measuring values in the european values study loek halman department of sociology faculty of social...
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Measuring values in the European Values Study
Loek Halman
Department of Sociology
Faculty of Social & Behavioral Sciences
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The concept of values: DefinitionMeasurement
Example from EVS
Measuring values in the European Values Study
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Values … provide guidelines that allow people to master life … influence our behavior … specify and preserve social behavior … define what we want to do our best for and binds
people in distinguished groups …command or forbid, they define approval or
disapproval, recommend or advice against….they legitimate behaviors
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Defining values
terminological jungle (Brandsma, 1977: 62) "Misere der 'Wertforschung'" (Kmieciak, 1976:
23) "Soziologischer Sprachgewirr" (Kmieciak, 1976:
147)
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Clyde Kluckhon 1959
"..a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of action" (p.95).
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Critics
explicit-implicit; individual-group
circularity (wünschenwerten)
determining behavior?‘desirable’ is also difficult to define
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Milton Rokeach
‘... an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence’ (Rokeach, 1968: 160; Rokeach, 1973: 5).
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Definitions
"modes of normative orientation of action ..which define the main directions of action without reference to specific goals or more detailed situations or structures" (Parsons, 1960: 171).
"principles which "guide", "channel", or "direct" behavior" (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck, 1961: 6).
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Definition Isteer behavior: "Leitlinien" (Kmieciak), standards or criteria "for guiding action" (Rokeach, Kluckhohn)
direction: 'desirable' (Kluckhohn), 'preferable' (Rokeach), 'gewünscht' (Friedrichs)
Theoretical construct: 'conceptions' (Kluckhohn, Brewster-Smith), 'Vorstellungen' (Friedrichs), 'belief' (Rokeach), 'Ordnungskonzept' (Kmieciak), thus: not direct observable
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Related concepts
desires
convictions
beliefs
norms
attitudes
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Values and related concepts Values have consequences for beliefs, attitudes, and
skills (Hofstede, 2000: 10) Related concepts more directed towards certain
behavior Values are more fundamental, deeper: ‘not
concerned with specific objects or persons’ (Reich & Adcock, 1976)
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Thus……• "..a value is … a disposition of a person just like an attitude,
but more basic than an attitude, often underlying it" (Rokeach, 1968: 124).
• "Values are standards of desirability that are independent of specific situations. The same value may be a point of reference for a great many specific norms. … Values, as standards (criteria) for establishing what should be regarded as desirable, provide the grounds for accepting or rejecting particular norms" (Williams, 1968: 284).
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Definition II
not specific but general
Values are only an element in motivation and in determining action’ (Kluckhohn, 1959: 400): not determining
Values are revealed in attitudes, opinions, norms etc.
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Thus, values are: Steering principles Direction is desired Theoretical construct Not specific, but general, more
fundamental, underlying Not determining Revealed in attitudes, norms, convictions
etc
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A value is:
…a deeply rooted motivation or orientation guiding or explaining certain attitudes, norms, opinions which on their turn will direct human action or at least part of it
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Measuring values
Ask people their values
BUT
We do not know our values!
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Thus, indirect…
Describe ideal behavior Describe what you desire/want Choices (Kluckhohn) Content analysis Surveys: e.g., Rokeach, Schwartz,
Hofstede, Triandis, Inglehart, EVS/WVS
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A value is:…a deeply rooted motivation or orientation guiding or explaining certain attitudes, norms, opinions which on their turn will direct human action or at least part of it
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Values and related concepts
values attitudes, normsbeliefs, opinions
Measuring values in EVS
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General latent structure modelA
B
C
D
L
Measuring values in EVS
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Latent structure models
• Factor analysis• Guttman scaling/Mokken scaling• Latent trait analysis• Latent class analysis• ……
Measuring values in EVS
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An example from EVS
Work ethos
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Work is a moral duty
income structure
identity and status contribution to society
discipline
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work comes first
not working makes you lazy
receiving money without working is
humiliating
job to develop talents
work is a duty
WORK ETHOS
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Measuring work ethos
to fully develop your talents, you need to have a job (identity)
it is humiliating to receive money without having to work for it (income)
people who don’t work turn lazy (structure) work is a duty towards society (society) work should always come first, even if it means less
spare time (discipline)
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Answer categories
1 = Agree strongly
2 = Agree
3 = Neither agree, nor disagree
4 = Disagree
5 = Disagree strongly
Measuring values in EVS
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Factor analysis
F1v92 0,638v93 0,637v94 0,693v95 0,690v96 0,709
Measuring values in EVS
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Comparability of measures
Comparing scores on latent variables is useless in case the latent variable has different meanings in different countries.
Because the meaning (interpretation) of the latent variable is determined by the relations between latent and manifest variables, these relationships have to be carefully examined (Kohn, 1987; Adler, 1993)
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Split filemerged FR DE AT ES PT NL IR EE LV LT PL CZ SK RO BU GR RU MT UA AL AM BA CY
CY-TR GE KO MD ME RS CH
v92 0,64 0,63 0,66 0,65 0,66 0,69 0,62 0,69 0,65 0,45 0,63 0,64 0,73 0,68 0,48 0,64 0,65 0,63 0,61 0,56 0,53 0,60 0,63 0,64 0,55 0,66 0,68 0,55 0,62 0,60 0,61
v93 0,64 0,59 0,60 0,64 0,53 0,67 0,59 0,77 0,67 0,66 0,72 0,52 0,71 0,66 0,63 0,66 0,57 0,73 0,56 0,66 0,71 0,51 0,65 0,66 0,63 0,61 0,72 0,49 0,61 0,59 0,53
v94 0,69 0,67 0,66 0,74 0,69 0,70 0,70 0,74 0,69 0,61 0,64 0,61 0,77 0,70 0,73 0,66 0,65 0,71 0,72 0,67 0,69 0,56 0,73 0,71 0,73 0,60 0,73 0,68 0,70 0,61 0,60
v95 0,69 0,72 0,74 0,72 0,71 0,77 0,76 0,74 0,74 0,72 0,77 0,76 0,76 0,77 0,75 0,76 0,79 0,70 0,71 0,74 0,73 0,67 0,74 0,77 0,69 0,76 0,64 0,72 0,74 0,74 0,74
v96 0,71 0,70 0,70 0,77 0,64 0,59 0,70 0,67 0,73 0,65 0,67 0,67 0,72 0,70 0,77 0,69 0,72 0,69 0,57 0,68 0,58 0,72 0,69 0,63 0,52 0,67 0,74 0,75 0,71 0,71 0,63
Measuring values in EVS
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Calculating scores• Sumscores: non-weighted unstandardized scores:
COMPUTE workethos=(V92 + V93 + V94 + V95 + v96)/5.
• Factor scores: weighted standardized scores produced by factor analysis
FACTOR
/VARIABLES V92 V93 V94 V95 V96
/MISSING LISTWISE
/ANALYSIS V92 V93 V94 V95 V96
/PRINT INITIAL EXTRACTION
/CRITERIA FACTORS(1) ITERATE(25)
/EXTRACTION PC
/ROTATION NOROTATE
/SAVE REG(1 workethos)
/METHOD=CORRELATION.
Theme: Values & Norms 2009: Values
Work ethos in 1999
Measuring values in EVS
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BG KO CY GE AL PT AM RO MD NCY SK GR DE AT UA ME RS CZ RU ES EE BA LT MT FR LV IE PL CH NL
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Work ethos in 2008
Measuring values in EVS
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Measuring and Comparing Values in 16 Countries of
the Western World
Documentation of the European Values Study 1981-1990
in Europe and North America
Loek Halman & Astrid Vloet
November 1994
Measuring values in EVS
Examples
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Religious and moral orientations
Religious values
• Private religiosity• Traditional belief• Confidence in the church• Rites of passage
Moral values
• Private permissivenes• Public permissivenes
Measuring values in EVS - Examples
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Social political values
Conservatism
• Economic • Cultural
Measuring values in EVS-Examples
Confidence in institutions
• General confidence in institutions
• Confidence in democratic institutions
• Confidence in authoritative institutions
Tolerance • Ethnic • Behavioral• Extremists
Materialism-postmaterialism
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Social-Political values
Political Left-right Political involvement• Protest activity• Protest proness
Measuring values in EVS-Examples
Statements about government and economy • Individual freedom • Political resignation
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Primary relations
Marital orientations• Cultural homogeneity • Material conditions • Affection• Immaterial conditions
Family • Parent-child relationship • Traditional family pattern
Measuring values in EVS-Examples
Educational values• Conformity• Achievement
Gender roles • Rejection of the traditional women's role• Equal roles for men and women
Work – Extrinsic– Intrinsic– Work ethos
Measuring values in EVS-Examples
Civic engagement– Membership – Volunteering
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Work, civil society….
Solidarity– Social spatial– Social economic
EnvironmentNew Environmental Paradigm
Immigrants – Perceived threat– Xenophobia– Etnic and civic qualities of
national identity
Thank you!