measuring women in poverty and access to resources – the philippine experience

NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARDSlide No. 1 JOEncarnacion Dec. 2007

Global Forum on Gender Statistics10-12 December 2007

Measuring Women in Poverty and Access to Resources – The Philippine Experience

Presented byJessamyn O. Encarnacion

Global Forum on Gender StatisticsRome, Italy

10-12 December 2007

National Statistical Coordination Board



Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation

I. Introduction

II. Women in Poverty

III. Women’s Access to Resources

IV. Other NSCB Initiatives

V. Other Efforts of the PSS

VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index(by sex)


Global Forum on Gender Statistics10-12 December 2007I. IntroductionI. Introduction

• From 2000 to 2003, women accounted for the second largest number of poor population (after the children)

• Gender differential still remains as an issue in economic participation

Economic participation - 80% for men versus 50% for women in 2006

Employment rate - 74% for men versus 46% for women in 2005

• Poses a challenge to the country in achieving Goal 3 of the MDGs!

Magnitude of poor women

Poverty Incidence (%)

2000 12.2 million 32.3

2003 11.6 million 29.0



About the NSCB

• The Philippine Statistical System is a decentralized statistical system

• Many agencies of government generate statistics

NSOBureau of Agricultural StatisticsBureau of Labor & Employment StatisticsBSPDENR, DOT, DepED, CHED, DOH, DOST, etc.

• Need for coordinating agency



About the NSCB

• Issued on January 30, 1987

• Created the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) as the highest policy-making and coordinating body on statistical matters in the country

Executive Order 121Reorganizing the Philippine Statistical System and for Other Purposes



About the NSCB

• Compiles the National Accounts of the Philippines

Estimates GDP, GNP

• Generates Official Poverty Statistics

Poverty Threshold

Poverty Incidence

• Philippine Statistical Yearbook

• Leading economic index, foreign direct investments, etc.

• Satellite accounts for tourism, health, education

• Other economic and social statistics

Our Products



About the NSCB

• Coordination servicesInter-agency concernsSurvey review systemDesignation of statisticsSubnational statistical system

• Online statistical service• Technical services (including data requests and advocacy

for statistical awareness)• Administers the NATIONAL STATISTICAL INFORMATION

CENTERhttp://www.nscb.gov.ph

Our Services



II. Women in PovertyII. Women in Poverty

Official Poverty Statistics

• Until 2007, official poverty estimates compiled by the NSCB are disaggregated by geographical location

- National

- Regional

- Provincial

• Still, one of the demands is poverty statistics at lower levels and sectoral disaggregation




Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA 8425)

• Declared that the State should adopt an area-based sectoral and focused intervention to poverty alleviation

• Defined the basic sectors as the disadvantaged sectors of Philippine society




14 Basic Sectors

1. Farmer-peasant2. Artisanal fisherfolk3. Workers in the formal sector and migrant workers

4. WOMEN5. Senior citizens6. Youth and students7. Children8. Urban poor9. Workers in the informal sectors10. Indigenous peoples and cultural communities11. Differently-abled persons12. Victims of calamities and disasters13. Cooperatives14. Non-government organizations




Poverty statistics for the basic sectors

• NSCB Resolution No. 11, Series of 2007, “Approving the Methodology for the Generation of Poverty Statistics for the Basic Sectors”

• As an off-shoot of the NSCB project funded by the UNDP on the “Development of Poverty Statistics for the Basic Sectors Project”




Data sources

• 2000 and 2003 Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES)

• 4th quarter 2000 and 2003 round of the Labor Force Survey (LFS) undertaken in January 2004

• 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH)• 2000 and 2003 Philippine Poverty Statistics




Variable Data source

1. Income FIES was used for classifying households as poor or non-poor

2. Sectoral characteristic of the population

LFS was used to assign household members into sectors

3. Total population Estimated total population of the sector based on the FIES and LFS.

However, for years when the conduct of the CPH and FIES coincide, data from the CPH will be used (e.g., 2000) to estimate the total population for four sectors, namely, women, youth, children, and senior citizen. Otherwise, data from FIES will be used.




• Both FIES and LFS follow the Integrated Survey of Households (ISH) sampling scheme, making the estimation of poverty incidence straightforward. For example, the poverty incidence for women is:

Number of poor

women Poverty incidence women = ----------------------------------

Total number of women




• Distribution of the basic sectors

Share of sectoral population to the total population, Philippines (2000 and 2003)

49.6

29.3

43.3

6.0

49.9

18.3

6.8

1.2

48.9

27.5

42.4

6.4

48.7

19.1

5.81.2

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

Women Youth Children Senior Citizens Urban Poor Migrant andFormal Sector

Workers

Farmers Fishermen

Sector

% D

istri

butio

n

2000

2003




Poverty incidence among the eight sectors

Highlights:• The poverty incidence for all sectors decreased from 2000 to 2003. The Senior Citizens, Fishermen and Farmers sectors exhibited the largest decreases.

• In terms of magnitude of poor population, the Children, Women and Urban Sectors are the largest.

• Three sectors were worse off than the country’s poverty incidence among the population of 30.0. These are the Children, Farmers and Fishermen sectors.

Poverty Incidence among the Population (Phils. 2003) – 30.0

Pov Inc CV Pov Inc CVWomen 32.3 1.6 29.0 1.3 3.3 Youth 24.5 1.9 23.5 1.6 1.0 Children 42.5 1.7 38.8 1.2 3.7 Senior Citizens 28.0 3.0 18.4 2.7 9.6 Urban poor 17.3 2.5 15.9 2.7 1.4 Migrant and Formal Sector Workers

18.7 2.2 18.4 2.0 0.3

Farmers 46.6 1.9 42.4 1.7 4.2 Fishermen 50.8 3.6 43.6 3.7 7.2

Pov Inc, % Diff

20032000




Poverty incidence by sector and region, 2000 and 2003

Poverty Incidence among Women (Phils. 2003) – 29.0

• Region VII exhibited the largest decrease in poverty incidence while Region IX showed the largest increase from 2000 to 2003.

• CAR, ARMM, CARAGA, Regions I, IV-B, V, VI, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII were worse off than the national poverty incidence for the women sector.

Highlights:

Women

38.8

8.4

34.1

28.7

19.717.8

43.9

53.3

42.9

34.9

43.6 44.0 45.0

31.6

46.5

58.1

48.8

31.6

6.5

29.3

23.2

17.3 18.3

45.5 47.2

37.4

26.7

42.2

49.0

42.4

34.138.5

53.751.4

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

Region

Po

vert

y In

cid

en

ce

2000

2003

• In terms of magnitude of poor women population, Regions IV-A, V and VI are the largest.




• Summary of findings

1 / Excludes NCR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV > 50 percent) 2/ Excludes CAR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV > 50 percent)

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 2000 2003 2000 2003

Women 8.4 58.1 6.5 53.7 12 12 4 2

Youth 5.4 47.0 4.1 49.5 13 12 0 0

Children 13.8 68.6 10.9 61.7 12 12 17 17

Senior Citizens

5.8 52.3 3.3 38.7 11 12 3 0

Urban poor 7.3 50.7 6.7 43.9 13 12 0 0

Migrant and Formal Sector Workers

3.5 39.2 3.3 37.0 12 12 0 0

Farmers1 26.4 64.2 6.7 65.7 9 8 13 13

Fishermen2 24.2 66.6 17.9 72.9 8 7 14 14

2000 2003Sector

Number of regions worse off than the general population

Number of regions worse off than the regional situation

Range of regional poverty incidence



III. Women’s Access to ResourcesIII. Women’s Access to Resources

• Observed gender inequality in economic participation

• Hence, men have greater economic “visibility” and higher contribution to the economy, more participation in making economic decisions, and more access to credit

• Economic undercount of women thus puts them in a situation that can perpetuate, if not outright worsen the inequity between men and women

• Need for information on women’s and men’s contribution to the economy




• Efforts on the generation of satellite accounts:

a. “Measuring The Contribution of Women To The

Philippine Economy” by Romulo A. Virola and Sylvia M. de Perio (1998)

b. “ Women’s Contribution To The Economy” by Romulo

A. Virola (1999)

c. “Do Women Contribute Less Than Men to Nation Building” by Romulo A. Virola, Jessamyn O. Encarnacion, Armyl G. Zaguirre, Raymond S. Perez (2007)




• Taking off from the methodology used by Virola and de Perio in 1998

• Using updated parameters from the results of the 2000 TUS.

a/ Used in the 1998 study of Virola and de Perio

b/ Used in this study

c/ Details of the “original” were: 1) rescaled to add up to 24 hours (1 day); and 2) weighted using urban (for Quezon City) and rural (for Batangas) population as weights.

Original Adjusted c/ Original Adjusted c/

Employed 4.271 7.155 6.554 1.218 5.455 5.054Unemployed 6.575 8.704 8.034 1.875 5.171 4.906Outside the Labor Force 6.575 8.704 8.034 1.875 5.171 4.906

Women Men

Total Unpaid Hours / Day

Total Unpaid Hours per Day (from various studies)

Employment Status NEDA (1984), IPC / ILLO (1985-

1990) a/

TUS / NSO (2000) b/NEDA

(1984), IPC / ILLO (1985-

1990) a/

TUS / NSO (2000) b/




Unpaid work adds 66.2 percent to GDP!

OC/MP MP OC/MP MP OC/MP MP

2000 46.69 40.73 48.60 27.42 95.28 68.15

2001 47.45 40.90 48.48 27.73 95.93 68.63

2002 47.23 40.84 49.27 27.80 96.51 68.64

2003 44.82 38.83 47.69 26.17 92.50 65.00

2004 43.55 37.90 48.16 25.63 91.70 63.54

2005 45.29 39.19 47.84 26.63 93.13 65.83

2006 44.89 38.93 48.56 26.40 93.45 65.33

2000-2006 45.52 39.46 48.34 26.73 93.86 66.19

Table 1. Percentage Distribution of Value of Unpaid Hours (Housework Services) to GDP, At Current Prices

Year

% to GDP

Women Men Total




Women’s share to GDP increased by 8 percentage points!

Men Women Total Men Women Total

2000 61.80 38.20 100.00 53.06 46.94 100.00

2001 60.42 39.58 100.00 52.27 47.73 100.00

2002 60.49 39.51 100.00 52.35 47.65 100.00

2003 61.62 38.38 100.00 53.21 46.79 100.00

2004 62.10 37.90 100.00 53.65 46.35 100.00

2005 61.12 38.88 100.00 52.92 47.08 100.00

2006 61.07 38.93 100.00 52.91 47.09 100.00

2000-2006 61.23 38.77 100.00 52.93 47.07 100.00

Table 2. Percentage Share to GDP and Adjusted GDP by Sex, 2000-2006

Year

Conventional GDP Adjusted GDP




Women account for 59.6 percent of the total hours of unpaid work!

Women Men

Employed 44.68 55.32

Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry 11.07 24.84

Mining and Quarrying 0.03 0.29

Manufacturing 5.09 4.62

Electricity, Gas and Water 0.08 0.28

Construction 0.11 4.53

Wholesale and Retail Trade 12.99 6.31

Transportation, Communication and Storage 0.44 6.30

Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services 1.49 1.60

Government Services 8.04 5.17

Private Services 5.34 1.38

Unemployed 50.95 49.05

Not in the Labor Force 81.25 18.75

TOTAL 59.62 40.38

Table 3. Percentage Distribution of Total Unpaid Hours of Work (Housework Services) by Sex, Employed, Unemployed and Not in the Labor Force

2000-2006




Women not in the labor force account for more than half of the total value of unpaid work of women!

At Current Prices

Women Men

Employed 40.62 74.23

Unemployed 5.12 7.28

Not in the Labor Force 54.26 18.49

TOTAL 100.00 100.00

2000-2006

Table 4. Percentage Distribution of Total Value of Unpaid Hours of Work (Housework Services) by Sex for All (Market Price), In




Other findings of the study:

• Women accounted for only 27.4 percent of the total Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)

• Women contributed 46.2 percent of the adjusted Gross National Product (GNP) from 38.0 percent when unpaid work was not included



IV. Other NSCB InitiativesIV. Other NSCB Initiatives

contains the key macroeconomic impact indicators needed to monitor and assess the state of gender and development in the country

serves as reference for government and non-government organizations in the formulation of indicators for monitoring and assessment of outputs and impact of their GAD activities

Core GAD Indicators Data Framework




the 20 core GAD indicators cover the PFA areas of concern:

(1) education and training; (2) economy; (3) health; (4) poverty; (5) institutional mechanism; (6) media; (7) power and decision-making; (8) environment; (9) violence against women; (10)girl child; (11)armed conflict; and (12)human rights

Core GAD Indicators Data Framework




compilation of latest available statistics highlighting the differences between women and men

focuses on the situation of women relative to men in the ff areas:

8. Public Life9. Migration10.Peace and Human Rights11.Violence Against Women and

Children 12.Environment13.Millennium Development Goal

1. Population and Families2. Work3. Economic Participation4. Agriculture5. Education6. Health and Nutrition7. Social Welfare

The Philippine Statistical Handbook on Women and Men




creation of the Interagency Committee (IAC) on Gender Statistics to serve as a strategic mechanism to sustain the efforts and initiatives in the generation and improvement of gender statistics and institutionalize the implementation of the GAD

Coordination mechanisms



V. Other Efforts of the PSSV. Other Efforts of the PSS

Conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) every five yearsDesigned to provide information on population, family planning, and health to assist policymakers and program managers in evaluating and designing strategies for improving health and family planning services in the country

National Demographic and Health Survey




• Household population and housing characteristics• Characteristics of respondents and women’s status• Fertility• Family planning• Determinants of fertility• Fertility preferences• Infant and child Mortality• Maternal and child health• Infant feeding and supplementation• HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections• Tuberculosis• General health

Statistical Tables in the NDHS




• Distribution of women employed in the twelve months preceding the survey receiving cash earnings by person who decides how earnings are to be used by marital status, educational attainment, age group

• Distribution of women who say that they alone or jointly have the final say in specific decisions, by age group by number of living children

•Distribution of women by person who has the final say in making specific decisions, according to current marital status and type of decision

Latest improvements in the 2003 NDHS




• Percentage of women who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife and percentage of women who believe that a wife is justified in refusing sex with her husband for specific reasons

Latest improvements in the 2003 NDHS




• Presents data on prenatal and postpartum care, protection at birth against neonatal tetanus, breastfeeding, and immunization• conducted annually by the National Statistics Office (NSO) except when years when the NDHS is conducted• It involved interviewing all female members aged 15 to 49 years in the sample households in the Labor Force Survey (LFS), who have surviving children below three years of age

Maternal and Child Health Survey




• provides information on dating, marriage, and the onset of sexual activity in the Philippines• conducted by the University of the Philippines Population Institute

Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey



Measuring Progress of Philippine Society: Gross National Product

or Gross National Happiness

Presented during the 10th National Convention on Statistics EDSA Shangri-la Plaza Hotel, Mandaluyong City, Philippines

1-2 October 2007

byRomulo A. Virola

and Jessamyn O. Encarnacion

DigressionVI. Philippine Gross National Happiness IndexVI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index



• WHY DO WE WORK?

• WOULD WE RATHER BE RICH OR WOULD WE RATHER BE HAPPY?

• WHAT DO WE REALLY WANT IN LIFE? • HOW DO WE MEASURE PROGRESS?

• SHOULD MEASURES OF NATIONAL PROGRESS CAPTURE OUR OWN “PERSONAL” PROGRESS?




Philippine Gross National Happiness Index

(PGNHI)

Philippine Happiness Index

(PHI)

Philippine Economic Index

(PEI)

Phil. Gross National Happiness Index (PGNHI)




1. Conceptual FrameworkCommunity

participation & volunteer work

Cultural activities

Education

Family

Friends

Health

Income and financial security

Leisure and sports

Love life

Religion and spiritual work

Work

Technological know-how

Government

Politics

Environment

Economy

Sex life

Others

HI1

HI2

HI n

Philippine Happiness Index

Note: From 14 (during the pilot) to 17 domains




• Pilot survey ( nonrandom)

Private company employees Government office employees Participants in the National Convention on Statistics Students in a private university Participants in the 48th ASP Convention




The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index· RESPONDENTS FIND FAMILY, HEALTH AND RELIGION AS MOST

IMPORTANT DOMAINS OF HAPPINESS, POLITICS AS THE LEAST!Average

importanceRank

No. of respondentsSource/Domain

Family 9.45 1Health 8.95 2Religion and/or spiritual work 8.59 3Friends 8.57 4Income and financial security 8.30 5Education 8.25 6Love life 8.20 7Work 7.94 8Environment 7.88 9Economy 7.84 10Technological know-how 7.17 11Leisure and sports 6.98 12Government 6.53 13Sex life 6.39 14Community and volunteer work 6.24 15Cultural activities 5.88 16Politics 5.84 17

167




• RESPONDENTS ARE HAPPIEST WITH FAMILY, FRIENDS, RELIGION, AND LOVE LIFE; LEAST HAPPY WITH POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND ECONOMY!

• LOVE IS AN IMPORTANT DIMENSION FOR PINOYS!Happiness

IndexRank

No. of respondentsSource/Domain

Family 88.46 1Friends 83.57 2Religion and/or spiritual work 79.81 3Love life 79.37 4Health 78.02 5Education 76.74 6Sex life 72.57 7Work 70.98 8Leisure and sports 70.00 9Community and volunteer work 69.14 10Technological know-how 68.91 11Income and financial security 68.83 12Cultural activities 66.61 13Environment 51.90 14Economy 49.72 15Government 35.49 16Politics 25.49 17

167

The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index




Average importance

RankHappiness

IndexRank

Source/DomainFamily 9.45 1 88.46 1Friends 8.57 4 83.57 2Religion and/or spiritual work 8.59 3 79.81 3Love life 8.20 7 79.37 4Health 8.95 2 78.02 5Education 8.25 6 76.74 6Sex life 6.39 14 72.57 7Work 7.94 8 70.98 8Leisure and sports 6.98 12 70.00 9Community and volunteer work 6.24 15 69.14 10Technological know-how 7.17 11 68.91 11Income and financial security 8.30 5 68.83 12Cultural activities 5.88 16 66.61 13Environment 7.88 9 51.90 14Economy 7.84 10 49.72 15Government 6.53 13 35.49 16Politics 5.84 17 25.49 17

NCS

· RESPONDENTS FIND INCOME VERY IMPORTANT BUT HAPPINESS DERIVED FROM IT IS LOW!





Average importance

RankHappiness

IndexRank

Source/DomainFamily 9.45 1 88.46 1Friends 8.57 4 83.57 2Religion and/or spiritual work 8.59 3 79.81 3Love life 8.20 7 79.37 4Health 8.95 2 78.02 5Education 8.25 6 76.74 6Sex life 6.39 14 72.57 7Work 7.94 8 70.98 8Leisure and sports 6.98 12 70.00 9Community and volunteer work 6.24 15 69.14 10Technological know-how 7.17 11 68.91 11Income and financial security 8.30 5 68.83 12Cultural activities 5.88 16 66.61 13Environment 7.88 9 51.90 14Economy 7.84 10 49.72 15Government 6.53 13 35.49 16Politics 5.84 17 25.49 17

NCS

· RESPONDENTS FIND SEX LIFE NOT IMPORTANT – BUT HAPPINESS DERIVED FROM IT IS HIGH!





The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index· BOTH MEN AND WOMEN FIND FAMILY AND FRIENDS AS MOST

IMPORTANT DOMAINS AND SOURCES OF HAPPINESS, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS AS THE LEAST!

Comparison of Level of Importance and Happiness Index of 10th NCS Participants

Women Men Women Men Women Men Women MenSource/Domain

Family 9.50 9.72 1 1 88.52 87.71 1 1Friends 8.60 8.55 4 2 83.36 84.48 2 2Religion and/or spiritual work 8.67 8.31 3 5 81.33 77.25 3 4Love life 7.97 8.48 9 3 80.71 75.95 4 5Health 9.22 8.33 2 4 79.24 75.65 5 7Education 8.36 7.69 6 8 77.74 77.46 6 3Sex life 5.68 7.92 17 6 72.88 71.48 7 11Work 8.06 7.30 8 10 70.63 74.26 8 9Income and financial security 8.44 7.79 5 7 69.66 67.86 9 13Community and volunteer work 6.44 5.46 14 15 69.25 70.69 10 12Leisure and sports 6.87 7.26 13 11 69.21 74.49 11 8Technological know-how 7.06 7.15 11 12 67.11 75.94 12 6Cultural activities 5.77 6.33 16 14 65.50 71.75 13 10Environment 8.24 6.62 7 13 54.58 47.48 14 15Economy 7.92 7.44 10 9 50.85 48.95 15 14Government 6.90 5.27 12 16 33.75 43.99 16 16Politics 6.23 4.36 15 17 25.89 21.31 17 17

10th NCS ParticipantsLevel of importance Happiness index

Average importance Rank Happiness Index Rank




The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index· WOMEN FIND LOVE IMPORTANT BUT NOT SEX WHILE MEN FIND BOTH

LOVE & SEX IMPORTANT - THERE IS A MISMATCH !

Comparison of Level of Importance of 10th NCS Participants

Women Men Women MenSource/Domain

Family 9.50 9.72 1 1Friends 8.60 8.55 4 2Religion and/or spiritual work 8.67 8.31 3 5Love life 7.97 8.48 9 3Health 9.22 8.33 2 4Education 8.36 7.69 6 8Sex life 5.68 7.92 17 6Work 8.06 7.30 8 10Income and financial security 8.44 7.79 5 7Community and volunteer work 6.44 5.46 14 15Leisure and sports 6.87 7.26 13 11Technological know-how 7.06 7.15 11 12Cultural activities 5.77 6.33 16 14Environment 8.24 6.62 7 13Economy 7.92 7.44 10 9Government 6.90 5.27 12 16Politics 6.23 4.36 15 17

Level of importanceAverage Rank

10th NCS Participants




The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index· WOMEN ARE HAPPIER WITH SEX THAN MEN!

Comparison of Happiness Index of 10th NCS Participants

Women Men Women MenSource/Domain

Family 88.52 87.71 1 1Friends 83.36 84.48 2 2Religion and/or spiritual work 81.33 77.25 3 4Love life 80.71 75.95 4 5Health 79.24 75.65 5 7Education 77.74 77.46 6 3Sex life 72.88 71.48 7 11Work 70.63 74.26 8 9Income and financial security 69.66 67.86 9 13Community and volunteer work 69.25 70.69 10 12Leisure and sports 69.21 74.49 11 8Technological know-how 67.11 75.94 12 6Cultural activities 65.50 71.75 13 10Environment 54.58 47.48 14 15Economy 50.85 48.95 15 14Government 33.75 43.99 16 16Politics 25.89 21.31 17 17

Happiness indexHappiness Index Rank

10th NCS Participants




Based on a single question, WOMEN ARE HAPPIER THAN MEN!

women – 75.73 %men – 63.11 %

Deriving index from all domains of happiness, MEN ARE JUST AS HAPPY AS WOMEN!

women – 67.07 %men – 67.45 %





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measuring women in poverty and access to resources – the philippine experience

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