measuring the contribution of women and...

1 Side Event at the 44th Session of the UNSC and Related Special EventsLVCastro/ 28 February 2013

Republic of the PhilippinesNATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD

MEASURING THE CONTRIBUTION MEASURING THE CONTRIBUTION

OF WOMEN AND MEN IN THE ECONOMY: OF WOMEN AND MEN IN THE ECONOMY:

THE PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCETHE PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE

Presented by

Lina V. CastroAssistant Secretary General

National Statistical Coordination Board

Side Event at the 44th Session of the UN Statistical Commission

and Related Special Events

Seminar on Gender Statistics

Jointly organized with UN-Women, under the auspices

of the UNSC and the UNCSW28 February 2013, New York, USA



Outline of Presentation

I. Introduction

II. The Philippine System of National Accounts

III. Overview of the Methodology

IV. Results and Highlights

V. Limitations

VI. Way Forward



Aside from the existing legal frameworks established both in the international and local statistical communities, the Philippines has been continuously and actively promoting gender concerns through new various initiatives developed…

•Internationally,

1.Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) Project- Philippines is one of the pilot countries and a member of

the Project Steering Committee.

2. Involvements in international groups/fora

a.Chair of the Interagency Expert Group on Gender Statistics (IAEG-GS), 2010 – 2011

b.Chair of the Advisory Group on Gender Statistics Training Activities and Curricula, 2011 – 2012

I. Introduction



2. Involvements in international groups/for a (cont’d)

c. Co-Chair of the Advisory Group on Emerging Issues, 2012 - present

d. Panelist in the Roundtable conversation on statistics, results and accountability for gender equality during the Side Event to the 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in 2011 at Busan, Korea (Busan Joint

Action Plan for Gender Equality and Development).

I. Introduction



• Locally,

1.Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2011 - 2016- One of the priority strategies is to mainstream gender and

development.

- A Social Contract with the Filipino People,“… Promotion of equal gender opportunity in all spheres of public policies and programs.”

2. Philippine Statistical Development Plan (PSDP) 2011 – 2017- Represents the convergence of stakeholders in the PSS

towards the production and delivery of timely, relevant, and quality official statistics

- Includes Chapter on Statistics on Children and Gender and Development (GAD)

I. Introduction



• Locally, (cont’d)

3. Women’s Empowerment, Development and Gender Equality (Women’s EDGE) Plan 2013 – 2016

- Provides the means to achieve gender-focused goals and objectives

- A gender equality guiding plan for the PDP 2011 – 2016

4. Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710, September 2009)- Mandates all government offices to:

•adopt gender mainstreaming as a strategy - planning, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation for gender and development;

•creation and/or strengthening of gender and development focal points; and

•generation and maintenance of gender statistics and sex-disaggregated databases to aid in planning, programming and policy formulation.

I. Introduction



• Locally, (cont’d)

5. Interagency Committee on Gender Statistics (IACGS)

- Aims to resolve statistical issues and to address emergingconcerns on gender statistics to be able to provide relevant reliable and timely data for planning and programming purposes concerning women.

I. Introduction



Now, it is widely recognized that,

Efforts aimed at advancing the status of women require timely and accurate information on the situation of women and men.

In the Philippines,

The Philippine Statistical System (PSS) has institutionalized various mechanisms to provide the necessary data support to gender-responsive development.

I. Introduction



I. Introduction

• The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) embody specific targets and milestones on gender and development (MDGs 2, 3, and 5).

Note: * Overall progress by Goal is determined by computing the average of the probabilities of the indicators within the Goal.

Source: National Statistical Coordination Board

GOAL PHILIPPINES

As of Oct. 2012

2Achieve universal primary education

3 Promote gender equality and empower women

5 Improve maternal health

*

Progress of the Philippines in MDGs 2, 3 and 5



I. Introduction

• In the Philippines, women accounted for the 2nd largest number of poor among the basic sectors* in 2009.

2003 2006 2009 Difference

2003-2006 2006-2009

Poverty Incidence (%)

All Population 24.9 26.4 26.5 1.5 0.1

Women 24.0 25.1 25.1 1.1 0.0

Magnitude of Poor

All Population 19.8 million 22.2 million 23.1 million 2,376,236 969,291

Women 9.6 million 10.7 million 11.2 million 1,086,041 478,667Source: National Statistical Coordination Board

* Per Republic Act 8425, or the Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act, the basic sectors or the disadvantaged sectors of Philippine society are: farmer-peasant, artisanal fisherfolk, workers in the formal sector and migrant workers, workers in the informal sector, indigenous peoples and cultural communities, women, persons with disabilities, senior citizens, victims of calamities and disasters, youth and students, children, urban poor, cooperatives and non-government organization.

Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor, Philippines: 2003, 2006 and 2009



I. Introduction

• In the Philippines, more men are economically active than women.

Note: p – preliminary estimates

Source of Data: Labor Force Survey of the National Statistics Office

Labor and Employment Statistics, by Sex, Philippines: 2012p

Women Men

Labor Force Participation

Rate 25.1 39.1

Employment Rate 36.5 56.5

Unemployment Rate 2.6 4.4



• The 2000 Pilot Time Use Survey (TUS) showed that women spend more hours on unpaid or housework compared to men regardless of the employment status.

I. Introduction

Women Men

Employed 6.6 5.1

Unemployed/NITLF 8.0 4.9

• Women who are either unemployed or those not included in the labor force spend 8 hours per day on unpaid work.

Source: Special computations made by the NSCB Technical Staff using the results of the 2000 Pilot TUS conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO).

Total Unpaid Work Hours per Day, by Employment Status: 2000




Goods Services Goods ServicesFinancial CorporationNon-financial CorporationGeneral GovernmentNon-profit Institutions serving householdsHouseholds

Market Non-MarketPSNA Framework

PSNA Framework and the Production Boundary



“6.28 The production of services by members of the household for their own final consumption has traditionally been excluded from measured production in national accounts and it is worth explaining briefly why this is so. It is useful to begin by listing those services for which no entries are recorded in the accounts when they are produced by household members and consumed within the same household:


a. The cleaning, decoration and maintenance of the dwelling occupied by the household, including small repairs of a kind usually carried out by tenants as well as owners;

b. The cleaning, servicing and repair of household durables or other goods, including vehicles used for household purposes;

c. The preparation and serving of meals;

d. The care, training and instruction of children;

e. The care of sick, infirm or old people; and

f. The transportation of members of the household or their goods.”

Source: 2008 System of National Accounts by the European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and the World Bank




• Possible sources of underestimation:

a. Farm work done by women

• Part of paid work in the SNA

• However, it is possible that the actual survey operations will fail to capture these women in the labor force.

b. Volunteer work of households

• Volunteer work provided by nonprofit institutions is covered but volunteer work of households is not covered in the core accounts.



Framework for Measuring the Contribution of Women in Nation Building

Conventional GDP

Adjusted GDP

Unpaid Work+ =

Women Men Women Men Women Men

Adjusted GDP

Adjusted GNP

NFIA+ =





Conventional GDP

Adjusted GDP

Unpaid Work+ =



• Can be estimated using two approaches:

a. Using annual average number of employed persons by sex; or

b. Using the average hours of paid work by sex

• Average hours of paid work was used since it is more reflective of the ‘quantity’ of participation of women and men in the labor force.

• In the Philippines, the Labor Force Survey (LFS) is the main data source to come up with the sex-disaggregated conventional GDP.

1. Conventional GDP by sex



Conventional GDP

Adjusted GDP

Unpaid Work+ =



2. Unpaid Work by Sex

•Can be estimated using two approaches:

Approach Monetary value Employment Status

1. Opportunity Cost

(OC)

• Average compensation per employee

•Employed

2. Market Price (MP) •Minimum Wage; or

•Average Daily Basic Pay of Laborers and Unskilled Workers

•Employed

•Unemployed

•Not in the labor force

• The monetary value is multiplied to the hours of unpaid work andto the number of employed/unemployed/NITLF.




2. Unpaid Work by Sex (cont’d)

• In the Philippines, the market price approach, specifically, the average daily basic pay of laborers and unskilled workers from the LFS is used to value unpaid work.

• For the hours of unpaid work, they are derived from the results of the Pilot TUS.

3. Adjusted GDP by Sex

Conventional GDP

Adjusted GDP

Unpaid Work+ =




The NFIA has two components:

a. Net Compensation

•In the Philippines, the remittances by sex from the Survey on Overseas Filipinos (SOF)* were used as weights to come up with sex-disaggregated net compensation.

b. Net Property Income

•Allocated equally between women and men due to lack of parameters available in the Philippine Statistical System (PSS).


Adjusted GDP

Adjusted GNP

NFIA+ =


4. NFIA by Sex

* SOF is a rider survey in the October round of the LFS.




Adjusted GDP

Adjusted GNP

NFIA+ =


5. Adjusted GNI by Sex




In the Philippines, women contribute an average of 39 percent to the country’s conventional GDP from 2000-2009!

Notes: 1 – The annual estimates were computed using the average of the four survey rounds of the Labor Force Survey.2 – Per NSCB Resolution No. 15, Series of 2004, the definition of unemployment was changed to adopt internationally recognized practices. The NSO adopted the new definition of unemployment in the LFS questionnaire starting with the April 2005 round. As the data for January were based on the old definition of unemployment, average employment rates for 2005 was computed using the three survey rounds (i.e., April, July and October) for consistency in the definitions used.3 - The 2000-2009 figures are the averages of the percentages from 2000 to 2009.Sources of basic data: Special computations made by the authors using the National Accounts of the Philippines, National Statistical Coordination Board and the results of the Labor Force Survey, National Statistics Office.

Percentage Distribution of Conventional GDP, by Sex: 2000-2009 (At Current Prices) (In percent)

Women Men2000 37.7 62.32001 39.1 60.92002 39.7 60.32003 38.7 61.32004 38.5 61.5

20052/ 39.1 60.92006 39.2 60.82007 39.3 60.72008 39.1 60.92009 39.6 60.4

2000 - 20093/ 39.0 61.0

Year Using Hours of Work 1/



Women account for 27.6 percent of the total NFIA!

Women Men Women Men Women Men2000 26.6 73.4 32.4 67.6 50.0 50.02001 29.5 70.5 36.3 63.7 50.0 50.02002 22.8 77.2 32.8 67.2 50.0 50.02003 26.3 73.7 34.1 65.9 50.0 50.02004 25.5 74.5 32.9 67.1 50.0 50.02005 30.4 69.6 35.9 64.1 50.0 50.02006 29.1 70.9 35.2 64.8 50.0 50.02007 27.0 73.0 32.5 67.5 50.0 50.02008 32.0 68.0 35.0 65.0 50.0 50.02009 27.1 72.9 30.8 69.2 50.0 50.0

2000-20091/ 27.6 72.4 33.8 66.2 50.0 50.0

YEAR Net Property IncomeNFIA Net Compensation

Percentage Distribution of Net Factor Income from Abroad (At Current Prices),by Sex: 2000-2009 (In percent)

Note: 1 - The 2000-2009 figures are the averages of the values from 2000 to 2009.Source: Special computations made by the authors using the National Accounts of the Philippines, National StatisticalCoordination Board and Survey of Overseas Filipinos, National Statistics Office




Women contribute an average of 38.1 percent to the country’s conventional GNP from 2000 to 2009!

Women Men2000 37.0 63.02001 38.5 61.52002 38.6 61.42003 37.9 62.12004 37.5 62.5

20052/ 38.5 61.52006 38.5 61.52007 38.3 61.72008 38.4 61.62009 38.0 62.0

2000 - 20093/38.1 61.9

YearShare to Conventional GNP

Percentage Distribution of Conventional GNP (At Current Prices) Using Average Hours of Paid Work1/, by Sex: 2000-2009 (In percent)

Notes: 1 – The annual estimates were computed using the average of the four survey rounds of the Labor Force Survey.2 – Per NSCB Resolution No. 15, Series of 2004, the definition of unemployment was changed to adopt internationally recognized practices. The NSO adopted the new definition of unemployment in the LFS questionnaire starting with the April 2005 round. As the data for January were based on the old definition of unemployment, average employment rates for 2005 was computed using the three survey rounds (i.e., April, July and October) for consistency in the definitions used.3 - The 2000-2009 figures are the averages of the percentages from 2000 to 2009.Sources of basic data: Special computations made by the authors using the National Accounts of the Philippines, National Statistical Coordination Board and the results of the Labor Force Survey, National Statistics Office.




Percentage Distribution of Value of Unpaid Hours to Conventional GDP (At Current Prices), by Sex: 2000-2009 (In percent)

Accounting for Unpaid Work, conventional GDP increased to 79.8 percent!

Women Men Total2000 43.6 41.9 85.52001 42.4 40.1 82.52002 42.2 39.7 82.02003 41.2 39.7 80.92004 40.7 40.5 81.22005 37.5 38.8 76.32006 38.7 39.0 77.72007 38.6 38.7 77.32008 37.9 38.6 76.42009 39.2 39.5 78.6

00-091/40.2 39.6 79.8

Year% to GDP

Note: 1 - The 2000-2009 figures are the averages of the values from 2000 to 2009.Sources of basic data: National Accounts of the Philippines, National Statistical Coordination Board; Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry (ASPBI) and Labor Force Survey (LFS), NSO; Average Daily Basic Pay for the Laborers and Unskilled Workers, special computations by BLES Technical Staff using the results of the Labor Force Survey, NSO




Women Men Women Men

2000 37.7 62.3 43.8 56.2

2001 39.1 60.9 44.7 55.3

2002 39.7 60.3 45.0 55.0

2003 38.7 61.3 44.2 55.8

2004 38.5 61.5 43.7 56.3

20052/ 39.1 60.9 43.5 56.5

2006 39.2 60.8 43.8 56.2

2007 39.3 60.7 44.0 56.0

2008 39.1 60.9 43.6 56.4

2009 39.6 60.4 44.1 55.9

2000 - 20093/39.0 61.0 44.0 56.0

YearConventional GDP Adjusted GDP

Accounting for Unpaid Work, the share of women to GDP increased by five percentage points from 2000-2009!

Note:1 - The 2000-2009 figures are the averages of the values from 2000 to 2009.Sources of basic data: National Accounts of the Philippines, National Statistical Coordination BoardAnnual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry (ASPBI) and Labor Force Survey (LFS), NSOAverage Daily Basic Pay for the Laborers and Unskilled Workers, special computations by BLES Technical Staff using the results of the Labor Force Survey, NSO

Share of Women to Conventional and Adjusted GDP (At Current Prices): 2000-2009 (In percent)




Women Men Women Men

2000 37.0 63.0 43.2 56.8

2001 38.5 61.5 44.1 55.9

2002 38.6 61.4 44.2 55.8

2003 37.9 62.1 43.5 56.5

2004 37.5 62.5 42.9 57.1

20052/ 38.5 61.5 42.9 57.1

2006 38.5 61.5 43.2 56.8

2007 38.3 61.7 43.2 56.8

2008 38.4 61.6 42.9 57.1

2009 38.0 62.0 42.8 57.2

2000 - 20093/38.1 61.9 43.3 56.7

YearConventional GNP Conventional GNP

Women account for 43.3 percent of the adjusted GNP from 2000 to 2009!

Note: 1 - The 2000-2009 figures are the averages of the values from 2000 to 2009.Sources of basic data: National Accounts of the Philippines, National Statistical Coordination Board; Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry (ASPBI) and Labor Force Survey (LFS), NSOAverage Daily Basic Pay for the Laborers and Unskilled Workers, special computations by BLES Technical Staff using the results of the Labor Force Survey, NSO

Share of Women and Men to Adjusted GNP (At Current Prices), by Sex: 2000-2009 (In percent)




V. Limitations

1. Concept of Unpaid Work

•Should volunteer work, which is considered in some countries, be really included as part of Unpaid Work?

2. Use of the Pilot Time Use Survey

•Conduct of a national TUS in the Philippines has not been institutionalized yet due to limited resources.

•The estimated hours of unpaid work is based on a limited coverage.

3.Coverage of the parameters

•Should the population aged 10-14 years, who also engage in economic activities AND unpaid work, be covered in the Labor Force Surveys?

•Net property income of NFIA is equally divided to both sexes



V. Limitations

4. Quantification of women’s contribution

• There are no available wage rates for domestic helpers reflecting both income and in kind, instead, average daily basic pay of laborers and unskilled workers was used to value the unpaid work (market price approach).

• The value to be used to quantify women’s contribution should be further defined to better capture their share in the economy.



VI. Way Forward

1. A national time-use survey should be institutionalized to have parameters that are more reflective of the contribution of womenand men to the society.

2. Better appreciation from the international community will benefit the efforts to value unpaid work in the SNA.

3. Institutionalization/special feature of women’s contribution to the economy in the System of National Accounts

4. There are a lot of gender statistics available, however, it is important for the users/stakeholders to demonstrate actual policy uses. Hence, statistical capacity building for the users of statistics is also needed.



Thank you!

URL: http://www.nscb.gov.phe-mail: [email protected]

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