measuring racial segregation at different geographic scales in cape town and johannesburg 1991-2011...
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Measuring racial segregation at different geographic scales in Cape Town and Johannesburg
1991-2011
ISIbalo Symposium on Evidence Based Decision Making
12 September 2013
Kevin Parry
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Background
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Background
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Source: Davies (1981)
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The level of segregation in South African urban space by census year, between whites and blacks, as measured by the index of dissimilarity
From Christopher (2001)0 = perfect integration; 100 = total segregation
Repeal of the Group Areas Act
Group Areas
Act (1950)
1994 elections
Leve
l of s
egre
gatio
n
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Dealing with the apartheid city
Pg 7: Urban settlements should be “spatially and socio-economically integrated, free of racial and gender discrimination and segregation.”
Pg 11: The central prerequisite of meeting urban challenges: to overcome the historical patterns inherent in the apartheid city
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Dealing with the apartheid city
Pg 227: Spatial justice: apartheid’s policy of confining particular groups to limited spaces must be reversed.
Pg 457: Social cohesion: improve public spaces and public services to make it easier for South Africans to interact with each other across the racial divide
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Measuring racial segregation:Theil’s entropy index
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Theil’s entropy index involves two calculations, which measure:
Racial diversity represented by the symbol E
Segregationrepresented by the symbol H
Adapted from Iceland (2004)
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E: diversity0No diversity
1.386Perfect diversity
25% 25% 25% 25%
E
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E: diversity0No diversity
1.386Perfect diversity
100%
E
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H: segregation0Complete
integration
1Complete
segregation
H
E E
E E
E
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Methodology
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5 476 values of E, one for each small area
1 value of E for entire study area
Values of E for small areas compared to value of E for
entire study area to obtain H for
entire study area
1km2
H2km2
H3km2
H4km2
H5km2
H6km2
H7km2
H8km2
H
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1km2
H2km2
H3km2
H4km2
H5km2
H6km2
H7km2
H8km2
H
0.0
1.0
0.5
H
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Measuring segregation at different geographic scales: stylised segregation profiles for four regions
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Results
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Racial diversity (E) scores for 1km2 grid cells: Cape Town, Census 2011
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Racial diversity (E) scores for 8km2 grid cells: Cape Town, Census 2011
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Racial diversity (E) scores for 1km2 grid cells: Johannesburg, Census 2011
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Racial diversity (E) scores for 8km2 grid cells: Johannesburg, Census 2011
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Segregation (H) profiles for Cape Town, 1991-2011
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Segregation (H) profiles for Johannesburg, 1991-2011
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Segregation (H) profiles for Cape Town and Johannesburg, 2011
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Conclusion
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• In both Johannesburg and Cape Town:
• Residential segregation decreased between 1991 and 2011
• Despite this, segregation remains high in both cities
• Johannesburg exhibits slightly higher segregation at large geographic scales,
compared to Cape Town
• Cape Town exhibits slightly higher segregation at small geographic scales,
compared to Johannesburg
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Thank you!
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References
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Christopher PJ 2001b. Monitoring segregation levels in South African cities: 1911-1996. South African Geographical Journal 83, 3:
249-257.
Davies RJ 1981. The spatial formation of the South African city. GeoJournal Supplementary Issue 2: 59-72.
Donaldson R & Kotze N 2006. Residential desegregation dynamics in the South African city of Polokwane (Pietersburg). Tijdschrift
voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 97, 5: 567-582
Horn A 2005. Measuring multi-ethnic spatial segregation in South African cities. South African Geographical Journal 87, 1: 58-72.
Iceland J 2004. The Multigroup Entropy Index (Also Known as Theil’s H or the Information Theory Index). University of Maryland.
Available from: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/resseg/multigroup_entropy.pdf [Accessed 21 August 2012].
Lee BA, Firebaugh G, Matthews SA, Reardon SF, Farrel CR & O'Sullivan D. 2008. Beyond the Census Tract: Patterns and
Determinants of Racial Segregation at Multiple Geographic Scales. American Sociological Review 73, 5: 766-791.
South Africa (Republic of) 1997. Urban development framework. Pretoria: Department of Housing.
South Africa (Republic of) 2012. National Development Plan 2030: Our future – make it work. Pretoria: National Planning
Commission.