measuring productivity – part i ecological methodologylec-11 althoff
TRANSCRIPT
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Measuring Productivity – Part I
Ecological Methodology LEC-11 Althoff
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Population Biology 101
• Popn =
• For popn to _____: births+emigration > deaths + immigration
• ________________: adult population fails toreplace itself with self-sustaining individuals…
___________________…must be sustained by excess from other subpopulations
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Key Definitions
• ______________ = number of offspring (young) produced during a reproductive cycle (season) by a population
• ______________ = number of young produced in a popn that reach sexual maturity
• ______________ = rate at which an individual produces offspring (young)
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Key Definitions…BIRDS• ________________ = number of eggs that hatch per
nest (or group of nests). Not equivalent to nesting/ fledging success. -- egg per nest hatches or -- ____ of eggs hatching per nest
• __________ = young still in nest and/or unable to fly to leave natal site
• __________ = young left nest and/or natal site, able to fly
• _____________ > 1 nestling/hatchling fledges
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BIRDS
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• Key papers: Martin, T.E. and G.R. Geupel. 1993. Nest- monitoring plots: methods for locating nests and monitoring success. Journal of Field Ornithology 64(4):507-519. (on CLASSNOTES)
Winter, M., S.E. Hawks, J.A. Shaffer, and D.H. Johnson. 2003. Guidelines for finding nests of passerine birds in tallgrass prairie. Prairie Naturalist 35(3):197-211 (on CLASSNOTES)
BIRDS…nest searching & monitoring
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• Key considerations:
T & E species
Human impact on searches & monitoring
Brood parasitism factor
Imperfect/uncertain nest/fledgling fate
BIRDS…nest searching & monitoring
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T & E Species 1
• Few left…. • Don’t want to
mark/band nestlings if can avoid it…but doesn’t help monitoring effort
• Always error to the side of caution…
• Examples: California condor ____________ Kirtland’s warbler
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Human Impact on Nesting Success
2
• Nest often well camouflaged or cryptic… ___________
• ______________ to nest site “provides path” for ground predator (i.e., snakes, small mammals) or visual cues to aerial predators (i.e., crows) or retard growth of nestlings
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Waterfowl nest predated before hatching
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Brood parasitism3
• Affects determination of number of fledglings of host species ____ _____
• Could _____ “nest” success results….sometimes cowbirds mature/ fledge before host species young…or nest is abandoned prematurely
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Brood parasitism …con’t3
• In some areas, for impacted host species, brood parasitism is ______...so probably not that big impact on estimation of productivity
• In some areas, for impacted host species, brood parasitism is ______...so significant impact on estimation of productivity
• Decision: is metric one uses…??? a) __________________________ (more helpful for determining recruitment) b) __________________________per unit
of area (cruder estimate of productivity)
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Detailed Protocols….from nest initiation to fledgling
• Murphy, Robert K., Brian G. Root, Paul M. Mayer, J. Paul Goossen, and Karen A. Smith. 1999. A draft protocol for assessing piping plover reproductive success on Great Plains alkali lakes. Pages 90-107 in K.F. Higgins, M.R. Brashier, and C.D. Kruse (eds.), Proceedings, piping plovers and least terns of the Great Plains and nearby. South Dakota State University, Brookings.
Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online.http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/pplover/index.htm(Version 08Oct99).
• Determine chronology of breeding season and monitor the stages. Requires detailed records including mapping
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Note:1)Location of nests, no. eggs, etc.
2)No. of adults (1,2, or 3…i.e., breeding pairs
3)Behaviors (on nest?, courtship displays?, vocalizatons?)
Piping plover mapping
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Piping Plover monitoring…con’t
• Start in early May• Visit individual alkaline lakes every
_____ days• Cannot “flag” nest….so use _____
(stone markers….10-30 ft/paces from nest location)
• Determine _____ of eggs, then…• Determine _____ of chicks (pre-
fledging), then…• Follow sites/lakes until all birds
“gone”…usually by early August
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Te
rrito
ry
Est
ab
lishm
ent
Ne
st b
uild
ing
Egg laying4e, 4-5 d
Incubation25-27 d
Precoccial chicks 18-21 d
Fle
dg
e
MAY JUNE JULY AUG
Breeding ChronologyPiping Plover
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Piping Plover reporting…con’t
• Density of pairs (but “challenge” being a “shoreline” species)
• Clutch size (mean, median, mode)• Nest success - %• Egg /Hatching success - %• Chick survival post hatching - trend• Fledging success -%• Young produced per adult
< 1 chick fledged per adult
> 1 chick fledged per adult
steady or increasing
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Nest Survival/Success Analysis
• Most commonly used approach is the _________ METHOD (1961, 1975):
• Mayfield, H.F. 1961. Nesting success calculated from exposure. Wilson Bulletin 73:255-261.
• Mayfield, H.F. 1975. Suggestions for calculating nest success. Wilson Bulletin 87:456-466.
• Attempted to deal with “incomplete info” and provide guidelines (and consequences of those guidelines) for what to include in the analysis
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Post-fledging Survival
• For most species, this is _____ most important piece of information to know
• For most species, this is _____ most difficult piece of information to obtain
a) challenge of tagging/marking individuals ___________________ them
b) challenge of __________ them examples:
piping plovers: “gone” in 18-21 d grasshopper sparrows: out of adult territory in 7-21 d
dabbling ducks: move from laketo lake in some regions
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Proportional survival of _______________ (0-20 days) wood thrushes during years of low, moderate, and high rodent abundance southeastern New York. Schmidt, K.A., S.A. Rush, and R.S. Ostfeld. 2008. Wood thrush nest success and post-fledgling survival across a temporal pulse of small mammal abundance in an oak forest. Journal of Animal Ecology 77:830-837.
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Interpret the wood thrush data
• What does the y-axis scale mean?
• What are the “vertical lines” extending from each “point” expressing?
• Why are all 3 “lines/trends” decreasing?
• Based on 18-20 d post-fledgling survival data, which, condition (high, moderate, or low) of small mammal abundance appears to negatively influence wood thrush survival the most?
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Spot Mapping
• Requires ________ visits to a site/plot (usually 10 or more)
• Requires ability to detect species via _______ or _________ or both
• Aided by ability detect males vs. females (__________________________________)
• Aided by _________ (banded and/or radio-marked) of individuals
• Aided by knowing _____________________ associated with nest building, egg laying, incubating, feeding of young, alarm calls, etc.
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Indirect Method – Reproductive Index
• ___________ Method: Vickery, P.D., Hunter, M.L. & Wells, J.V. 1992. Use of a new reproductive index to evaluate relationship between habitat quality and breeding success. Auk 109:697-705.
• Basic premise: _____________ reflect stage of breeding cycle and that for species with hard-to-find nest, this may be next best thing
• Specialized form of spot mapping• Used for grasshopper, savannah, and vesper
sparrows in Maine
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Indirect Method “Scoring” System• Can score for entire breeding season or for individual
days• Rankings
0 = no territorial male present1 = territorial male present 4+ weeks2 = territorial male & female present 4+ weeks3 = pair found nest building, laying, incubating,
or giving distraction display4 = adults carrying food to presumed nestlings5 = evidence of fledgling success (1st brood)6 = evidence of fledgling success in either
brood, plus evidence of success in other7 = evidence of fledgling success in both broods
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Indirect method
--basically spot
mapping
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IndirectMethod
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Evaluation of the Vickery Method
• Dickcissels -- too much brood parasitism in KSRivers, J.W., D.P.Althoff, P.S. Gipson, and J.S. Pontius. 2003.
Evaluation of a reproductive index to estimate dickcissel reproductive success. Journal of Wildlife Management 67:137-144.
• Grasshopper Sparrows & E. Meadowlarksshows promise for general trends in KS
Althoff, D.P., P.S. Gipson, J.S. Pontius, and R.D.Japuntich. 2009. Evaluation of a index to estimate grasshopper sparrow and eastern meadowlark reproductive success. Wildlife Biology in Practice 5(1):33-44.
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Surveying -- Breeding Birds Only
• _______________ vs. _______________• May get __________…may get ________ to
breeding bird abundance• Greater the ____________ effort, more likely the
better estimates. Either more plots, more visits to plots/points…or both
• Has been used for some species to estimate _______________ produced
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Standard Protocol
• ______________: 5-, 6-, or 10 minutes• “_______” conditions: Beaufort wind scale <3,
little to no wind• Typically start around sunrise to 10am, but some
evening survey for some species. Owls and other nocturnal species would be conducted at night
• Sometimes employee “______________” approach
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Point count
example
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Basic Utility of Data
• Monitor for many years…get __________• Compare productivity/breeding activity by
___________ and/or _____________ type• Compare productivity/breeding activity by
______________________.Ex. Burning patches every 1, 2, or 3 yearsEx. Removing mesopredators vs. control
• Measure ________________________ (natural or anthropogenic)