Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire 2.0 Structural and Thermal Simulation Help Topic Collection

Parametric Technology Corporation

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6,625,607 B1 23-September-2003 6,580,428 B1 17-June-2003 GB2354684B 02-July-2003 GB2384125 15-October-2003 GB2354096 12-November-2003 GB2354924 24-September-2003 6,608,623 B1 19-August-2003

GB2354683B 04-June-2003 6,447,223 B1 10-Sept-2002 6,308,144 23-October-2001 5,680,523 21-October-1997 5,838,331 17-November-1998 4,956,771 11-September-1990 5,058,000 15-October-1991

5,689,711 18-November-1997 5,506,950 09-April-1996 5,428,772 27-June-1995 5,850,535 15-December-1998 5,557,176 09-November-1996 5,561,747 01-October-1996 (EP)0240557 02-October-1986

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Table of ContentsStructural and Thermal Simulation Help............................................................. 1 About Structural and Thermal Simulation ........................................................ 1 Updates for Mechanica Wildfire 2.0................................................................. 1 Compatibility Issues .................................................................................. 2 Functionality Limitations ............................................................................ 2 Platform-Specific Limitations....................................................................... 2 Mechanica Wildfire Installation Issues ....................................................... 2 HP........................................................................................................ 2 Getting Started with Mechanica ..................................................................... 3 Getting Started ......................................................................................... 3 Configuration File Options .......................................................................... 3 config.pro Overview................................................................................ 4 config.pro Options .................................................................................. 4 Mechanica Products ..................................................................................21 Introducing the Mechanica Product Line....................................................21 Mechanica Structure ..............................................................................21 Mechanica Thermal................................................................................22 Mechanica Workflow .................................................................................23 Native Mode Workflow ...........................................................................23 FEM Mode Workflow...............................................................................24 Operating Modes ...................................................................................25 Integrated Mode....................................................................................26 Independent Mode.................................................................................27

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Operating Mode Comparison ...................................................................28 Planning and Modeling Considerations.........................................................28 Building Part and Assemblies ..................................................................29 Using Effective Modeling Techniques ........................................................36 Planning for Optimization .......................................................................46 User Interface Basics for Integrated Mode ...................................................48 Working With the User Interface..............................................................48 Using Dialog Boxes and Message Boxes....................................................48 Mechanica Toolbar.................................................................................50 Process Guide .......................................................................................52 Selection Methods .................................................................................52 Using Layers.........................................................................................52 Managing Modeling Entities Through Suppression and Family Tables ............54 Simulation Display.................................................................................55 Color References ...................................................................................59 Getting Information on Your Model ..........................................................60 Removing Simulation Entities from Your Model ..........................................60 Transferring Your Model to Independent Mode...........................................61 Printing Your Model ...............................................................................61 Changing Configuration Settings..............................................................61 Setting Environment Variables ................................................................62 Online Help .............................................................................................63 Getting Help for Mechanica .....................................................................63 Online Help for Mechanica ......................................................................63 Supplemental Online Documents for Mechanica .........................................64 viii

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Simulation Advisor ................................................................................65 Viewing Specifications for Simulation Advisor ............................................65 Using Simulation Advisor ........................................................................66 Using Online Help ..................................................................................66 Troubleshooting Browser Problems For Simulation Advisor ..........................67 To Customize the Mechanica Toolbar ..........................................................68 To Control Icon Appearance.......................................................................68 To Set Icon Visibilities for Modeling Entities .................................................68 To Suppress Modeling Entities Through a Family Table ..................................68 To Set Icon Visibilities for Loads and Constraints ..........................................69 To Set Simulation Entity Prehighlighting Filters ............................................70 To Move the Mechanica Toolbar .................................................................70 Optimizing a Model (Native Mode) ..............................................................70 Developing a Model (Native Mode) .............................................................71 Defining Design Changes (Native Mode) ......................................................73 Analyzing a Model (Native Mode)................................................................73 Search Tool .............................................................................................73 Controlling Mesh Display ...........................................................................74 Comparing Mirror and Cyclic Symmetry.......................................................75 Defining an Analysis (FEM Mode)................................................................76 Solving a Model (FEM Mode) ......................................................................76 FEM Mode ...............................................................................................77 Creating a Mesh (FEM Mode) .....................................................................77 Developing a Model (FEM Mode).................................................................78 Tolerance Report......................................................................................79 ix

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Suppression and Family Tables ..................................................................80 Simulation Model .....................................................................................81 Displaying the Mesh Model ........................................................................82 Mechanica Mass Properties ........................................................................82 Example: Dependent Movement in Patterned Features ..................................83 When a Nonessential Feature Causes Unexpected Model Behavior Changes......84 Mechanica Fatigue Advisor ........................................................................84 Example: Avoiding Interference .................................................................85 When a Nonessential Feature Provides Hidden Benefits .................................85 Example: Using a Simplified Part................................................................86 FEM Mesh Display Buttons .........................................................................87 Example: Modeling Specialized Loads with a Cylindrical Coordinate System .....87 Controlling FEM Mesh Display ....................................................................88 Example: Pre-planning for Shape Changes ..................................................90 SIM SELECT Menu ....................................................................................91 Object Action Shortcut Menu .....................................................................92 Methods of Simplifying Your Model .............................................................92 Customizing the Mechanica Toolbar ............................................................93 Permanent and Session-based Configuration Files ........................................93 Building and Saving Queries ......................................................................94 Assembly Modeling Entities, Idealizations, and Connections ...........................94 Guidelines and Tips for Using Datum Points .................................................95 Considerations for Multiple Model Sessions ..................................................96 Pro/ENGINEER Parameters as Measures ......................................................96 Pro/ENGINEER Parameters as Design Parameters .........................................96 x

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Example: Featuring Your Part ....................................................................97 Driven and Driving Parameters ..................................................................98 Model Accuracy........................................................................................99 Object Action......................................................................................... 100 Example: Setting up a Solid Model for a 2D Analysis on an Internal Surface... 100 Connected and Unconnected Parts............................................................ 102 Search Tool Dialog Box ........................................................................... 103 Units .................................................................................................... 104 To Set a Principal System of Units ......................................................... 104 To Review an Individual Unit................................................................. 105 To Review a System of Units................................................................. 105 To Edit a Custom Unit .......................................................................... 105 To Edit a Custom System of Units.......................................................... 106 To Create a Custom Unit ...................................................................... 106 Units Management............................................................................... 107 Systems of Units Management .............................................................. 108 Custom Unit ....................................................................................... 108 Custom System of Units ....................................................................... 109 Guidelines for Specifying Units .............................................................. 110 Unit Conversion Tables......................................................................... 111 Introduction ....................................................................................... 111 Basic Equalities ................................................................................... 112 System of Units .................................................................................. 115 Basic Units ......................................................................................... 117

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Examples of Values for Gravitational Acceleration and Selected Properties of Steel ................................................................................................. 120 Correspondence Between Mass and Force ............................................... 120 Correspondence Between Mass and Pounds-mass .................................... 121 Conversion of Basic Units ..................................................................... 121 Correspondence Between Degrees Celsius and Degrees Fahrenheit ............ 125 Predefined Systems of Units ................................................................. 126 Predefined Units .................................................................................. 127 Set the Principal System of Units ........................................................... 127 About Units ........................................................................................ 128 To Create a Custom System of Units ...................................................... 129 Modeling Structure and Thermal Problems.................................................... 129 About Creating Models in Mechanica ......................................................... 129 Model Type ........................................................................................... 130 About Specifying a Product, Mode, and Model Type .................................. 130 About Model Types .............................................................................. 131 Structure Model Types ......................................................................... 132 Thermal Model Type ............................................................................ 135 Guidelines for Working with Model Types ................................................ 138 To Specify a Product, Mode, and Model Type ........................................... 138 To Define 2D Model Types .................................................................... 139 Example: 2D Axisymmetric Modeling ..................................................... 140 Example: 2D Plane Strain Modeling........................................................ 140 Features ............................................................................................... 141 About Features ................................................................................... 141

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Datum Features in Pro/ENGINEER and Mechanica .................................... 142 Creating Features ................................................................................ 142 Datum Point ....................................................................................... 144 Datum Plane....................................................................................... 145 Datum Axis ........................................................................................ 145 Datum Curve ...................................................................................... 146 Coordinate Systems............................................................................. 147 Surface Region.................................................................................... 156 Volume Region.................................................................................... 158 Connections .......................................................................................... 160 About Connections............................................................................... 160 Welds ................................................................................................ 161 Rigid Connections................................................................................ 166 Fasteners ........................................................................................... 168 Contact Regions .................................................................................. 179 Condensation Interfaces....................................................................... 181 Rigid Links (FEM mode)........................................................................ 181 Weighted Links (FEM mode).................................................................. 183 Interfaces........................................................................................... 185 Gaps (FEM mode)................................................................................ 188 Precedence Rules ................................................................................ 190 Weighted Link Icon .............................................................................. 192 Reference Entities for Weighted Links..................................................... 192 Override Coordinate System for Weighted Links ...................................... 193 Example: Bending Stiffness .................................................................. 193 xiii

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Rigid Link Icon .................................................................................... 194 Override Coordinate System for Rigid Links............................................. 195 Guidelines for Surface-Surface Connections and Interfaces (FEM mode)...... 195 Rotation and Separation ....................................................................... 196 Example: Fix Rotations ........................................................................ 197 Degrees of Freedom for Rigid Links........................................................ 198 Pass or Fail Results 2D ..................................................................... 199 Pass or Fail Results 3D ..................................................................... 199 About Interfaces ................................................................................. 199 Example: Screw Fastener ..................................................................... 200 Axial Stiffness ..................................................................................... 200 Normal Stiffness.................................................................................. 201 Example: Intervening Geometry............................................................ 207 Example: Carries Shear........................................................................ 208 Reviewing Contact Regions ................................................................... 209 Idealizations.......................................................................................... 210 About Idealizations .............................................................................. 210 Shells ................................................................................................ 210 Beams ............................................................................................... 225 Masses............................................................................................... 230 Springs .............................................................................................. 234 Precedence Rules ................................................................................ 239 Results When Using Automatic Midsurface Connections ............................ 241 Spring References ............................................................................... 242 Extra Tab on Beam Definition Dialog Box ................................................ 243 xiv

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Auto Detect Paired Surfaces.................................................................. 243 Guidelines for Assigning Mass Properties ................................................ 243 Parameter-Capable Edit Fields............................................................... 244 Fix and Flip Normals ............................................................................ 245 Example: Geometric Precedence Rules ................................................... 245 Example: Invalidating a Modeling Entity ................................................. 246 Example: Multiconstant-Thickness Pairs ................................................. 247 PointPoint Pairs ................................................................................. 248 Example: Collet Illustration................................................................... 249 Example: Unpaired Surface on L-Bracket ................................................ 250 Omit Unopposed Surfaces..................................................................... 250 Example: T-Bracket ............................................................................. 251 Example: Part with Unopposed Surfaces ................................................. 251 Example: Assembly Model with Gap ....................................................... 252 Masses Based on Components (FEM mode)............................................. 253 Properties According to Mass Type (FEM mode) ....................................... 254 Surfaces and Curves Used in Shell Definition........................................... 254 Masses Based on Components............................................................... 255 Properties ............................................................................................. 256 About Properties ................................................................................. 256 Deleting Properties .............................................................................. 256 Background Information ....................................................................... 257 Beam Sections .................................................................................... 258 Beam Orientation ................................................................................ 264 Beam Releases ................................................................................... 267 xv

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Shell Properties................................................................................... 269 Spring Properties................................................................................. 276 Mass Properties................................................................................... 281 Materials ............................................................................................ 282 Material Orientation ............................................................................. 305 Reentrant Corners ............................................................................... 312 Display AutoGEM Messages................................................................... 312 Creating............................................................................................. 313 Example: Brick.................................................................................... 313 Boundary Processing Takes Too Long ..................................................... 313 Automatic Interrupt ............................................................................. 314 Max Aspect Ratio................................................................................. 314 Allowable Edge and Face Angles ............................................................ 315 AutoGEM Overconstrained .................................................................... 316 Required Modeling Entities.................................................................... 316 Create Links Where Needed .................................................................. 317 AutoGEM Interruption Guidelines ........................................................... 317 Detailed Fillet Modeling ........................................................................ 317 Minimum and Maximum Angles ............................................................. 318 Create a Full Set of Elements ................................................................ 318 Shell , 2D Plate Element Type, 2D Solid Element Type.............................. 319 Solids ................................................................................................ 319 Invalid Curves for 2D Axisymmetric Models............................................. 320 Example: Wedge ................................................................................. 321 Example: Point Loads........................................................................... 321 xvi

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Max Edge Turn (Degrees) ..................................................................... 323 Validate ............................................................................................. 323 Example: Tetra ................................................................................... 323 Invalid Surfaces for 2D Axisymmetric Models .......................................... 323 Modify or Delete Existing Elements ........................................................ 324 Point Loads, Point Constraints, Point Heat Loads, Point Prescribed Temperatures, Point Convection Conditions............................................. 324 Move or Delete Existing Points .............................................................. 325 Example: Insert Points ......................................................................... 326 Insert Points ....................................................................................... 327 Example: Reentrant Corners ................................................................. 328 Fatigue Properties ............................................................................... 329 Thermal Values for Orthotropic Properties............................................... 330 Shear Modulus .................................................................................... 330 Projected Vector.................................................................................. 331 Poisson's Ratio .................................................................................... 331 Parameter-Capable Edit Fields............................................................... 332 Order of Rotation ................................................................................ 332 Example: Material Directions................................................................. 333 Material Directions 1, 2, and 3 .............................................................. 333 Transversely Isotropic Properties ........................................................... 334 Thermal Values for Transversely Isotropic Properties................................ 334 Review Stiffness.................................................................................. 335 Review Layup ..................................................................................... 335 Material Property Requirements Failure Criterion.................................. 336

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Example: Project a Vector onto a Surface ............................................... 337 Warp & Mass Tab ................................................................................ 337 Square............................................................................................... 338 Rotate About ...................................................................................... 338 Property Type ..................................................................................... 339 Example: Applying a Material to a Solid Portion of Your Model ................... 340 Tsai Definition for Poisson's Ratios ......................................................... 341 Example: Orienting the BSCS to the BACS .............................................. 342 Example: Orienting the BSCS Shear Center ............................................ 343 Review Beam Section Properties............................................................ 344 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Isotropic .......................................... 346 Tsai-Wu Failure Criterion ...................................................................... 346 Calculate Stresses and Strains .............................................................. 346 Structural Options for Material Definition ................................................ 347 Thermal Options for Material Definition................................................... 348 Thickness ........................................................................................... 348 Working with the Laminate Layup Dialog Box .......................................... 348 Layup ................................................................................................ 349 Example: Material Coordinate System for a Cylindrical UCS....................... 350 Young's Modulus Isotropic................................................................. 350 Poisson's Ratio Isotropic ................................................................... 350 Isotropic Properties ............................................................................. 351 Isotropic ............................................................................................ 351 Maximum Strain Failure Criterion........................................................... 351 Example: Curved Surface Directions ...................................................... 352 xviii

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Failure Criterion .................................................................................. 352 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion ........................................................... 353 Ultimate Compressive Strength ............................................................. 353 Example: Laminate Layup .................................................................... 354 Example: Variable Material Orientation................................................... 354 Example: Rotation for Shells and Surfaces .............................................. 355 Modified Mohr Failure Criterion .............................................................. 355 Maximum Shear Stress (Tresca) Failure Criterion..................................... 355 Density .............................................................................................. 356 Example: Laminate Orientation ............................................................. 356 Orientation ......................................................................................... 357 Young's Modulus ................................................................................. 357 Number ............................................................................................. 358 Example: 2D Surface Directions ............................................................ 358 Normalized Tsai-Wu Interaction Term .................................................... 358 Thermal Values for Isotropic Properties .................................................. 358 Material or Sub-laminate ...................................................................... 359 Shell Thickness ................................................................................... 359 Solid Circle ......................................................................................... 360 Stress Grids........................................................................................ 361 Example: Cylindrical Coordinate System................................................. 361 Maximum Stress Failure Criterion .......................................................... 361 Distortion Energy (von Mises) Failure Criterion ........................................ 362 Function Material Properties .............................................................. 362 Rectangle ........................................................................................... 362 xix

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L-Section ........................................................................................... 363 Beam Sections Dialog Box .................................................................... 364 General.............................................................................................. 365 Factors Determining the Selection of Entities........................................... 365 Hollow Rect ........................................................................................ 366 Material Assignment in Part Mode and Assembly Mode ............................. 366 J ....................................................................................................... 367 Coordinate System Types ..................................................................... 367 Cost .................................................................................................. 368 Orthotropic......................................................................................... 368 Parameter Button ................................................................................ 368 Referenced Coordinate System.............................................................. 369 Shear Strength ................................................................................... 369 Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) ............................................................ 370 Transversely Isotropic.......................................................................... 370 Solid Ellipse ........................................................................................ 370 Iyy, Iyz, Izz ........................................................................................ 371 Hollow Ellipse ..................................................................................... 371 Hollow Circle....................................................................................... 372 Diamond ............................................................................................ 373 Area .................................................................................................. 373 Channel ............................................................................................. 374 I-Beam .............................................................................................. 375 Shear FY, Shear FZ.............................................................................. 375 Shear DY, Shear DZ............................................................................. 376 xx

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Structural Constraints ............................................................................. 376 About Structure Constraints.................................................................. 376 Adding Constraints .............................................................................. 377 Constraints, Loads, and Analysis Types .................................................. 378 Constraints on Entities ......................................................................... 380 Guidelines for Structure Constraint Sets ................................................. 380 Guidelines for Structure Constraints....................................................... 381 Displacement Constraints ..................................................................... 382 Symmetry Constraints ......................................................................... 388 Along Surface Constraints..................................................................... 394 Structure Constraints on Geometry ........................................................ 395 About Thermal Boundary Conditions ...................................................... 396 Example: Axis of Symmetry.................................................................. 397 Constraints on Compressed Midsurfaces ................................................. 397 Troubleshooting Constraints.................................................................. 398 Example: Cut for Cyclic Symmetry......................................................... 398 Guidelines for Prescribed Displacement Constraints.................................. 399 Structure Constraints on Regions........................................................... 399 Structure Constraints on Datum Points ................................................... 400 Structure Constraints and Coordinate Systems ........................................ 400 Improperly Constrained Springs, Beams, or Shells ................................... 401 Improperly Connected Idealizations ....................................................... 402 Problems with Elements ....................................................................... 402 Insufficiently Constrained Models........................................................... 403 Problems with Loads and Constraints ..................................................... 403 xxi

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Singularities and Loads ........................................................................ 404 Singularities and Constraints................................................................. 404 Strategy: Minimizing Singularities.......................................................... 405 Singularities ....................................................................................... 405 Problems with Properties ...................................................................... 406 Constraints and Loads on Compressed Geometry..................................... 406 Thermal Boundary Conditions .................................................................. 407 Guidelines for Thermal Boundary Conditions ........................................... 407 Guidelines for Thermal Boundary Conditions for Geometry ........................ 407 Boundary Condition Sets ...................................................................... 408 Convection Conditions.......................................................................... 409 Prescribed Temperatures ...................................................................... 421 Radiation Conditions (FEM Mode)........................................................... 425 To Define a Radiation Condition............................................................. 426 To Use External Conv Coefficient Spatial Variation for 3D Models ............... 427 To Use External Conv Coef & Bulk Temp Spatial Variation for 3D Models ..... 427 To Use Uniform Spatial Variation for 3D Models ....................................... 428 To Use External Bulk Temperature Spatial Variation for 3D Models ............. 428 Variations for Convection Conditions in FEM Mode.................................... 429 Understanding Thermal Boundary Condition Sets..................................... 429 Structure Loads ..................................................................................... 430 About Loads ....................................................................................... 430 About Structure Loads ......................................................................... 430 Relations Functions for Loads and Constraints ......................................... 431 Load Basics ........................................................................................ 432 xxii

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Guidelines for Structure Loads .............................................................. 434 Guidelines for Load Sets....................................................................... 434 Force and Moment Loads...................................................................... 436 Bearing Loads ..................................................................................... 440 Centrifugal Loads ................................................................................ 442 Gravity Loads ..................................................................................... 445 Pressure Loads.................................................................................... 447 Temperature Loads.............................................................................. 450 Mechanism Loads ................................................................................ 457 Troubleshooting Your Loads .................................................................. 459 To Define Structural Temperature Loads................................................. 461 Function of Coordinates........................................................................ 461 Example: Function of Coordinates.......................................................... 462 Functional Form of Interpolation............................................................ 462 Structural Temperature Loads ............................................................... 463 Structure Loads on Regions .................................................................. 464 Example: Bearing Load ........................................................................ 465 Example: Bearing Load on an Open Curve .............................................. 465 Sample FNF File for External Temperature .............................................. 465 Example: Bearing Load on a Surface ...................................................... 467 Strategy: Scaling Results for Centrifugal Loads in a Combined Load Set...... 467 Add for Interpolation............................................................................ 467 Structure Loads on Points ..................................................................... 468 Force Per Unit Type ............................................................................. 469 Load Interpolation ............................................................................... 470 xxiii

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Total Load .......................................................................................... 470 Total Load At Point .............................................................................. 471 Remove for Interpolation...................................................................... 472 How Loads Transfer to Structure ........................................................... 472 Force Per Unit Type Guidelines .............................................................. 474 From and To Fields for Dir Points & Mag ................................................. 474 Structure Loads on Geometry ............................................................... 475 How Structure Imports Loads from Mechanism Design ............................. 475 Interpolated Over Entity ....................................................................... 476 Load Resultant Dialog Box for Structure Loads ........................................ 476 Mechanism Load Import Dialog Box ....................................................... 477 Guidelines for Spatially Varying Loads .................................................... 478 Example: Pressure Load ....................................................................... 479 Example: Spatially Varying Loads .......................................................... 479 Preview for Interpolation ...................................................................... 481 Thermal Loads ....................................................................................... 481 About Loads ....................................................................................... 481 About Heat Loads ................................................................................ 481 Guidelines for Heat Loads ..................................................................... 482 Guidelines for Load Sets....................................................................... 482 Defining Heat Loads............................................................................. 484 Defining Component Heat Loads............................................................ 488 FEM Heat Loads .................................................................................. 490 Reviewing Total Heat Loads .................................................................. 492 To Review Total Heat Loads .................................................................. 492 xxiv

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Load Resultant Dialog Box for Heat Loads ............................................... 492 Heat Loads on Internal Surfaces ............................................................ 493 Units According to Model Type and Entity ............................................... 494 Measures .............................................................................................. 494 About Simulation Measures................................................................... 494 Uses of Measures ................................................................................ 495 Measure Basics ................................................................................... 495 Measures Dialog Box............................................................................ 512 Measures Definition Dialog Box ............................................................. 514 Results Available for Measures .............................................................. 533 Selecting One or More Measures............................................................ 533 To Define a Failure Index Measure ......................................................... 534 To Define a Center of Mass Measure ...................................................... 534 To Define a Displacement Measure ........................................................ 535 To Define a Velocity Measure ................................................................ 535 To Define a Fatigue Measure ................................................................. 535 To Define a Force Measure.................................................................... 536 To Define a Moment of Inertia Measure .................................................. 536 To Define a Moment Measure ................................................................ 537 To Define a Rotation Measure ............................................................... 537 To Define a Contact Measure ................................................................ 537 To Define a Driven Pro Parameter Measure ............................................. 538 To Define a Heat Flux or Temperature Gradient Measure .......................... 538 To Define a Phase Measure ................................................................... 539 To Define a Rotational Acceleration Measure ........................................... 539 xxv

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To Define a Rotational Velocity Measure ................................................. 539 To Define a Temperature Measure ......................................................... 540 To Define a Time Measure .................................................................... 540 To Define a Stress or Strain Measure ..................................................... 540 To Define an Acceleration Measure ........................................................ 541 Time/Frequency Eval ........................................................................... 541 RMS .................................................................................................. 541 Maximum ........................................................................................... 542 Max Absolute ...................................................................................... 542 Minimum............................................................................................ 542 Example: Near Point Measures and Model Types...................................... 543 Component Dynamic Analyses........................................................... 543 Component Thermal Analyses ........................................................... 544 At Each Step Time or Frequency Evaluation Method.............................. 544 Minimum Time or Frequency Evaluation Method................................... 545 Quantity Basic Analyses.................................................................... 545 At Each Step....................................................................................... 546 Example: Near Point Measures and Geometric Intersection ....................... 546 Maximum Time or Frequency Evaluation Method .................................. 547 Component Stress and Strain Quantities ............................................. 547 Component Basic Analyses................................................................ 547 Global Spatial Evaluation Methods ......................................................... 548 Measures Not Calculated for Dynamic Random ........................................ 548 Datum Points for User-Defined Measures ................................................ 548 Time/Frequency Eval Options ................................................................ 549 xxvi

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Component Center of Mass Quantities ................................................ 550 Component Stress, Strain ................................................................. 550 Quantity Dynamic Analyses............................................................... 551 Quantity Thermal Analyses ............................................................... 552 Spatial Evaluation Method Basic and Dynamic Analyses ........................ 552 Spatial Evaluation Method Thermal Analyses ....................................... 553 Time or Frequency Evaluation Method Dynamic Analyses ...................... 554 Component Moment of Inertia Quantities ............................................ 555 Component Displacement, Rotation, and Reaction Quantities................. 555 Apparent Frequency............................................................................. 556 Component Contact Force Quantity .................................................... 556 Time Evaluation Method Thermal Analyses .......................................... 556 Maximum Absolute Time Evaluation (Thermal Analysis) ........................ 557 Minimum Time Evaluation (Thermal Analysis) ...................................... 557 Maximum Absolute Time or Frequency Evaluation Method ..................... 558 Maximum Time Evaluation (Thermal Analysis) ..................................... 558 At Each Step Time Evaluation (Thermal Analysis)................................. 559 Radius ............................................................................................... 559 Spatial Evaluation Thermal ............................................................... 559 Dynamic Evaluation in Thermal ............................................................. 560 Phase Type......................................................................................... 561 Quantity for Measure Definition ............................................................. 561 UCS-Based Measures ........................................................................... 562 Spatial Evaluation Structure .............................................................. 562 Time Stamp........................................................................................ 563 xxvii

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Dynamic Evaluation in Structure............................................................ 563 Meshes ................................................................................................. 564 Native Mode Meshes ............................................................................ 564 FEM Meshes........................................................................................ 591 Elements with Approximated Linear Edges .............................................. 636 Example: Orientation and Tolerance Settings .......................................... 637 AutoGEM File Names............................................................................ 637 Design Controls ..................................................................................... 638 About Design Controls.......................................................................... 638 Design Parameters .............................................................................. 638 Shape Review ..................................................................................... 645 Shape Animate ................................................................................... 649 Guidelines for Using Relations ............................................................... 651 Example: Relations.............................................................................. 652 Design Parameters with Laminate Layup ................................................ 653 Strategy: Using Design Parameters........................................................ 653 Verifying Models .................................................................................... 654 Checking Your Model............................................................................ 654 Validity Checking................................................................................. 655 Structure and Thermal Errors................................................................ 655 Structure Errors .................................................................................. 656 Thermal Errors.................................................................................... 656 To Promote Simulation Features to Pro/ENGINEER...................................... 657 To Create a Pro/ENGINEER Parameter ...................................................... 657 Creating Analyses ..................................................................................... 658 xxviii

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About Analyses ...................................................................................... 658 Creating Analyses and Design Studies....................................................... 658 Analyses and Design Studies Dialog Box.................................................... 659 Analysis Types ....................................................................................... 659 Structural Analysis ................................................................................. 660 About Structural Analysis ..................................................................... 660 Constraint and Load Sets in Structural Analyses ...................................... 661 Static and Prestress Static Analyses ....................................................... 661 Large Deformation Static Analysis ......................................................... 665 Contact Analysis.................................................................................. 667 Modal and Prestress Modal Analyses ...................................................... 669 Buckling Analysis................................................................................. 672 Fatigue Analysis .................................................................................. 674 To Use Previous Analysis Results in a Fatigue Analysis.............................. 676 To Define the Load History for a Fatigue Analysis..................................... 676 To Select Output Options for a Structural Analysis ................................... 677 To Select Load Interval Options for Large Deformation and Contact Analyses ........................................................................................................ 677 To Set Convergence for a Structural Analysis .......................................... 677 To Select Temperature Distribution for an Analysis .................................. 678 To Use Previous Analysis Results in a Prestress Analysis ........................... 678 To Use Previous Analysis Results in a Buckling Analysis ............................ 679 To Select Mode Options for a Modal Analysis ........................................... 679 Convergence Options for Structural Analyses .......................................... 680 Previous Analysis Options for Buckling Analysis ....................................... 680

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Buckling Load Factor and Optimization Studies ........................................ 681 Previous Analysis Options for Prestress Analyses ..................................... 681 Temperature Distribution Options .......................................................... 682 Strategy: Using Contact Analysis Effectively............................................ 682 Strategy: Determining the Presence of a Non-Linear Problem .................... 683 Contact Analyses in Design Studies........................................................ 684 Plotting Grid ....................................................................................... 684 Calculate Quantities for Analysis............................................................ 685 Number of Load Intervals ..................................................................... 685 Number of Modes, All Modes in Frequency Range..................................... 686 Min Frequency, Max Frequency ............................................................. 686 Load Interval Options for Large Deformation and Contact Analyses ............ 687 Loading Types for Fatigue Analysis ........................................................ 687 Previous Analysis Options for Fatigue Analysis......................................... 688 Output Options for Structural Analyses................................................... 688 Sample Uses for Prestress and Buckling Analyses .................................... 688 Model Temperature Distribution............................................................. 689 Use Temperatures from Previous Design Study........................................ 690 Use Static Analysis Results From Previous Design Study ........................... 690 Load Scale Factor for Prestress Analyses ................................................ 691 Combine Results with Results from Previous Static Analysis ...................... 691 Units of Modal Frequency Results .......................................................... 691 Load History Options for Fatigue Analysis ............................................... 691 Spin Softening .................................................................................... 692 Mode Options for Modal and Prestress Modal Analyses.............................. 692 xxx

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Strain Measures in Large Deformation Static Analysis............................... 692 Load Types in Large Deformation Static Analysis ..................................... 693 Adjusting Cyclic Material Properties for Fatigue........................................ 694 Adjusting the Mean Stress Parameter for Fatigue..................................... 694 Adjusting the Material Confidence Level for Fatigue.................................. 695 Advanced Tuning for Fatigue Advisor ..................................................... 695 Adjusting the Biaxiality Parameter for Fatigue ......................................... 696 Guidelines for Entering Polynomial Order ................................................ 696 Strategy: Specifying Polynomial Order for a Multi-Pass Adaptive Analysis.... 697 Temperature Load Information for Static Analyses ................................... 697 Single-Pass Adaptive Convergence Method ............................................. 698 Multi-Pass Adaptive Convergence Method ............................................... 699 Convergence Quantity for Static, Prestress Static, Large Deformation, and Contact Analyses................................................................................. 699 Percent Convergence ........................................................................... 700 Convergence Method ........................................................................... 700 Polynomial Order................................................................................. 701 Convergence Quantity for Modal and Prestress Modal Analyses .................. 701 Localized Mesh Refinement ................................................................... 702 Convergence Quantity for Buckling Analyses ........................................... 703 Unconstrained..................................................................................... 703 Constrained, With Rigid Mode Search ..................................................... 704 Thermal Analysis.................................................................................... 704 About Thermal Analysis........................................................................ 704 Boundary Condition and Load Sets in Thermal Analyses............................ 705

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Steady Thermal Analysis ...................................................................... 705 Transient Thermal Analysis ................................................................... 706 To Select Output Options for a Thermal Analysis...................................... 708 To Select Temperature Options for a Transient Thermal Analysis ............... 709 To Set Convergence for a Thermal Analysis............................................. 710 Estimated Variation ............................................................................. 710 Initial Temperature Distribution............................................................. 711 Transient Thermal Convergence Method ................................................. 711 Automatically Smooth Convections ........................................................ 712 Accuracy ............................................................................................ 712 Percent Convergence ........................................................................... 713 Convergence Quantities for Steady Thermal Analysis................................ 713 Steady Thermal Convergence Method .................................................... 713 Understanding Accuracy ....................................................................... 714 Time Range Specification...................................................................... 714 Time Range ........................................................................................ 715 User-defined Steps for Transient Thermal Analysis................................... 715 Output Intervals for Transient Thermal Analysis ...................................... 715 Temperature Options for Transient Thermal Analysis ................................ 716 Thermal Measures ............................................................................... 716 Plotting Grid ....................................................................................... 717 Local Temperatures and Local Energy Norms .......................................... 717 Local Temperatures and Local and Global Energy Norms........................... 717 Heat Flux ........................................................................................... 718 Convergence Percentage Calculation ...................................................... 718 xxxii

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Output Options for Thermal Analyses ..................................................... 718 Convergence Options for Thermal Analyses............................................. 719 Vibration Analysis .................................................................................. 719 About Vibration Analysis....................................................................... 719 Dynamic Time, Dynamic Frequency, and Dynamic Random Analyses .......... 719 Dynamic Shock Analysis ....................................................................... 724 To Create a Dynamic Shock Analysis ...................................................... 724 To Use Previous Analysis Results in a Dynamic Analysis............................ 725 To Define the Response Spectrum for a Dynamic Shock Analysis ............... 725 To Select Output Options for a Dynamic Analysis ..................................... 726 To Select Mode Options for a Dynamic Analysis ....................................... 727 To Select Load Functions for a Dynamic Analysis ..................................... 728 To Specify Base Excitation for a Dynamic Analysis ................................... 728 Results Output Intervals....................................................................... 728 Response Spectrum Options for Dynamic Shock Analysis .......................... 729 Use Modes From Previous Design Study ................................................. 730 Previous Analysis Options for Dynamic Analysis ....................................... 730 Modes Included ................................................................................... 731 Frequency Range ................................................................................ 731 For Individual Modes............................................................................ 731 Function of Frequency .......................................................................... 732 Damping Coefficient (%) ...................................................................... 732 Calculate Quantities and Factors for Vibration Analysis ............................. 732 User-defined Steps .............................................................................. 733 Output Options for Dynamic Analyses .................................................... 733 xxxiii

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Mode Options for Dynamic Analyses....................................................... 734 Mass Participation Factor Results ........................................................... 734 Full Results......................................................................................... 734 Base Excitation ................................................................................... 734 Sum Load Sets.................................................................................... 735 Load Set Functions .............................................................................. 735 Time Range ........................................................................................ 736 Direction of Base Excitation .................................................................. 736 FEM Analysis ......................................................................................... 737 About FEM Analysis ............................................................................. 737 Using the FEM Analysis Command in FEM Mode ....................................... 737 Defining a FEM Analysis........................................................................ 738 Defining a Modal FEM Analysis .............................................................. 738 To Create an Output File ...................................................................... 739 To Review the Mesh............................................................................. 740 To Solve a FEM Model Online or in the Background .................................. 740 To Create a Modal FEM Analysis ............................................................ 741 Suppressing Loads, Constraints, and Boundary Conditions ........................ 741 NASTRAN Templates ............................................................................ 741 Fixing Parabolic Elements ..................................................................... 742 Storing and Retrieving FEA Results ........................................................ 742 Using Solver Results in the Postprocessor ............................................... 743 Output Formats................................................................................... 743 FEM Neutral Format ............................................................................. 744 MSC/NASTRAN.................................................................................... 744 xxxiv

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ANSYS ............................................................................................... 745 To Create a FEM Analysis ..................................................................... 746 Analysis and Design Study Workflow......................................................... 747 Strategy: Identifying and Resolving Potential Trouble Spots in a Model.......... 748 About Creating and Running Analyses and Design Studies ........................... 749 Creating Design Studies............................................................................. 749 About Design Studies ............................................................................. 749 Strategies for Running a Standard Design Study ........................................ 750 Design Study Files.................................................................................. 750 Creating Design Studies .......................................................................... 751 Analyses and Design Studies Dialog Box................................................. 751 Design Study Definition Dialog Box ........................................................ 752 Standard Study for Structure and Thermal.............................................. 752 Global Sensitivity Study for Structure and Thermal .................................. 754 Local Sensitivity Study for Structure and Thermal .................................... 757 Optimization Study for Structure and Thermal ......................................... 759 To Save an Optimized Shape ................................................................... 765 To Create a Design Study........................................................................ 765 To Define an Optimization Study Limit ...................................................... 766 To Define an Optimization Study Goal ....................................................... 766 To Run a Regeneration Analysis ............................................................... 767 Local Sensitivity Dialog Box ..................................................................... 768 Strategy: Vi