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ADVANCED HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT USING NANO FLUIDS- AN

OVERVIEW

DURAIRAJAN A1, SURESH M

2, T.KAVITHA

3, KUMARASWAMIDHAS LA

4

1.Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode,

Tamil Nadu, India.

2.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Periyar maniammai university, Tamil Nadu, India.

3.Department of physics, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, trichirapalli,Tamilnadu,India

4.Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT

Nanofluids are quasi single phase medium containing stable colloidal dispersion of

ultrafine or nanometric metallic or ceramic particles in a given fluid. Nanofluids possess

immense potential of application to improve heat transfer and energy efficiency in several areas

including vehicular cooling in transportation, power generation, defense, nuclear, space,

microelectronics and biomedical devices. In the present contribution, a brief overview has been

presented to provide an update on the historical evolution of this concept, possible synthesis

routes, level of improvements reported, theoretical understanding of the possible mechanism of

heat conduction by nanofluid and scopes of application. According to this review, the future

developments of these technologies are discussed. In order to put the nanofluid heat transfer

technologies into practice, fundamental studies are greatly needed to understand the physical

mechanisms.

KEY WORDS:NanoFluids, Nano particles, Heat transfer enhancement, Applications of Nanofluids.

iNTRODUCTION

Nanofluids are a new class of fluids engineered by dispersing nanometer-sized materials (nanoparticles,

nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods, nanosheet, or droplets) in base fluids. Common base fluids include

water, organic liquids (e.g. ethylene, tri-ethylene-glycols, refrigerants, etc.), oils and lubricants, bio-fluids,

polymeric solutions and other common liquids. Materials commonly used as nanoparticles include chemically stable

metals (e.g. gold, copper), metal oxides (e.g., alumina, silica, zirconia, titania), oxide ceramics (e.g. Al2O3, CuO),

metal carbides (e.g. SiC), carbon in various forms (e.g., diamond, graphite, carbon nanotubes, fullerene) and

functionalized nanoparticles. Much attention has been paid in the past decade to this new type of composite material

Journal of Mechanical and ProductionEngineering Research and Development(IJMPERD )ISSN 2249-6890Vol.2, Issue 2Sep 2012 5-20 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.,


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6 Durairajan A, Suresh M, T.Kavitha, Kumaraswamidhas La

because of its enhanced properties and behavior associated with heat transfer , mass transfer, wetting and spreading

and antimicrobial activities and the number of publications related to nanofluids increases in an exponential manner.

In this paper, experimental and theoretical studies are reviewed for nanofluid thermal conductivity and heat transfer

enhancement. Specifically, comparisons between thermal measurement techniques and optical measurement

techniques are discussed. Researchers have also tried to increase the thermal conductivity of base fluids by

suspending micro or larger-sized solid particles in fluids since the thermal conductivity of solid is typically higher

than that of liquids, seen from Table 1.

In this review paper, the recent trends on nanofluid heat transfer technologies and their applications are

comprehensively reviewed. Through this review, the future technology development and research requirements have

been identified.

Fig 1.1 Principle of Nanofluids

Table:1 Thermal conductivities of various solids and liquids

Material Thermal conductivity

(W/mK)

Carbon

Nanotubes

Diamond

Graphite

Fullerenes film

1800-6600

2300

110-190

0.4

Metallic solids (pure) Copper

Aluminum

401

237

Nonmetallic solids Silicon

Alumina (Al2O3)

148

40

Metallic liquids Sodium (644 K) 72.3

Nonmetallic liquids Water

Ethylene glycol (EG)

Engine oil (EO)

0.613

0.253

0.145


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Advanced Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nano Fluids- An Overview 7

HEAT CONDUCTION MECHANISMS IN NANOFLUIDS

The four possible mechanisms in nano fluids which may contribute to thermal conduction.

(i) Brownian motion of Nano particles.

(ii) Liquid layering at the liquid/particle interface.

(iii) Ballistic nature of heat transport in nanoparticles.

(iv) Nano particle clustering in Nano fluids.

The Brownian motion of Nano particles is too slow to directly transfer heat through a nanofluid; however, it could

have an indirect role to produce a convection like micro environment around the Nano particles and particle

clustering to increase the heat transfer. This mechanism works well only when the particle clustering has both the

positive and negative effects of thermal conductivity. The presence of an ordered interfacial liquid molecule layer is

responsible for the increase in thermal conductivity.

SYNTHESIS AND PREPARATION METHODS FOR NANOFLUIDS

Preparation of nanofluids is the first key step in experimental studies with nanofluids. Nanofluids are not

just dispersion of solid particles in a fluid. The essential requirements that a nanofluid must fulfill are even and

stable suspension, negligible agglomeration of particles, no chemical change of the particles or fluid, etc. Nanofluids

are produced by dispersing Nano meter scale solid particles into base liquids such as water, ethylene glycol, oil, etc.

In the synthesis of nanofluids, agglomeration is a major problem. There are mainly two techniques used to produce

nanofluids: the single-step and the two-step techniques.

TWO STEP TECHNIQUE

Two-step method is the most widely used method for preparing nanofluids. Nanoparticles, nanofibers,

nanotubes, or other nanomaterials used in this method are first produced as dry powders by chemical or physical

methods. Then, the nanosized powder will be dispersed into a fluid in the second processing step with the help of

intensive magnetic force agitation, ultrasonic agitation, high-shear mixing, homogenizing, and ball milling. Two-

step method is the most economic method to produce nanofluids in large scale, because nanopowder synthesis

techniques have already been scaled up to industrial production levels. Due to the high surface area and surface

activity, nanoparticles have the tendency to aggregate. The important technique to enhance the stability of

nanoparticles in fluids is the use of surfactants. However, the functionality of the surfactants under high temperature

is also a big concern, especially for high-temperature applications. Due to the difficulty in preparing stable

nanofluids by two-step method, several advanced techniques are developed to produce nanofluids, including one-

step method. In the following part, we will introduce one-step method in detail.


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SINGLE STEP TECHNIQUE

The single step simultaneously makes and disperses the nanoparticles directly into a base fluid; best for

metallic nanofluids. Single-disperses. Various methods have been tried to produce different kinds of nanoparticles

and nano suspensions.The initial materials tried for nanofluids were oxide particles, primarily because they were

easy to produce and chemically stable in solution. Various investigators have produced Al2O3 and CuO

nanopowder by an inertgas condensation process and found to be 2200 nm-sized particles. The major problem

with this method is its tendency to form agglomerates and its unsuitability to produce pure metallic nanopowders.

The problem of agglomeration can be reduced to a good extent by using a direct evaporation condensation method.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

The published data of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids are mostly obtained at room temperature with

two methods, namely the hot-wire method and the conventional heat conduction cell method.. The 3 w method is

relatively new and accurate, and uses a metal wire suspended in nanofluids. The wire acts as both a heater and a

thermometer. A sinusoidal current at frequency is passed through the metal wire and generates a heat wave at

frequency 2 w. The temperature rise at frequency 2 w in the metal wire can be deduced by the voltage component at

frequency 3 w. The thermal conductivity of the fluid is determined by the slope of the 2 w temperature rise of the

metal wire. Fig. 1 summarises the room temperature data from our own work (Wen and Ding 2004a, 2004b, 2005a,

2005b, 2006; Ding et al. 2006; He et al. 2007) and those reported in the literature (Lee et al. 1999; Eastman et al.

2001; Choi et al. 2001; Xie et al. 2002a & 2002b; Biercuk et al. 2002; Das et al. 2003a; Patel et al. 2003; Kumar et

al. 2004; Assael et al 2004; Zhang X. et al. 2007). The data shown in Fig. 1 include aqueous, ethylene glycol,minerals oil and polymerbased composite materials and are classified according to the material type of

nanoparticles. One can see a significant degree of data scattering. In spite of the scatter, the presence of

nanoparticles in fluids can substantially enhance the thermal conductivity and the extent of enhancement depends on

the nanoparticle material type and volume fraction.

Fig. 4.1 Thermal conductivity of nanofluids: data taken from Lee et al. (1999), Eastman et al. (2001), Choi et

al. (2001), Xie et al. (2002a & 2002b), Biercuk et al. (2002), Das et al. (2003a), Patel et al. (2003), Kumar et al.(2004), Wen and Ding (2004a, 2004b, 2005a, 2005b, 2006), Assael et al. (2004), Ding et al. (2006), He et al.

(2007) and Zhang X et al. (2007).


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TRANSIENT HOT-WIRE METHOD (THW)

THW method is the most widely used static, linear source experimental technique for measuring the

thermal conductivity of fluids. A hot wire is placed in the fluid, which functions as both a heat source and a

thermometer. Based on Fouriers law, when heating the wire, a higher thermal conductivity of the fluid corresponds

to a lower temperature rise. The relationship between thermal conductivity knfand measured temperature T using the

THW method is summarized as follows . Assuming a thin, infinitely long line source dissipating heat into a fluid

reservoir, the energy equation in cylindrical coordinates can be written as:

with initial condition and boundary conditions

T(t = 0) = T0 (2a)

and

The analytic solution reads:

where g = 0.5772 is Eulers constant. Hence, if the temperature of the hot wire at time t1 and t2 are T1 and

T2, then by neglecting higher-order terms the thermal conductivity can be approximated as:

For the experimental procedure, the wire is heated via a constant electric power supply at step time t. A

temperature increase of the wire is determined from its change in resistance which can be measured in time using a

Wheatstone-bridge circuit. Then the thermal conductivity is determined from Eq. 4, knowing the heating power (or

heat flux q) and the slope of the curve ln(t) versus T. The advantages of THW method are low cost and easy

implementation. However, the assumptions of an infinite wire-length and the ambient acting like a reservoir (see

Eqs. 1 and 2c) may introduce errors. In addition, nanoparticle interactions, sedimentation and/or aggregation as well

as natural convection during extended measurement times may also increase experimental uncertainties.


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THE ROLE OF BROWNIAN MOTION

The Brownian motion of nanoparticles could contribute to the thermal conduction enhancement through

two ways, a direct contribution due to motion of nanoparticles that transport heat, and an indirect contribution due to

micro-convection of fluid surrounding individual nanoparticles. The direct contribution of Brownian motion has

been shown theoretically to be negligible as the time scale of the Brownian motion is about 2 orders of magnitude

larger than that for the thermal diffusion of the base liquid. The indirect contribution has also been shown to play a

minute role by theoretical analysis. Furthermore, nanoparticles are often in the form of agglomerates and/or

aggregates. The Brownian motion should therefore play an even less significant role. In the following text, further

experimental evidence of the minor role of the Brownian motion is presented. Fig. 4.2 shows the thermal

conductivity enhancement as a function of temperature for nanofluids made of three types of metal-oxide

nanoparticles.The thermal conductivity enhancement is a very weak function of temperature. The weak temperaturedependence suggests that the Brownian motion of nanoparticles is not a dominant mechanism of the enhanced

thermal conductivity of nanofluids under the conditions of this work. Fig. 4.3 shows the results of alumina

nanofluids made from three base liquids with very different viscosities. No clear trend in the dependence of the

thermal conductivity enhancement on the base liquid viscosity again suggests the minor role of the Brownian

motion.

Table:2 A list of the most frequently used models for effective thermal conductivity


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Fig. 4.2 Effect of temperature on the thermal conductivity enhancement:

data source see the legend

.

Fig.4. 3 Effect of base liquid property on thermal conductivity enhancement for alumina nanofluids: data

taken from Lee et al. (1999), Eastman et al. (2001), Xie et al. (2002a), Das et al.(2003b) and Wen and Ding

(2004b)

DISCUSSIONS ON NANOFLUID HEAT`TRANSFER TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIRAPPLICATIONS

Thermo-physical and transport properties of nanofluids are very important in nanofluid heat transfer

technologies on single- and two-phase flow (boiling, flow boiling and condensation). So far, most studies on

nanofluid thermal properties have focused on thermal conductivity and limited studies have concerned viscosity. For

single-phase convective heat transfer, it is clear that single-phase heat transfer coefficient can be enhanced by

nanofluid due to its higher thermal conductivity compared to the base fluid. It should also be noted that the viscosity

of a nanofluid is generally higher than that of the base fluid. Therefore, frictional pressure drops of single phase flow

of nanofluid are generally higher than those of the base fluid.


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Fig 5.1 Comparison of experimental data for Cuo water Nano fluids

Fig 5.2 Comparison of experimental data for Al2o3 water based Nano fluids

Fig 5.3 Comparison of experimental data for Al2o3 water based Nano fluids


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Fig 5.4 Thermal conductivity ratio (ke/kf ) as a function of nanoparticle volume percent of

Al70Cu30 dispersed water and ethylene glycol based nanofluid

HEAT TRANSFER INTENSIFICATION

Since the origination of the nanofluid concept about a decade ago, the potentials of nanofluids in heat

transfer applications have attracted more and more attention. Up to now, there are some review papers which present

overviews of various aspects of nanofluids including preparation and characterization, techniques for the

measurements of thermal conductivity, theory and model, thermo physical properties, and convective heat transfer.

Our group studied the thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol- (EG-) based nanofluids containing oxides including

MgO, TiO2, ZnO, Al2 O3, and SiO2 nanoparticles and the results demonstrated that MgO-EG nanofluid was found

to have superior features with the highest thermal conductivity and lowest viscosity. In this part, we will summarize

the applications of nanofluids in heat transfer enhancement.

INDUSTRIAL COOLING APPLICATIONS

The application of nanofluids in industrial cooling will result in great energy savings and emissions

reductions. For US industry, the replacement of cooling and heating water with nanofluids has the potential to

conserve 1 trillion Btu of energy. For the US electric power industry, using nanofluids in closed loop cooling cycles

could save about 1030 trillion Btu per year (equivalent to the annual energy consumption of about 50,000150,000


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households). The associated emissions reductions would be approximately 5.6 million metric tons of carbon dioxide,

8,600 metric tons of nitrogen oxides, and 21,000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide . Experiments were performed using a

flow-loop apparatus to explore the performance of polyalphaolefin nanofluids containing exfoliated graphite

nanoparticle fibers in cooling . It was observed that the specific heat of nanofluids was found to be 50% higher for

nanofluids compared with polyalphaolefin, and it increased with temperature. The thermal diffusivity was found to

be 4 times higher for nanofluids. The convective heat transfer was enhanced by 10% using nanofluids compared

with using polyalphaolefin. Ma et al. proposed the concept of nanoliquid-metal fluid, aiming to establish an

engineering route to make the highest conductive coolant with about several dozen times larger thermal conductivity

than that of water . The liquid metal with low melting point is expected to be an idealistic base fluid for making

superconductive solution, which may lead to the ultimate coolant in a wide variety of heat transfer enhancement

area. The thermal conductivity of the liquid metal fluid can be enhanced through the addition of more conductive

nanoparticles.

MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS.

Why nanofluids have great friction reduction properties? Nanoparticles in nanofluids form a protective

film with low hardness and elastic modulus on the worn surface can be considered as the main reason that some

nanofluids exhibit excellent lubricating properties. Magnetic fluids are kinds of special nanofluids. Magnetic liquid

rotary seals operate with no maintenance and extremely low leakage in a very wide range of applications, and it

utilizing the property magnetic properties of the magnetic nanoparticles in liquid.

Table 3: Properties of oxides and their nanofluids.Thermal

conductivity

W/(mK)

Density

(g/cm3)

Crystalline Viscosity (Cp)with

5.0 vol. % 30

Thermalconductivity

enhancement of

nanofluids (%)

with 5.0 vol. %

MgO 48.4 2.9 Cubic 17.4 40.6

TiO2 8.4 4.1 Anatase 31.2 27.2

ZnO 13.0 5.6 Wurtzite 129.2 26.8

Al2O3 36.0 3.6 28.2 28.2

SiO2 10.4 2.6 noncrystalline 31.5 25.3


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Table 4: Summary of the maximum measured thermal conductivity enhancement for nanofluids containing

nanoparticles.

Reference Base fluid Nano Size of Maximum Maximum

particle Nano Concentration Enhancement

particle (vol %) in k (%)

Masuda et al Water A12O3 13nm 4.3 30

Eastman et al Water A12O3 33nm 5 30

Water CuO 36nm 5 60Pump oil Cu 35nm 0.055 45

Pak et al Water A12O3 13nm 4.3 32

Water TiO2 27nm 4.35 10.7

Wang et al Water A12O3 28nm 4.5 14

Ethylene

Glycol

A12O3 28nm 8 40

Pump Oil A12O3 28nm 7 20

Engine Oil A12O3 28nm 7.5 30

Water CuO 23nm 10 35

EthyleneGlycol

CuO 23nm 15 55

Lee et al Water A12O3 24.4nm 4.3 10

Ethylene

Glycol

A12O3 24.4nm 5 20

Water CuO 18.6nm 4.3 10

Ethylene

Glycol

CuO 18.6nm 4 20

Das et al Water A12O3 38nm 4 25

Water CuO 28.6nm 4 36

Xie et al Water A12O3 60nm 5 20

Ethylene

Glycol

A12O3 60nm 5 30

Decene MWCNTs - 1 20

Liu et al Syntheticoil

MWCNTs - 2 30

Ethylene

Glvcol

MWCNTs - 1 12.4


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CONCLUSIONS

Nanofluids, i.e., well-dispersed metallic nanoparticles at low volume fractions in liquids, enhance the

mixtures thermal conductivity over the base-fluid values. Thus, they are potentially useful for advanced cooling of

micro-systems. This paper presents an overview of the recent developments in the study of nanofluids, including the

preparation methods, the evaluation methods for their stability, the ways to enhance their stability, the stability

mechanisms, and their potential applications in heat transfer intensification, mass transfer enhancement, energy

fields, mechanical fields and so for. The performance of nanofluid critically depends upon the size, quantity (volume

percentage), shape and distribution of dispersoids, and their ability to remain suspended and chemically un-reacted

in the fluid.

In summary, the future scope in the nanofluid research cycle are to concentrated on heat transfer

enhancements and determine its physical mechanisms, taking into consideration such items as the optimum particle

size and shape, particle volume concentration, fluid additive, particle coating, and base fluid. Precise measurement

and documentation of the degree and scope of enhancement of thermal properties is extremely important. Better

characterization of nanofluids is also important for developing engineering designs based on the work of multiple

research groups, and fundamental theory to guide this effort should be improved. Finally, it is pertinent to suggest

that nanofluid research warrants a genuinely multidisciplinary approach with complementary efforts from material

scientists (regarding synthesis and characterization), thermal engineers (for measuring thermal conductivity and heat

transfer coefficient under various regimes and conditions), chemists (to study the agglomeration behavior and

stability of the dispersoid and liquid) and physicists (modeling the mechanism and interpretation of results).

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AUTHORS BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

1.Durairajan A is a Mechanical Engineering student from KSR College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Namakkal

(DT), Tamil Nadu, India. He is a student member of professional bodies like International Nano science

Community, ISTE, Indian Society For Non-Destructive Testing (ISNT). He has more than 20 papers in theproceedings of the National conferences and several papers in the proceedings of the International conferences and

Prestigious Journals in the field of Nanotechnology, Materials science, Alternative fuels, Automobile pollution

control, IC Engines.


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2.Kavitha T is working as an assistant professor. She obtained her M.S.C (physics) from Nehru Memorial College

and she has published a paper in various prestigious journals. She has presented several papers in the proceedings of

the national and international conferences in the field of materials science, Thin Films, solar cell and bio-physics.

3.Suresh M is an assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering Department at periyar maniammai university,

thanjavur, tamilnadu , India. He obtained his B.Tech (Mechanical Engineering) from Regional Engineering College,

Trichy and M.tech (Manufacturing ) from PRIST university, Thanjavur. He has presented several papers in National

conferences in the field of Renewable Energy, Alternative fuels.

4.Kumaraswamidhas LA is working as an assistant professor in National institute of technology, Trichy, Tamil

Nadu, India. He obtained his M.E (Engineering Design) from Bharathiyar University Coimbatore and Obtained

Ph.D in vibaration from Anna University, Chennai. He was awarded as an International Gold Star Award andMother Teresa Excellence Award. He published and presented more than 25 papers in national and international

conferences in the field of vibration, vehicle dynamics, modeling and simulation.

mechanics by lampard

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