mec-e2005 ship systems lecture 1: propulsion plant
TRANSCRIPT
Marine and Arctic Technology
MEC-E2005 Ship Systems
Lecture 1: Propulsion plant management and its systems
D.Sc. Osiris A. Valdez Banda
Lectures
Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and comm.
systems
Spares and
maintenance
Lecture Date Content Lecturer Institution
1 07.01.2020 at 8:00-10:00 Ship systems, course opening
Ship system engineering in ship design
Pentti Kujala
Osiris A. Valdez Banda
Aalto
2 13.01.2020 at 10:00-12:00 Foundations of systems engineering and its connection to marine systems Osiris A. Valdez Banda Aalto
3 14.01.2020 at 8:00-10:00 Propulsion plant management and its systems O.V.B Aalto
4 20.01.2020 at 10:00-12:00 Auxiliary power management and machinery operation O.V.B Aalto
5 21.01.2020 at 8:00-10:00 Expert Forum 1
Topics:
• Energy sources and fuel types in modern applications
• Modern motor types, concept design of machinery systems
• Energy efficiency, exhaust treatment systems, environmental impact and
legislation
• HVAC systems, Heat balance and heat recovery systems
Mia Elg
Ossi Mettälä
Deltamarin
Deltamarin
6 27.01.2020 at 10:00-12:00 Navigation and maneuvering OVB Aalto
7 28.01.2020 at 8:00-10:00 IT and communication systems OVB Aalto
8 03.02.2020 at 10:00-12:00 Ballast and trim management systems **** OVB (PK & MCh) Aalto
9 04.02.2020 at 8:00-10:00 Expert Forum 2: ****
Topics:
• Electric systems, Propulsion systems and maneuvering technology
• Ship automation and control systems, Communication and IT equipment
• Special ship systems (e.g. arctic/sub-arctic conditions),
TBC TBC
10 10.02.2020 at 10:00-12:00 Workshop (Group Presentations) Meriam Chaal
OVB
Pentti Kujala
Aalto
11 11.02.2020 at 8:00-10:00 Expert Forum 3:
Topics:
• Design methods and tools (CADMATIC, CFD, 3D-CAD, NAPA etc.)
• Advanced machinery space design
• Future energy solutions for cruise ships
TBC TBC
The perspective and evolution of ship systems in ship design
Mission
requirements
Powering
Structure
Lines and
body plan
Hydrostatic &
bonjeans
Floodable
length &
freeboard Arrangement
s (hull &
machinery)
Maneuvering
Powering
Light ship
weight
estimate
Capacities,
trim & intact
stability
Damage
stability
Cost
estimates
The traditional ship design spiral by Evans 1959
Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary
machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuveringCargo handling
operations
IT and
communication
systems
Spares and
maintenance
The design of the next generation of digital ships by Martin Stopford 2018
The ship as a system of systems
Propulsion
plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary
machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and
communication
systems
Spares and
maintenance
Propulsion plant management
Turbine
Electric Motors
Diesel
Generators
Gear box
Propellers
Etc.
Internal Systems External Systems
IT and communication systems
Satellite(s)
Server
Internet
Ground Station
PC and devices
Etc.
External systems
Internal systems
Propulsion plant management system (PPMS)
A system which provides thrust to the
propeller/thruster of the ship.
It consists of propulsion machinery and
the auxiliary systems needed to
operate them, all the equipment to
transmit propulsion power into thrust -
and all the requirements for
monitoring and control systems, alarms
and safety systems
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5
Current trends/demands for PPMS (1)
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is aligned to the aim of the Paris Agreement
temperature goals:
• G- 50% reduction of CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas emissions by 2050
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6
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
Land Water Air
To
nn
ag
e
Mill
ions
Transport domain
Green gases emissions in Finland
Lloyds Register, 2019 Statistic Finland, 2018
Current trends/demands for PPMS (1)
IMO plan to tackle the challenge
“Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan and
Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)”
Energy Efficiency Operational Indicators (EEOI)
Ship Energy Efficiency Management
Plan (SEEMP)
Key points:
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Propulsion
plant
management
Auxiliary
power
management
Auxiliary
machinery
operation
Ballast and
trim
management
Navigation
and
maneuvering
Cargo
handling
operations
IT and
communication
systems
Spares and
maintenance
The design of the next generation of digital ships by Martin Stopford 2018
• Efficient fuel consumption
• Design of propulsion system
• Maintenance and operation of
machinery and equipment• Management of ship and fleet
• Optimization of cargo operations
• Personal training
Pressure from public opinion and legislation
• Exhaust gas emissions into the air
• Waster water into the sea
• External noise
• Wave making
• Traffic increment
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© Fanthon World
Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (1)
The main components of a propulsion system
• Prime Mover Power Plant
• Transmission
• Propulsion
Prime mover function:
The function of the prime mover is to deliver mechanical energy to
the propellers and thrusters
Primer mover general classification:
• Diesel engine
• Gas turbine
• Steam turbine
• Electric motor
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Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and comm.
systems
Spares and
maintenance
Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (2)
Most modern ships use a reciprocating diesel engine as their prime mover
Why?
Operating simplicity,
Robustness
Fuel economy
Functionality:
The rotating crankshaft can be directly coupled to the propeller with slow speed
engines, via a reduction gearbox for medium and high speed engines, or via an
alternator and electric motor in diesel-electric vessels.
Classification by:
Operating cycle (two-stroke engine or four-stroke engine)
Construction (crosshead, trunk, or opposed piston)
Speed (Slow: 300rpm, Medium 300-1000 rpm, High (>1000 rpm)
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Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and comm.
systems
Spares and
maintenance
Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (3)
Gas Turbine
Are mainly utilized in fast and advanced ship typesand naval vessels. The
power to weight ratio of gas turbines is higher than that of diesel engines
Electric motors:
Electric motors found their way as prime mover in the 90’s; they are used with
electric generation plant combined of an engine (one of the above types) and
an electric generator.
They are mainlyfound in advanced passenger ships, some new designs of
offshoresupport vessels (OSV) are intended to use electric motors
especially for dynamic positioning applications.
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Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and comm.
systems
Spares and
maintenance
Engine Types (1)
Spark Ignited Lean Burn gas engine (LBSI)
• Single fuel LNG, low pressure gas supply (4-5 bar)
• High energy efficiency at high load, higher than the
corresponding diesel engine
• Low emissions, meets IMO tire III
• GHG reduction potential in the range of 20-30% ref.
to HFO (incl. methane)
• Challenge on methane slip, minimized by design
• and combustion process control
• Sensitive to gas quality (Methane Number)
• Not suitable for retrofit of existing engines
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13
Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and comm.
systems
Spares and
maintenance
Engine Types (2)
Dual-Fuel Engine (DF)
• Dual fuel capability (LNG-MDO)
• Low gas pressure supply (4-5 bar)
• High energy efficiency at high load
• Low emissions, meets IMO tire III
• Flexibility in fuel mix
• GHG reduction potential in the range of 20-30%
• Challenge on methane slip, limited possibility to
combustion process control
• Sensitive to gas quality (Methane Number)
• Possible for conversion of existing engines
(extensive rebuilding)
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Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and comm.
systems
Spares and
maintenance © Wärtsila
Engine Types (3)
Dual-Fuel Engine (DF) principle
Dual-fuel (DF) engines run on gas with 1%
diesel (gas mode) or alternatively on diesel
(diesel mode);
Combustion of gas and air mixture in Otto
cycle, triggered by pilot diesel injection (gas
mode), or alternatively combustion of diesel
and air mixture in Diesel cycle (diesel
mode);
Low-pressure gas admission.
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Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and comm.
systems
Spares and
maintenance
Engine Types (4)
Direct injection high pressure engine
• Multi-fuel capability (LNG-MDO-HFO)
• High pressure gas injection (300 -350 bar) 4-stroke and
2-stroke. Maintain diesel engine performance
• No methane slip, GHG reduction in the range of 30%
ref. to HFO
• Need NOx reduction techniques to meet IMO tier III
• Not sensitive to gas quality
• Pumping LNG to 350 bar and evaporate is simple and
without energy requirement
• Flexibility in fuel mix
• Suitable for conversion of existing engines (simple
rebuilding)
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Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and comm.
systems
Spares and
maintenance
Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (4)
Transmission:
Transmission is a sub-system of the propulsion system. It is a system itself
built up from components such as shafts, gearboxes and bearings or cables and
transformers. The transmission’s functions are:
• To transfer the mechanical energy generated from the prime mover to the
propeller/ thruster
• To transfer the thrust generated by the propeller/ thruster to the ship’s
hull
• The latter is done by means of a thrust bearing
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Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and comm.
systems
Spares and
maintenance
Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (5)
Three types of transmission:
• Direct: the prime mover is coupled directly, through a shaft to the propeller/
thruster (this is the case with low speed diesel engines)
• Geared: the prime mover delivers its energy through a gearbox and a shaft to
the propeller/ thruster . The function of the gearbox is to reduce the
rotational speed of the engine to match the desired rotational speed of the
propeller/ thruster .
• Electrical: the prime movers are coupled into generators and power is
transported into electrical propulsion motors directly or through transformers.
Speed is adjusted by means of converters.
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Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and comm.
systems
Spares and
maintenance
Engine Room – Ship propulsion systems (6)
Propulsor (propeller/ thruster ):
The propulsor converts the rotating
mechanical power delivered by the engine
into translating mechanical power to
propel the ship.
The most common propulsor is the
propeller. In general, two types of
propeller are distinguished, fixed pitch
and controllable pitch propellers. Other
types of propulsors are for example,
PODs, waterjets and Voith-Schneider
propulsors (vertical axis propeller).
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Propulsion plant
management
Auxiliary power
management
Auxiliary machinery
operation
Ballast and trim
management
Navigation and
maneuvering
Cargo handling
operations
IT and comm.
systems
Spares and
maintenance
Other aspects influencing the functionality of PPMS (1)
Huma factor
The Master: His/her commitment to ship-board energy efficiency is vital; otherwise it will not
succeed.
The Chief Engineer: Plays a major role on technical issues including the maintenance, condition
and performance of engines and various machinery and the way they are utilised.
The Second Engineer: By virtue of being the most engaged person in the engine department on
day to day operation and maintenance of various systems, has the second most important role in
engine department.
Communication between deck and engine departments is essential for machinery use
optimization.
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Other aspects influencing the functionality of PPMS (2)
Organizational factor
Maintenance plan: For example, propellers suffer degradation in performance due to surface
roughness. Coordinating a maintenance plan is a difficult task:
-What are the optimal timings for propeller cleaning?
What is the best routine for cleaning whilst safeguarding the existing paint system?
What is the time and cost to apply a new coating and which one?
Organizational and managerial factors can always affect the functionality of any system.
Therefore, it is important to understand the main functionality of ship systems
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Types of maintenance (1)
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Maintenance
Planned Maintenance
Unplanned Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Preventive/period Planned Maintenance
Predictive planned maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance (CBM)
Reliability-Centred Maintenance (RCM)
Types of maintenance (2)
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• Unplanned Maintenance: (breakdown maintenance).
• Corrective maintenance: The corrective maintenance may be defined as maintenance which is
carried out after failure detection.
• Planned Maintenance: Maintenance according to a defined schedule
• Preventive Maintenance: (a subset of planned maintenance). Preventive maintenance usually
depends on the manufacturer‘s recommendations and past experience for scheduling repair
or replacement time.
• Predictive Maintenance: This is a subset of planned maintenance. This is generally based on
what is referred to as:
• Condition-based maintenance (CBM); or
• Reliability-based maintenance (RCM).
Remarks (1)
• A PPM is a system which provides thrust to the propeller/thruster of the
ship.
• It consists of propulsion machinery and the auxiliary systems needed to
operate them. It is critical not only to it function but also for controlling and
monitoring systems (int and ext)
• The main components of a propulsion system are the Prime Mover
Power Plant; Transmission; Propulsion
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Hierarchical constitution of PPMS
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PM Plant Transmission Propulsion
Diesel engine
Gas turbine
Steam turbine
Electric motor
Bedplate
Frame box
Crankshaft
Camshaft
Piston
Piston rings
Liner
Connecting
RodCylinder head Turbocharger
Inlet and
Exhaust
Valves
Shafts
Gearboxes
Bearings
Transformers.
Fixed pitch propeller
Controllable pitch propellers.
PODs
Waterjets
Voith-Schneider propulsors
Azimuth System
35
• System Complexity:
• Over 200 components ofinstrumentation
• Multiple subsystems
How to represent and analyzesuch a system?
Remarks (2)
• The selection of PPMS follows a traditional design process that it is
guided for a feasibility study.
• Other inherent aspects such as the environmental, human and
organization factors significantly impact the functional of PPM systems
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