national estimates by researchers. Data for fixed investment are OECD calculations based on OECD, Annual National Accounts and EU KLEMS Databases, March 2010.

CHALLENGE on DEFINITION/MEASUREMENT/IMPACTS

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

%

Machinery and equipmentSoftware and databasesR&D and other intellectual property productsBrand equity, firm-specific human capital , organisational capital

Investment in fixed and intangible assets as a percentage of GDP, 2006

INNOVATION comes from investment in intangible assets

Fragmentation of production Boeing 787 Dreamliner

Source: www.newairplane.com

Escape slides: Air Cruisers (USA)

Horizontal Stabiliser:Alenia Aeronautica (Italy)

Centre fuselage: Alenia Aeronautica (Italy)

Final assembly: BoeingCommercial Airplanes (USA)

Vertical Stabiliser: BoeingCommercial Airplanes (USA)

Landing gear: Messier-Dowti (France)Electric brakes: Messier-Bugatti (France)Tires: Bridgestone Tires (Japan)

Doors & windows:Zodiac Aerospace (USA)PPG Aerospace (USA)

Tools/Software: Dassault Systemes (France)Navigation: Honeywell (USA)Pilot control system: Rockwell Colins (USA)Wiring: Safran (France)

Centre wing box:Fuji Heavy Industries (Japan)

Engines: GE Engines (USA),Rolls Royce (UK)

Wing box: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan)Wing ice protection: GKN Aerospace (UK)

Engine nacelles: Goodrich (USA)Aux. power unit: HamiltonSundstrand (USA)

Flight deck seats:Ipeco (UK)

Lavatories:Jamco (Japan)

Cargo doors: Saab (Sweden)

Forward fuselage:Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan)Spirit Aerosystems (USA)

Raked wing tips: Korean AirlinesAerospace div ision (Korea)

Flight deck controls:Esterline (USA),Moog (USA)

Passenger doors:Latécoère Aéroserv ices (France)

Prepreg composites:Toray (Japan)

Rear fuselage:Boeing South Carolina (USA)

CHALLENGE on MEASUREMENT/IMPACTS

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Vertical trade: import content of exports

Import content of exports by sourcing country (2005)

Source: OECD Inter-country inter-industry model (March 2011).

BRIIS: Brazil, Russian Federation, India, Indonesia, South Africa

Import content of exports

Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, STAN Input-Output Database, May 2011; STAN Bilateral Trade by Industry and End-Use Category (forthcoming); map source: ARCTIQUE ©– all rights reserved .

Increasing global interdependency

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Technology transfers to selected BRIICS 2005-07

Source: OECD calculations based on the Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, EPO, April 2011; map source: ARTICQUE© - all rights reserved.

As share of patents by origin of the inventor and patent office of destination

Innovation in contextWhat can Governments do?

Building knowledge

Targeting new growth areas

Connecting knowledge

Competing in the global economy

Unleashing innovation

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R&D in OECD and non-OECD economies, 2009 or latest available year

Source: OECD, STI Scoreboard 2011 based on Main Science and Technology Indicators Database, June 2011.

Building a critical mass in science

United States

China

Japan

Germany

Korea

France

United Kingdom

Canada

Russian Federation

Italy

Australia

Spain

Sweden

Netherlands

Austria

Switzerland

Turkey

Belgium

Finland

Denmark

Mexico

Poland

South Af rica

Norway

Portugal

Czech Republic

Ireland

Hungary

Greece

New-Zealand

Slovenia

Chile

LuxembourgSlovak Republic

Iceland

Estonia

European Union

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Researchers, per thousand employment

Gross domestic expenditures onR&D as a percentage of GDP

BRIICSNorth AmericaEU27Other OECD members

R&D Volumes in 2000 USD -constant prices and PPP

1 Billion

10 Billion

100 Billion


R&D Volumes in 2000 USD -constant prices and PPP

1 Billion

10 Billion

100 Billion

Building knowledge centres of excellence

University hotspots –geographical distribution of highest impact institutions 2009

USA

UK

Other EU

Other OECD

Asia

B*I*CS

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Universities

020

25

30

35

40

45

50

Universities

020

25

30

35

40

45

50

Universities

0

Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD and SCImago Research Group (CSIC) (forthcoming), Report on Scientific Production, based on Scopus Custom Data, Elsevier, June 2011.

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International collaboration in science and innovation, 2007-09

Opening up

OECD, Patent Database, May 2011; OECD and SCImago Research Group (CSIC) (forthcoming), Report on Scientific Production, based on Scopus Custom Data, Elsevier, June 2011.

Impact of scientific production& extent of international scientific collaboration 2003-2009

Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD and SCImago Research Group (CSIC) (forthcoming), Report on Scientific Production, based on Scopus Custom Data, Elsevier, June 2011.

United States

China

UnitedKingdom

Japan

Germany

France

Canada

Italy

Spain

India

Austral ia

Korea

Netherlands

Russian Federation

Brazil

Switzerland

Sweden

Poland

Turkey

Belgium

Israel

Austria

Denmark

Greece

Finland

Mexico

Czech Republic

Norway

Portugal

New Zealand

South Africa

Hungary

Ireland

Chile

Slovak Republic

Slovenia

Estonia

Indonesia

Iceland

Luxembourg

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Normalised Impact

International collaboration among institutions (% of articles)

Number of articles

50 000 articles

100 000 articles

500 000 articles


World

Quality not quantity: the impact of collaboration

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Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, OECD, Paris.

S&E enrolments at the tertiary level - 5A, 2009 As a % of all enrolments (domestic and international

students) at the tertiary level - 5A

Helping STI talent circulation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Fin

lan

d

Ge

rma

ny

Fra

nce

Sw

ede

n

Un

ited

Kin

gdo

m

Sw

itzer

lan

d

Italy

Japa

n

Can

ada

(200

8)

Au

stra

lia

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ne

the

rlan

ds

%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Sw

eden

Fin

land

Ger

man

y

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Sw

itzer

lan

d

Fra

nce

Can

ada

(20

08)

Un

ited

Kin

gdo

m

Italy

Au

stra

lia

Japa

n

Net

her

land

s

%

International students enrolled in SE fields at the tertiary level, 2009

As a % of all international students at the tertiary level

Facilitating the circulation of STI talent

Joining efforts to solve global challenges

Countries’ share of patents for energy generation from renewable and non-fossil sources, 2007-09

Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, Patent Database, May 2011.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

%

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10

Investing in smart infrastructureOECD terrestrial mobile wireless broadband subscriptions

by technology, June 2010

Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, Broadband Portal, June 2011.

0

1020

30

40

5060

70

80

90100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Satellite Terrestrial fixed wireless Standard mobile broadband subscriptions Dedicated mobile data subscriptions

Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD R&D tax incentives questionnaires, January 2010 and June 2011; and OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators Database, June 2011.

Supporting business innovation

Direct government funding of business R&D and tax incentives for R&D, 2009

Direct government funding of business R&DIndirect government support to business R&D (R&D tax incentives)

Total government support to business R&D

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

% GDP

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

% GDP

No data/cost estimate available

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

% GDP

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Lowering barriers to entrepreneurshipBarriers to entrepreneurship, 2008

Scale from 0 to 6 from least to most restrictive

Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, Product Market Regulation Database, May 2011

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Index

Regulatory and administrative opacity Administrative burdens on startups

Barriers to competition

Patenting activity of young firms 2007-2009

The importance of stimulating young firms

Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on the Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, EPO, April 2011; and ORBIS© Database, Bureau van Dijk Electronic Publishing, December 2010; matched using algorithms in the Imalinker system developed for the OECD by IDENER, Seville, 2011.

0

10

20

30

40

50

%Share of patenting firms under 5 years old Share of patents f iled by f irms under 5 years old

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OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy

• Completed: Chile, China, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru and Russian Federation

• Ongoing: Vietnam, ASEAN regional mapping

• ≥ 2/3s of APEC engaged with OECD’s work on innovation

See: www.oecd.org/sti/innovation/reviews

Innovation Policy Platform

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Web-based guidance and information resources in support of

– Innovation (sub)-system diagnostics– Policy mix design

Purpose – facilitate processes of learning by

– Broadening perspectives – framing – Making accessible, codifying and ordering

the significant, but fragmented, knowledge base around STI (policy) dynamics

– Encouraging intelligent benchmarking– Supporting international mutual learning

and exchange– But also complementing (and not

substituting) existing processes and analysis

An international platform for mutual learning and exchange on STI policy experiences

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Science, Technology, Industry Scoreboard 2011

Thank you for your [email protected]

www.oecd.org/sti/scoreboard

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