med-enec roadmap energy indicators lebanon

MED-ENEC

Energy Efficiency in the Construction Sector in the Mediterranean

ENPI/2009/224-969

A Roadmap for developing Energy Indicators for Buildings in Lebanon

Final report, July 2013

This project is funded by the European Union

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A Roadmap for developing Energy Indicators for Buildings in Lebanon 17.09.2013

Disclaimer

The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.

The information in this study has been carefully researched and diligently compiled. Nevertheless, neither MED-ENEC nor the consortium partners accept any liability or give any guarantee for the validity, accuracy and completeness of the information provided. They assume no legal liabilities for damages, material or immaterial in kind, caused by the use or non-use of provided information or the use of erroneous or incomplete information,

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MED-ENEC further refers to the disclaimers and the legal notices of the EU Commission and GIZ: http://europa.eu/geninfo/legal_notices_en.htm#disclaimer http://www.gtz.de/en/rechtliches/691.htm

Authors: Sven Schimschar (Ecofys Germany) Am Wassermann 36

50825 Köln, Germany

Dr. Joseph al Assad EE & RE Consultant, Ass. Professor, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon.

Reviewer: Rani Al Achkar, LCEC, Technical Engineer

Florentine Visser, MED-ENEC - Key Expert low energy building and urban planning Cover photo:

Copyright: Any information from this study can be used or copied with the condition that MED-ENEC is referenced as the source and the www.med-enec.eu web portal is quoted.

Consortium Partners: GIZ Germany – ECOFYS Germany – ADEME France

MED-ENEC II Project Office 7 Tag El-Din El-Soubky Street, 11631 Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt

WWW.MED-ENEC.EU

http://europa.eu/geninfo/legal_notices_en.htm#disclaimer

http://www.gtz.de/en/rechtliches/691.htm

http://www.med-enec.eu/

http://www.med-enec.eu/

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5 2 Definitions and methodology ........................................................................................... 6

2.1 Building stock ........................................................................................................ 6 2.1.1 Considered building categories ................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 Collecting building stock data .................................................................................. 8

2.2 Definition of key building energy efficiency indicators .......................................... 11 2.2.1 Energy demand by building category and energy use ............................................ 14 2.2.2 Final energy consumption by building category, energy use and carrier ................. 15 2.2.3 Primary energy demand by building category and energy use................................ 16

2.3 Climate and socio economic data ........................................................................ 17 2.3.1 Relevant socio-economic data ............................................................................... 17 2.3.2 Relevant Climate data ........................................................................................... 19

2.4 Institutional set up for gathering relevant building data......................................... 22 3 Results.......................................................................................................................... 25

3.1 Building stock ...................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Building Energy Efficiency Indicators ................................................................... 27

3.2.1 Energy demand by building category and energy use ............................................ 27 3.2.2 Final energy consumption by building category, energy use and carrier ................. 29 3.2.3 Primary energy demand by building category and energy use................................ 29 3.2.4 Summary of building energy efficiency indicators ................................................... 29

3.3 Gaps in data availability and roadmap for systematic data collection ................... 30 3.3.1 Gap analysis ......................................................................................................... 32 3.3.2 Roadmap for a systematic data collection .............................................................. 32

4 Outcomes and proceedings of the stakeholder workshop ............................................. 35 4.1 Possible responsibilities for gathering necessary building sector data ................. 36 4.2 Memorandum of understanding ........................................................................... 41

5 Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................................. 42 6 ANNEX ......................................................................................................................... 44

6.1 NEEAP targets for the building sector .................................................................. 44 6.2 Detailed building stock graphs ............................................................................. 45

7 Reference List ............................................................................................................... 49

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List of Acronyms / Abbreviations

ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers BAU Business As Usual BDL Banque Du Liban BEE Building Energy Efficiency BEEI Building Energy Efficiency Indicator CAS Central Administration of Statistics CBDE the Census of Buildings, Dwellings and Establishments CDD Cooling Degree Days CEDRO Country Energy efficiency and renewable energy Demonstration

project for the Recovery Of Lebanon CNRS National Council for Scientific Research DHW Domestic Hot Water HDD Heating Degree Days EDL Electricité Du Liban EE Energy Efficiency EE/RE Energy Efficiency (measures) and (use of) Renewable Energy EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System GWh Giga Watt hour HVAC Heating, Ventilation & Air-Conditioning kWh Kilo Watt hours kTOE Kilo Tons of Oil Equivalent LCEC Lebanese Centre for Energy Conservation MED-ENEC Energy Efficiency in the Construction Sector in the Mediterranean MEW Ministry of Energy and Water MOE Ministry of Environment MOET Ministry Of Economy and Trade MOF Ministry Of Finance MOIM Ministry Of Interior and Municipalities MoU Memorandum of Understanding MPW Ministry of Public Works NEEAP National Energy Efficiency Action Plan OEA Order of Engineers and Architects PV Photovoltaic RE Renewable Energy RCREEE Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency m2 Square Meter TWh Terra Watt hour UAE United Arab Emirates UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Program WB World Bank

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List of Figures Figure 1. Methodology for developing 2011 building stock data ..............................................8 Figure 2. Illustration of dependencies between different kinds of energies in buildings .........11 Figure 3. Development of GDP per capita in Lebanon, 2001-2010. (source: BDL) ...............17 Figure 4. Development of primary energy consumption per capita in Lebanon, 2001-2010 ..17 Figure 5. Development of electricity consumption (from EDL) per capita in Lebanon, 2001-

2010 ....................................................................................................................18 Figure 6. Development of electricity consumption (from EDL) per $ GDP .............................18 Figure 7. Proposed climatic zones in Lebanon according to (UNDP/GEF and MPWT/DGU,

2005)...................................................................................................................21 Figure 8. Institutional set up for gathering relevant building data in Lebanon (Circles contain

Lebanese institutions and rectangles contain third party institutions)...................22 Figure 9. Procedure of issuing construction permits in Lebanon ...........................................23 Figure 10. Building stock development 2004-2011 divided by residential and tertiary floor

space ..................................................................................................................25 Figure 11. Building stock development 2004-2011 separated by building category ..............26 Figure 12. Relative distribution of the Lebanese building stock in 2011 ................................26 Figure 13. Net energy composition for each building type (BAU case) .................................28 Figure 14. Proposed institutional setup for a systematic data collection................................42 Figure 15. Development of residential floor area 2004-2011 in total floor space and per capita

............................................................................................................................45 Figure 16. Development of tertiary floor area 2004-2011 in total floor space and per capita .45 Figure 17. Development of office floor area 2004-2011 in total floor space and per capita ...46 Figure 18. Development of floor area in educational facilities 2004-2011 in total floor space

and per capita .....................................................................................................46 Figure 19. Development of floor area in health facilities 2004-2011 in total floor space and

per capita ............................................................................................................47 Figure 20. Development of floor area in wholesale and retail facilities 2004-2011 in total floor

space and per capita ...........................................................................................47 Figure 21. Development of floor area in Hotels and touristic facilities 2004-2011 in total floor

space and per capita ...........................................................................................48 Figure 22. Development of floor area in all other kinds of buildings 2004-2011 in total floor

space and per capita ...........................................................................................48 List of Tables Table 1. Average size of different establishments in the UAE and how defined in this report ... 9 Table 2. Correlations between OEA building categories and building categories as defined in

this report ....................................................................................................................... 9 Table 3. Selected key building energy efficiency indicators - BEEI .......................................... 12 Table 4. Stations sorted by region and by increasing heating degree-day value (UNDP/GEF

and MPWT/DGU, 2005)............................................................................................... 20 Table 5. Considered climate zones in Lebanon including average heating and cooling degree

days.............................................................................................................................. 21 Table 6. Detailed description about relevant Lebanese institutions .......................................... 23 Table 7. Building floor area development between 2004-2011 divided by different building

categories .................................................................................................................... 25 Table 8. Assumptions of boundary conditions for the energy demand calculations in a BAU

case.............................................................................................................................. 27 Table 9. Composition of the specific energy demand for each building type (BAU case) ........ 28 Table 10. Defined key building energy efficiency indicators ....................................................... 30 Table 11. Summary of the status of building energy efficiency indicators development in

Lebanon ....................................................................................................................... 31 Table 12. Roadmap for a systematic data collection................................................................... 33

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1 Introduction

The electricity production in Lebanon is about 10.3 TWh per year while a large energy share of more than 95% is imported from neighbouring countries. Thus, its dependency ratio is very high since electricity is either imported or produced by imported fuels with a very small fraction produced by hydro energy or other renewable energy systems. The energy demand is higher than the produced energy and hence the power from the government is provided for about 20 hours in Beirut area and just up to 14 hours per day in the remaining regions of Lebanon. This led to the installation of many small oil fuled generators in the different regions to compensate for the deficiencies1. The share of building sector energy consumption on the total energy consumption cannot be estimated from the energy consumption in the tertiary2 and residential sectors due to the low availability of data. MED-ENEC Focal Point in Lebanon, the Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC), promotes actively Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy strategies, in close cooperation with the Lebanese Government. The Lebanese National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) has been developed with Technical Assistance from MED-ENEC and was approved by the Government. Accordingly, it provides the basis for the energy strategy of Lebanon in the years to come. Related initiatives require good insight of the energy consumption in buildings. Also for financial assessments of different Energy Efficiency (EE) measures it is important to be able to benchmark energy consumption in buildings and thus allowing the development of an EE Building Code. Furthermore, information regarding typical specific energy consumption levels of different building types contributes to awareness raising on the potential of energy savings in the building sector among governments, general public, and professionals in the building sector. Thus, reliable benchmarks are urgently needed to assess the energy consumption of buildings.

1 Country report for Lebanon. Ghassan Dib, August 2011, part of energy conservation indicators in Southern

Mediterranean countries – by Plan Bleu, RCREEE and MED-ENEC

2 including buildings the commercial, governmental, tourism, education and health sectors.

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2 Definitions and methodology

2.1 Building stock

2.1.1 Considered building categories

1. Residential

A building should be regarded as residential building when more than half of the floor area is used for dwelling purposes (UNSTATS, 2013).

Size varies with different types of buildings (Single Detached Dwelling, Blocks, Residential Flat Building, Townhouse, Duplex or Maisonette etc. (NSW Government, 2002). Typical dwelling size in Lebanon is about 120m² (CAS, 2007)

Typical range of energy demand (for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, DWH, humidification and dehumidification): 110 – 184 KWh/m² (average ±25% according

to values presented in chapter 3.2.1). Considering efficiencies/COPs of supply

systems 62 - 104 KWh/m² (average ±25%).

2. Tertiary buildings

2.1. Offices (private sector and governmental)

A structure used primarily for the conduct of business relating to administration and other client services not related to retail sales. Office buildings can hold single or multiple firms.

Size varies (overall size, number of floors and height “floor to floor” varies small/large office) (Deru et al., 2011)

Typical range of energy demand (for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, DWH, humidification and dehumidification): 97 – 163 KWh/m² (average ±25% according to values presented in chapter 3.2.1). Considering efficiencies/COPs of supply systems 49 - 83 KWhm² (average ±25%).

Offices‟ buildings include the following types of establishments:

o Post and Telecom

o Financial intermediation

o Insurance

o Auxiliary financial intermediation

o Real-estate activities

o Hiring equipment & tools

o Services of data processing and Research and Development (R&D)

http://www.investorwords.com/4785/structure.html

http://www.investorwords.com/623/business.html

http://www.investorwords.com/883/client.html

http://www.investorwords.com/10870/related.html

http://www.investorwords.com/12646/retail_sales.html

http://www.investorwords.com/4584/single.html

http://www.investorwords.com/3156/multiple.html

http://www.investorwords.com/1967/firm.html

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2.2. Wholesale and retail facilities (commercial)

A commercial building is one that is dedicated to commercial activities. Its technical classification is that it has more than half of its floor space used for commercial activities.

This type of property is used solely for business purposes.

Typical range of energy demand (for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, DWH, humidification and dehumidification): 294 – 490 KWh/m² (average ±25% according to values presented in chapter 3.2.1). Considering efficiencies/COPs of supply systems 176 - 294 KWh/m² (average ±25%).

Wholesale and retail facilities include the following types of establishments:

o Sale and maintenance of vehicles, machines and motorcycles

o Wholesale

o Retail sale

o Other trade activities

2.3. Hotels (tourism)

A building hosting an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis only and provides numerous amenities to guests

Often buildings with about 6 floors and a floor area larger 1000m²

Typical range of energy demand (for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, DWH, humidification and dehumidification): 177 – 295 KWh/m² (average ±25% according to values presented in chapter 3.2). Considering efficiencies/COPs of supply systems 138 - 230 KWh/m² (average ±25%).

Hotels category covers the following sub-categories:

o Hotels

o Restaurants

o Touristic institutions

2.4. Schools (education)

A structure suitable for use as a classroom or any other facility used for the instruction or housing of students or for the administration of educational or research programs (NYSED, 2009)

Typically large buildings between 5,000 and 10,000m² (Overall size, number of floors and height floor to floor varies primary/secondary school)).

Typical range of energy demand and consumption is comparable to that of office buildings as the use profile is similar

This type of buildings includes schools, universities and different educational institutions

2.5. Hospitals (health sector)

A building structure specialized for providing medical and surgical treatment and nursing care for sick or injured people

Often large buildings with a floor area larger 5000m²

Typical range of energy demand and consumption is comparable to that of hotels as the use profile is similar

This category covers all institutions with health or social activities

Energy demand assumptions are based on the calculation of the demand for space heating, ventilation, space cooling, lighting and Domestic Hot Water (DHW). As only the building shell

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and the boundaries are relevant, no losses and efficiencies of the Heating, Ventilation & Air-Conditioning (HVAC) are taken into account. The respective U-Values for the „Business-As-Usual (BAU)‟ case can be found in chapter 3.2.1.

2.1.2 Collecting building stock data

The problems faced when studying the building energy indicators in Lebanon were very similar to problems faced when studying any projects related to climate or energy (e.g. (Dib and Al-Ashkar, 2011)), at the start of data collection process, usually the major challenge is the lack of official data. That opened the way to a lot of non-official numbers that may induce faulty conclusions. In order to overcome these problems, an approach based on official data only was used in this project to estimate the building stock in Lebanon. The main sources for data are resumed in the following diagram:

Figure 1. Methodology for developing 2011 building stock data

The baseline for all tertiary buildings‟ data in this project was obtained from the Census of Buildings, Dwellings and Establishments (CBDE) done by the Central Administration of Statistics (CAS) in 2004. The first challenge faced in this project was that the data provided in the CBDE was as number of institutions and not as the equivalent area of tho8. se institutions. In order to get the equivalent surface numbers, a study from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been used for estimating the size of each establishment (Statistics Dubai, 2004). These

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corresponding surfaces related to each type of institutions cited in the CBDE are resumed in the following table:

Table 1. Average size of different establishments in the UAE and how defined in this report

Building category in this report

Type of establishment

Equivalent Area per establishment [m²]

Building category

Type of establishment

Equivalent Area per establishment [m²]

Other

Agro alimentary and drinks

815

Commercial

Sale and maintenance of vehicles, machines and motor bicycles

482

Textiles and leathers 136 Wholesale 229

Paper and paperboard 136 Retail sale 229

Printing and editing 136 Other trade activities 229

Non-metal products 136 Commercial 229

Metal products 5071 Hotels Hotels and restaurants

7460

Tools and equipment 831

Offices

Post & Telecoms 273

Furnishing 229 Financial intermediation

856

Water, Electricity and

gas 921 Insurance 856

Buildings and

constructions 831

Auxiliary financial

intermediation 856

Miscellaneous activities 1364 Real-estate activities 846

Transport 273 Hiring equipments &

tools 229

Auxiliary activities with

transport 273

Services of data processing and of R &

D

229

Social, Societal and service activities

63 Education Education 3286

entertainment, cultural and sports activities

63 Health Health and Social action

256

Services to individuals 63

These categories, cited in the CBDE, were grouped into broader categories as defined in this project and shown in the following table: This baseline was incremented by the surfaces of permits provided by the Order of Engineers and Architects (OEA) in order to obtain the final building stock. The data provided from the OEA, began at 2006, thus the number of additions in 2005 was considered as the same in 2006. Again disparities in the definitions of building categories had to be resolved. The equivalency table between the used categories and the categories provided by the OEA is shown below:

Table 2. Correlations between OEA building categories and building categories as defined in this report

New building permit category according to OEA Used building category in this report

Residential Buildings Residential

Commercial Buildings Wholesale and retail

Touristic Buildings and Hotels Hotels

Public Service Buildings (Schools & Hospitals) Education

Hospitals

Other Other

Public Buildings (Administrative, Social. Cultural) Offices

Economic Sector Buildings

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Because of the inconsistency of data collection, building categories were changed several times even during short time intervals. For example, the data provided from the OEA, included a category titled “other” in the permits of 2006 to 2008 that was replaced, by the OEA itself, by a category titled “Public Buildings”. in the permits post 2008 without specifying the equivalency between these two categories. On the other hand, both categories “Hospitals” and “Education” used in this report were included in one category in the data from the OEA. Thereby, proportions of these categories were taken from the CBDE (per department) and used in order to estimate the surfaces added each year. Following this discrepancy, it was recommended to have a unified, predefined building categories following which data should collected. (See Paragraph 4). As for the residential building stock, a different approach was used based on Statistics in Focus, issue 02, published by the CAS in April 2012, stating that the average area occupied by a person in 2007 was around 30 m2. This same report stated that in 2007, the total Lebanese population was around 3,759,000 capita, giving thereby the residential building stock in 2007. This stock was incremented and diminished by the surfaces of building permits in order to deduce the data for the period between 2004 and 2011.

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2.2 Definition of key building energy efficiency indicators In order to allow for a better understanding of the defined building energy efficiency indicators, Figure 2 illustrates the dependencies between different kind of energies in buildings, shows how they can be further separated and which factors are influencing the specific energy demands.

Figure 2. Illustration of dependencies between different kinds of energies in buildings, further separation and influencing factors

According to the NEEAP 2011-2015, different building sector related targets have been defined (for more details see the appendix, chapter 6.1) which all, directly or indirectly, aim to reduce the electricity consumption in the building sector. Additionally, the 2005 version of thermal standards for buildings in Lebanon, sets minimum requirements for the thermal performance of building envelopes in new residential and tertiary buildings and provides methods for determining compliance with these requirements. This standard is to be included in the national EE building code to be developed in Lebanon. Based on the above described targets and derived implications, Table 3 shows a list of the finally selected building energy efficiency indicators which are analysed within this project (Specific indicators and total stock consumption relating to the NEEAP requirements). The used colours indicate the priority of the different indicators. The meaning is:

Red: High priority

Orange: Medium priority

Green: Low priority (“nice to have”)

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Table 3. Selected key building energy efficiency indicators - BEEI

BEEI BEEI 1 BEEI 2 BEEI 3

Energy consumption

Energy demand

Final energy End energy Primary

energy Electricity Diesel Gas

Unit kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh

Residential

Total

Space cooling

Space heating

Hot water

Lighting

Appliances Not applicable

Tertiary complete

Total

Space cooling

Space heating

Hot water

Lighting


Offices (Private &governmental)

Total

Space cooling

Space heating

Hot water

Lighting


Wholesale and Retail

Total

Space cooling

Space heating

Hot water

Lighting


Hotels (tourism)

Total

Space cooling

Space heating

Hot water

Lighting


Schools (Education)

Total

Space cooling

Space heating

Hot water

Lighting


Hospitals (Health)

Total

Space cooling

Space heating

Hot water

Lighting


Other

Total

Space cooling

Space heating

Hot water

Lighting


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According to Table 3, the following main groups of indicators have been identified and are described in detail in chapters 2.2.1 to 2.2.3:

1. Total net energy demand [in TWh] and resulting specific energy demand [in kWh/m²a] (see chapter 2.2.1) 1.1. By building category (Residential, Tertiary, Offices, Commercial, Hotels, Schools,

Hospitals, Other) 1.2. By energy use (Space cooling, Space heating, Domestic hot water, Lighting)

2. Total final energy consumption [in TWh] and resulting specific final energy consumption [in kWh/m²a] (see chapter 2.2.2) 2.1. By building category (Residential, Tertiary, Offices, Commercial, Hotels, Schools,

Hospitals, Other) 2.2. By energy use (Space cooling, Space heating, Domestic hot water, Lighting,

Appliances) 2.3. By energy carrier (Electricity, Diesel oil, Gas, etc.)

3. Total primary energy demand [in TWh] and resulting specific primary energy demand [in kWh/m²a] (see chapter 2.2.3) 3.1. By building category (Residential, Tertiary, Offices, Commercial, Hotels, Schools,

Hospitals, Other) 3.2. By energy use (Space cooling, Space heating, Domestic hot water, Lighting,

Appliances)

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2.2.1 Energy demand by building category and energy use

Description The net energy demand of buildings is an important factor for assessing the thermal quality of a building. It is mainly influenced by the physical quality of a building, precisely the geometry, orientation of the building, insulation, windows, air-tightness, presence of passive measures, internal loads but also external factors as for example the climate. The energy demand calculations can be done for each individual building, but in order to get a most general understanding of the quality in the entire stock, representative reference buildings need to be specified, reflecting the reality in Lebanon as precisely as possible. This can be done for different building types in order to even get a more realistic result.

The energy demand itself does not allow direct conclusions about the final energy consumption but there is a strong relation between these two parameters. The final energy consumption is the result of the net energy demand and the system losses for providing the heat to the building. However, a distinction should be made between the theoretical net energy demand calculations divided by the efficiency of the supply system and the real energy consumption.

The net energy demand calculations assume that the building indoor temperature is supplied all the time when outside temperature drops below a specific temperature or exceeds a specific temperature and the resulting energy demand is calculated for all rooms within the building. In practice, especially in economically weaker regions, not all rooms of a building are conditioned (heated or cooled), often just the living room and the kitchen, or the rooms are just conditioned when outside temperature reach extreme values. Thus, in most countries there is a disparity between the calculated theoretical energy demand and the real consumption. The larger this disparity is, the more complicated it is to influence the energy consumption within a building sector through a building code and thus complex solutions have to be provided.

Purpose

Set the baseline of building stock per unified building category, analyse the physical quality of the existing building stock and understand the differences between building categories and regions.

Set the baseline for energy demand and consumption per unified building category and identify the disparity between energy demand and energy consumption

Identify regulatory needs for improving the energy performance of buildings to allow developing a national EE building code for Lebanon.

Needed input data

Representative reference buildings reflecting the reality in the building stock as precise as possible. At least one reference building per building category as described in chapter 2.1.1 is necessary, further separations could be done per region (per climate zone as defined in Table 5 but also separation by urban and rural regions) and per age class (also considering new buildings). Necessary variables contain:

o Geometry (area of outer component and orientation [m2] ) o Heat transfer coefficient of each building shell component (u-value) [W/(m² K)] o Internal loads (this differs per building category) [W/m²] o Average air infiltration rate (both the required minimum air exchange rate and

the typical rate in practice) [h-1] o Thermal mass [in kg as a result of the different materials and their volume in

the specific building] o Typical HVAC system categorisation (which systems are typically used in

which kind of building category)

Average climate conditions: hourly values of outside temperature, solar irradiation (global, direct, indirect) and humidity

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2.2.2 Final energy consumption by building category, energy use and carrier

Description The final energy consumption in the building sector is an important indicator not just relevant for buildings but also for the entire economy. This is also the reason why the NEEAP aims to reduce the overall electricity consumption in the buildings sector through different measures. The final energy consumption of buildings is influenced by the energy demand (see chapter 2.2.1) and is also the most important impact factor for the greenhouse gas emission (GHG) from the buildings sector. Thus, from both, the economic as well as also the environmental point of view, it is important to reduce the final energy consumption. The final energy consumption is the sum of all end use consumptions of different energy carriers. In Lebanon, the most relevant energy carrier is electricity, followed by diesel oil that is mainly used for heating purposes but also for independent electricity supply at times when the electricity grid does not provide the necessary supply This indicator should be separated by building category according to chapter 2.1.1. If the total floor area and final energy consumption, divided by energy carrier, is known for each building category, this allows the development of specific final energy consumption benchmarks per square meter. Such indicators are very useful to identify the buildings with the most significant energy consumption in terms of both total and specific consumption. For getting a complete picture of the energy consumption patterns in the Lebanese building stock, the specific energy consumptions per building type should furthermore be separated by energy use (space heating, space cooling, domestic hot water, lighting, appliances etc.). Such an overview provides important insights for policy makers about weak points and thus allows the development of appropriate regulatory requirements.

Purpose

Get baseline of total final energy consumption in order to allow proving reductions in the future (like for evaluations of NEEAP measures).

Development of specific final energy benchmarks per building category

Understand most important consumption purposes and thus allow developing appropriate policies

Identify the disparity between demand and consumption in order to allow developing a suitable policy framework

Needed input data

Total final energy consumption residential sector [TWh]

Total final energy consumption tertiary sector [TWh]

End energy consumption by energy carrier in the residential sector [TWh]

End energy consumption by energy carrier in the tertiary sector and furthermore separated by tertiary building category [TWh]

Final energy consumption per energy use and building category [TWh]

Size of building stock: Residential and tertiary floor area [in m²] and tertiary buildings furthermore separated by tertiary building category

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2.2.3 Primary energy demand by building category and energy use

Description The primary energy demand of the building sector contains all primary energy sources that are necessary for supplying the buildings with the different energy carriers. All end energy carriers suffer specific losses during their supply chain. Normally, for oil and gas products around 10% more energy is needed per unit of consumed energy for extracting the respective primary energy from the nature, transforming it in order to make it usable and transporting it to the place of destination where it is consumed. Electricity that first has to be generated, often in coal or gas fired power plants, has large losses before it can finally be used in the buildings, thus the needed primary energy for one unit of electricity often is triple or even higher compared to one unit of consumed electricity. The factor expressing this difference between the final energy and the needed primary energy for producing one unit of energy is called “primary energy factor”. In order to allow calculation the energy demand of a building or even of the entire building stock, it is necessary to know which energy carriers and in which quantity is consumed in the buildings. Multiplied these quantities with respective primary energy factors, allows calculating the primary energy demand. The primary energy factor is mainly influenced by the system losses during the generation of a specific energy carrier (for example electricity) and the losses during distribution. Example: if electricity is generated in a coal power plant with an efficiency of 30% and further distribution losses in the grid of 5%, a primary energy factor of 1/(30%*95%) = 3.5 would be the result. Thus, 1 kWh of consumed electricity in a building needs 3.5 kWh of primary energy (in this case coal). Usually, the primary energy is less important for building owners than for the government trying to ensure supply security and simultaneously protecting available resources and the environment. Often, environmental targets are expressed in primary energy reduction.

Purpose

Identify the importance of the building sector within the total primary energy consumption of Lebanon

Allow setting primary energy targets for improving energy supply security and develop specific approaches for the building sector, to reduce the primary energy demand.

Needed input data



Primary energy factors

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2.3 Climate and socio economic data

2.3.1 Relevant socio-economic data

In this section the first graph shows the development of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita between 2001 and 2010. The GDP is referenced to Banque Du Liban (BDL) whereas the population is referenced to CAS.

Figure 3. Development of GDP per capita in Lebanon, 2001-2010. (source: BDL)

The following graph shows the development of the consumption of primary energy per capita for the period 2001-2010.

Figure 4. Development of primary energy consumption per capita in Lebanon, 2001-2010

Calculation of electricity consumption in Lebanon is pretty complicated, where Electricité Du Liban (EDL) supplies a part of the electricity needs that are complemented by private generators. The following graph shows the development of electricity consumption per capita as supplied by EDL, although this may not reflect more than 50% or 60% of the real consumption; however, this graph shows an increasing trend for this type of consumption. It is to be noted that in period 2006-2007, this graph shows a decrease of the electricity consumption than can be associated with the 2006 war.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

GD

P p

er C

apit

a($

/Cap

ita)

Year

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Figure 5. Development of electricity consumption (from EDL) per capita in Lebanon, 2001-2010

The close relationship between the GDP and the electricity consumption is demonstrated in most of the countries, where logically, the higher the income of individuals is, the more they are willing to spend money (Dib and AlAchkar, 2011; El Andaloussi et al., 2011; Missaoui et al., 2012). The electricity price in Lebanon is in average 9.4 US¢/KWh. This price is relatively high when compared to the neighbouring oil producing countries; however, it is pretty low when compared to other international countries. Moreover, the average production cost of electricity in Lebanon is around 22 US¢/KWh which shows that electricity is highly subsidized in Lebanon. The following graph shows the electricity production per GDP unit.

Figure 6. Development of electricity consumption (from EDL) per $ GDP

The decreasing trend in this graph is not related to the fact that Lebanon breaks the relationship between the GDP and the electricity consumption, instead the decreasing trend is due to the fact that the GDP is increasing, while generation capacities from EDL stay on the same level. The increase in electricity consumption is catered by the private generators, which is not reflected in this graph.

19


2.3.2 Relevant Climate data

Lebanon is located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Beirut: Latitude 33º 49N and Longitude 35º 29E). It is characterized by a Mediterranean Climate with a mild rainy winters and hot dry summers.

In general, Lebanon‟s topography can be divided into three features, a coastal strip, mountain ranges, and an inland plateau.

The Western mountain range plays a key influencing role on the climatic pattern of the inland plateau. While the climatic pattern of the western side of the Western mountain range exhibits

Maritime characteristics, the climatic pattern of the eastern side of the Western mountain range exhibits Continental characteristics. Continental climates are typically marked by large annual or daily temperature amplitudes, low relative humidity, and moderate to low rainfall.

The yearly average temperature zones in Lebanon can be resumed as follows:

Altitude above 1800 m: between 5 and 10 ºC

Altitude between 1100 and 1200 m: around 15 ºC

A slight portion of the littoral benefits from the dampening effect of the sea and has a yearly average temperature above 20 ºC.

The heating degree-days (HDD 18) and the cooling degree-days (CDD 21) calculated for Lebanon are resumed in Table 4 (UNDP/GEF and MPWT/DGU, 2005). Heating and cooling degree days are important as these values need to be used in any energy model to be developed for the calculations of heating and cooling energy demands. In the case of Lebanon, this input is even more important to be considered since a lot of house occupants vary their energy consumption patterns depending on whether their electricity is coming from EDL or from the private generators so they may shift for instance from electric heaters to gas heaters.

20


Table 4. Stations sorted by region and by increasing heating degree-day value (UNDP/GEF and MPWT/DGU, 2005)

Station Name Atlas Region Altitude [m] HDD [18] CDD [21]

LITTORAL AND WESTERN

SIDE OF WESTERN MOUNTAIN RANGE

El-Qasmiyé LS 30 300 665

Jounieh* LC 10 304 766

Chekka* LN 15 304 1048

Sour* LS 5 323 711

Zouq-Mikayel LC 70 345 839

Beirut A.U.B. LC 34 379 882

Aamchit* LC 135 386 790

Beirut-Khalde* LC 15 418 616

Aabde LN 15 420 579

Saida LC 5 467 459

Aéroport (Beyrouth) LC 15 472 511

Jouaya* LS 300 472 554

Tripoli-el-Mina LN 2 561 515

Halba* LN 170 627 577

Qlaiaât-Akkar LN 5 630 634

Alma-Chaab LS 380 632 343

Kaftoun* LC 215 636 606

Miniara LN 195 642 515

Amioun LN 300 696 362

Tibnine* LS 680 696 676

Jamhour LC 410 723 331

Nabatiyé-Habbouch LS 410 741 246

Zgharta K.D.* LN 110 743 346

Douair LS 280 745 257

Ghazir LC 415 793 333

Qornet-Chehwan LC 603 799 233

Arbaniyé-Jisr LC 510 956 340

Bayssour* LC 978 979 267

Souq-el-Gharb* LC 700 1001 235

Aïn-Ebel LS 765 1010 312

Kouachra LN 400 1013 313

Ghosta LC 650 1019 169

Qoubayat LN 540 1040 259

Gharifé LC 680 1073 98

Beit-ed-Din-Loqch MC 835 1173 129

Bikfaya MC 900 1339 65

Jezzin MC 945 1340 50

Kfar-Nabrakh MC 1020 1349 148

Sir-ed-Denniyé MN 915 1376 96

Mayfouq* MC 875 1438 3

Qartaba MC 1140 1514 105

Bhamdoun-Btalloun MC 1090 1539 37

El-Qrayé MC 1010 1622 74

Falougha* MC 1250 1670 25

Faraya-village* MC 1320 1749 12

Dahr-el-Darajé MC 1150 1835 59

Laqlouq MC 1700 2466 0

Dahr-el-Baidar MC 1510 2522 0

Becharré-Usine* MN 1400 2567 0

Faraya-Mzar MC 1840 3096 0

Les Cèdres MN 1925 3330 0

INLAND REGION

Hermel* IO 750 1195 501

Marjayoun IH 760 1203 108

El-Qaa IO 650 1257 463

Chiffa* IO 1000 1442 397

Baalbek IO 1150 1502 353

Kherbet-Qanafar IL 940 1541 176

Ksara IL 920 1541 228

Ammiq IL 870 1552 105

Fakehé IO 1060 1581 228

Zahle* IL 990 1600 390

Haouch-ed-Dahab IO 1009 1647 353

Kfar-Dan IL 1080 1690 179

Tell-Amara IL 905 1691 74

Terbol* IL 890 1721 121

Rayak IL 920 1730 201

Qaraoun w. dam* IL 855 1748 130

Taanayel IL 880 1780 0

Flawi IO 1170 1792 204

Arsal* IO 1400 1794 114

Haouch-es-Snaïd IL 995 1851 93

Rachaya IH 1235 1881 59

Yammouné IO 1370 2279 81

* Data not from Atlas Climatique du Liban

21


This table indicates (as stated in the climatic zoning report in 2005) that the altitude is not the driving parameter for the weather observed inland. For instance, this could have implied that solar radiation and wind regimes have a larger impact on local climate in this part of the country than the altitude variation; however, when considering the littoral regions, the altitude was the basic driving parameters. Finally, the building code for Lebanon developed in 2005 resulted in the definition and delineation of four Climatic Zones, representing the range of thermal energy requirements for Buildings in Lebanon. These zones can be resumed as follow:

Table 5. Considered climate zones in Lebanon including average heating and cooling degree days Source: (UNDP/GEF and MPWT/DGU, 2005)

Zone Reference weather station

Characteristic HDD (18)

Characteristic CDD (21)

Zone 1: Coastal Beirut 379 882

Zone 2: Western Mid-Mountain Qartaba 1514 105

Zone 3: Inland plateau Zahle 1600 390

Zone 4 : High mountain Cedars 3330 0

Figure 7 illustrates the proposed climatic zones on a Lebanese map.

Figure 7. Proposed climatic zones in Lebanon according to (UNDP/GEF and MPWT/DGU, 2005)

22


2.4 Institutional set up for gathering relevant building data One of the most difficult challenges of studying energy consumption in buildings is the lack of data, where no clear reference for this type of data was found. After contacting different administration two types of data related to the building sector were identified:

Administrative Data

Census and statistical studies Administrative data is the data obtained from daily functioning of the administrations such as birth and death rates obtained from the ministry of interior and municipalities. Whereas, any type of statistical studies that requires a census or a sampling procedure must be done under the supervision of the CAS. It is to be noted that CAS collects a lot of administrative data from the different administrations and publishes a yearly statistical book for selected topics. Focusing on the building data and their energy consumption, this is collected from different sources that can be resumed as follows:

Figure 8. Institutional set up for gathering relevant building data in Lebanon (Circles contain Lebanese institutions and rectangles contain third party institutions).

23


Table 6. Detailed description about relevant Lebanese institutions

Institution Current role related to buildings Proposed new role related to buildings

OEA Issuing Construction permits

Issuing construction permits

Unifying and describing the definitions for the different building sectors. Systematic periodic communication of al the data related to

the construction permits with the LCEC.

CAS

Supervision and/or implementation of census and statistical studies

Different socio-economic data (in collaboration with the MOF and MOIM)

Unifying and describing the definitions for the different building sectors.

Update at specific fixed periods of the building data (CBDE). Include end use energy type in collected building data. Include the size of the establishments in the building data.

Adoption of the different end use energy types defined by the LCEC. Collection of hourly weather data from the different weather

stations. Systematic periodic data communication with the LCEC.

LCEC

Energy efficiency action plan (in collaboration with MED-ENEC) Distributed RE projects (in collaboration

with UNDP CEDRO)

Definition of the different end use energy types. Centralizing of building data from OEA, CAS and EDL. Periodic publishing of building energy indicators’ reports.

EDL Electricity generation data Electricity consumption estimation

Use of the defined building sectors by OEA, CAS and LCEC. Collection of electricity consumption data per building sector.

Systematic periodic data communication with the LCEC.

In order to clarify further the potential sources of data, the following diagram (Lebanon: Thermal Standards for Buildings – Review and Implementation Plan, WB, 2011) describes the procedure of construction permit issuing:

Figure 9. Procedure of issuing construction permits in Lebanon

Input Agency Output

Technical Department1 - Planning and Classification Report Project Owner

Engineering Firm/Project Engineer

- Lot Topographic Survey

- Signed Design Drawings2

Planning and Classification Report

Order of Engineers and Architects3

- Registration of Construction Permit request

- Payment of OEA fees

- Cover Letter as per OEA Form

- Planning and Classification Certificate


- Four copies of the Signed Design

Drawings

Technical Department

- Site Inspection

- Technical Evaluation of File

- Conformity with Local Building Regulations

- Conformity with the Lebanese Building Code and

its Related Decrees

Complete file including:

- Planning and Classification Certificate


- 3 copies of Signed Design Drawings

- Photographs of the Lot

- Elevation Maps by Topographer

Pro

ject

Pro

po

sal

Concerned Administrations4

- Availability of Electrical Supply and Capacity (EDL)

- Availability of Shelter if Needed (Civil Defense)

- Effect on Aviation (Civil Aviation Department)

- Conformity with Touristic Standards …

- Approval letter with comments if any

-

Complete File

Municipality

- Assessment of Sale Value per Square meter

Complete File


- Technical Evaluation of Registration Fees

- Reports of Concerned Administrations

- Municipality’s Assessment of Sale

Value per Square meter

Municipality

- Payment of Fees

- Order to start work

Technical Evaluation of Registration Fees

Ad

min

istr

ativ

e/Te

chn

ical

Eva

luat

ion

Project Engineer

- Order to Start Work Stamped at OEA

- Execution of works as per Permit5 Order to Start Work


- Site Inspection for compliance with construction

permit drawings

- Request for occupancy permit

- Report of Project Engineer

Municipality - Occupancy Permit Technical Department’s approval

Exec

uti

on

+In

spec

tio

n

24


1. The Technical Department can be one of the following depending on the city/village: a. The Technical Department in the Municipality of Beirut or Tripoli b. The Union of Municipalities if one exists

2. The local Urban Planning department. The Design Drawings should be signed by an architect, a civil engineer, an electrical engineer and a mechanical engineer. Either the architect or the civil engineer can be assigned as project engineer.

3. OEA of either Beirut or Tripoli 4. Concerned administration can be EDL, Civil Defense, Civil Aviation Authority depending

on the height of the building, the Ministry of Tourism, Education or Health depending on the end‐use of the building.

5. Roof casting shall only be done with signed authorization from the project engineer. When the building includes basements, the Technical Department shall check compliance of basements with permit drawings before giving approval to start execution of upper levels

6. Although the permits issuing procedure is pretty complicated, data needs to be centralized at the end of this procedure at the OEA. Moreover, data formats needs to be fixed for long periods without modifications in the building categories. Finally, OEA should communicate with LCEC in order to unify the building categories on the nation level.

25


3 Results

This chapter contains all relevant information that could be collected or developed in this report. The missing data are indicated in the gap analysis (chapter 3.3.1). After having analysed the data availability, a roadmap for improving it was developed in chapter 3.3.2 and shows all necessary steps for a systematic collection of the missing data.

3.1 Building stock According to the methodology as described in chapter 2.1.2, building stock data has been developed for all building categories as defined in chapter 2.1.1 for the years 2004 to 2011. The derived results are presented in the following Table 7, Figure 10, Figure 11 and Figure 12. Additionally, detailed graphs have been developed for each building category, illustrating the total floor area of this category in the building stock and the connected specific floor area per capita. These graphs can be found in the annex in chapter 6.2.

Table 7. Building floor area development between 2004-2011 divided by different building categories

Building category Unit 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Residential Million m² 96.3 101.8 107.3 112.8 124.6 133.5 143.7 150.4

Tertiary Million m² 148.3 150.6 152.9 154.4 157.0 158.7 160.7 161.8

Wholesale &retail Million m² 55.6 56.4 57.2 57.7 59.0 59.4 60.2 60.8

Education Million m² 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.5 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.4

Health Million m² 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2

Hotels Million m² 51.0 51.2 51.5 51.6 51.9 52.1 52.3 52.4

Office Million m² 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.6 4.3 5.2 5.4

Other Million m² 34.8 35.0 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.5 35.5 35.5

Figure 10. Building stock development 2004-2011 divided by residential and tertiary floor space

26


Figure 11. Building stock development 2004-2011 separated by building category

Figure 12. Relative distribution of the Lebanese building stock in 2011

48%

20%

1%

1%

17%

2%11%

Residential

Wholesale and retail

Education

Health

Hotels

Office

Other

27


3.2 Building Energy Efficiency Indicators

3.2.1 Energy demand by building category and energy use

Exemplarily, Ecofys conducted a set of net energy demand calculations for some building types. Net energy is the energy demand for heating, ventilation, cooling, lighting and DHW. As only the building shell and the boundaries are relevant, no losses and efficiencies of the HVAC are taken into account. The following boundary conditions for a business as usual case under Beirut climate have been assumed for the calculations (parameters are expert assumptions based on experiences in the region):

Table 8. Assumptions of boundary conditions for the energy demand calculations in a BAU case

Unit

Residential Standard

Residential Seasonal

Hotel Office Retail

Glazing fraction (all facades)

% 35 35 35 35 80

U-value walls W/m²K 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.26 1.26

Façade color - white white white white white

U-value windows W/m²K 4 4 4 4 5.8

Solar transmission coefficient of glazing

- 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.87

Shading device - none none none none none

Infiltration rate vol/h 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Air exchange rate

day/operating time3

vol/h 0.46 0.46 0.96 1.03 2.401

Air exchange rate night/not operating time

3

vol/h 0.46 0.46 0.64 0 0

Energy efficiency ventilation

Wh/m3 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51

Minimum indoor air

temperature (winter) °C 21 21 21 21 21

Maximum indoor air

temperature (summer) °C 24 24 24 24 24

Minimum indoor air temperature night/not

operating time

°C 13 13 13 13 13

Maximum indoor air temperature night/not

operating time

°C 24 24 24 37 37

Minimum relative humidity

% 40 40 40 40 40

Maximum relative humidity

% 50 50 50 50 50

Installed lighting power W/m² 8.0 8.0 12.1 10.0 30.0

Heating system - reversible split reversible split Diesel boiler Diesel boiler reversible split

Average heat supply

efficiency [COP] 2.3 2.3 0.9 0.9 2.3

fuel - electricity electricity Diesel Diesel electricity

Cooling system - reversible

split5

reversible

split5

central chiller4 central chiller

4

reversible

split5

Average annual cooling supply efficiency

[SEER]2

2.9 2.9 3.3 3.3 2.9

Domestic hot water system

- decentral

direct decentral

direct Diesel boiler, circu. system

none none

Average DHW supply

efficiency [eta] 1 1 0.8 --- ---

DHW demand kWh/m

²a 10 2.5 45.7 --- ---

Outage backup - Diesel

generator Diesel

generator Diesel

generator Diesel

generator Diesel

generator 1) incl. 1/h for uncontrolled ventilation through open doors during operating times 2) Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) in this report is defined as (annual sum provided cooling + dehumidification)/ annual sum of electricity demand; Compared to the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) (US) a conversion factor of 3.41 has to be considered (EER (US)=SEER *3.41) 3) According to ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) 4) Chilled water systems with central air cooled chillers and with fan coil distribution 5) Direct expansionsystems (split or multisplit)

28


The calculations were performed with an Excel based building energy balance model, developed by Ecofys for the examination and individual optimisation of low/zero energy solutions. The calculation methodology follows the framework set out in the Annex to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). The useful heating and cooling demand calculations are conform with methodology EN ISO 13790 which allows a simplified calculation based on building characteristics. It is not depending on heating and cooling equipment and results in the energy that is required to maintain the temperature level of the building. The model considers all energy relevant parameters like the hourly local (meteonorm) climate data as well as the building physics (U-values, thermal masses etc.) to calculate the hourly solar gains as well as the transmission gains and losses. Furthermore, hourly usage dependent heat and humidity load profiles were considered as well as e.g. the impact of ventilation (hourly air exchange rates), lighting, DHW and also time dependent internal comfort settings. As output, the model creates sets of net energy values for each 8760 hours within a year which are summed up to determine the annual demands. Figure 13 and Table 9 show the composition of the specific energy demands in the Business As Usual (BAU) case for the five investigated reference buildings.

Figure 13. Net energy composition for each building type (BAU case)

Table 9. Composition of the specific energy demand for each building type (BAU case)

Values Residential

Standard

Residential

Seasonal Hotel Office Retail

Heating 3 kWh/m².a 6 kWh/m².a 4 kWh/m².a 0 kWh/m².a 1 kWh/m².a

Cooling 78 kWh/m².a 64 kWh/m².a 95 kWh/m².a 82 kWh/m².a 193 kWh/m².a

Ventilation 7 kWh/m².a 7 kWh/m².a 12 kWh/m².a 5 kWh/m².a 8 kWh/m².a

Lighting 13 kWh/m².a 3 kWh/m².a 21 kWh/m².a 17 kWh/m².a 125 kWh/m².a

Hot water 10 kWh/m².a 2 kWh/m².a 46 kWh/m².a 0 kWh/m².a 0 kWh/m².a

Humidification 1 kWh/m².a 1 kWh/m².a 2 kWh/m².a 1 kWh/m².a 3 kWh/m².a

Dehumidification 36 kWh/m².a 32 kWh/m².a 55 kWh/m².a 24 kWh/m².a 63 kWh/m².a

Total 147 kWh/m².a 116 kWh/m².a 236 kWh/m².a 130 kWh/m².a 392 kWh/m².a

The cooling and dehumidification demand claims the highest share of energy at nearly all building types. Retail represents the highest demand due to high air exchange rates

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Residential Standard Residential Seasonal Hotel Office Retail

kWh/m²aBAU - Energy demand

- useful energy -

Heating Cooling Ventilation Lighting DHW Humidification Dehumidification

29


(influencing the cooling and dehumidification demand) and a comparably high lighting demand. The second largest consumers of energy are hotels. Here the domestic hot water demand is relatively much higher compared to the other building types. Due to a seasonal occupancy rate, the residential seasonal is experiencing the lowest demand.

3.2.2 Final energy consumption by building category, energy use and carrier

Although the overall electricity consumption in Lebanon is known on national level together for all sectors, no differentiation is possible between the different end-use sectors. So far, it was not possible to determine the share of electricity that is used in the building sector or even more differentiated by residential and tertiary buildings. This implicates that no reliable final energy related data could be collected or derived from other data sources. There are several options to improve this data situation which is described in more detail in chapter 3.3.2.

3.2.3 Primary energy demand by building category and energy use

As no specific building sector related data about the final / end-energy consumption is available, it was neither possible to develop any kind of primary energy related indicators. Official primary energy factors for the different energy carriers are not available either (could just be estimated), this makes it even more complicated to derive any reliable primary energy data for the building sector. However, it should be noted that the generation factor of EDL electricity is available and also the grid losses are known.

3.2.4 Summary of building energy efficiency indicators

The aimed Building Energy Efficiency indicators as defined in chapter 2.2 and specifically in Table 3 that could be developed are here summarised in Table 10. If it was not possible it was possible to develop the data, an „O‟ indicates that a recommendation for this specific indicator can be found in the roadmap (section 3.3.2).

30


Table 10. Defined key building energy efficiency indicators

BEEI BEEI 1 BEEI 2 BEEI 3

Energy consumption

Energy demand

Final energy End energy Primary

energy Electricity Diesel Gas

Unit kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh kWh/ (m²*a)

TWh

Residential

Total 104 15.6 O O O O O O O O O O

Space cooling 78 11.7 O O O O O O O O O O

Space heating 3 0.5 O O O O O O O O O O

Hot water 10 1.5 O O O O O O O O O O

Lighting 13 2.0 O O O O O O O O O O

Appliances Not applicable O O O O O O O O O O

Tertiary complete

Total O O O O O O O O O O O O

Space cooling O O O O O O O O O O O O

Space heating O O O O O O O O O O O O

Hot water O O O O O O O O O O O O

Lighting O O O O O O O O O O O O


Offices (Private &governmental)



Space heating 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O

Hot water 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O



Wholesale and Retail




Hot water 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O



Hotels (tourism)


Space cooling 95 5 O O O O O O O O O O


Hot water 46 2.4 O O O O O O O O O O



Schools (Education)







Hospitals (Health)







Other







„O‟ indicates that it was not possible to develop the data. A recommendation for this specific indicator can be found in the roadmap (section 3.3.2)

3.3 Gaps in data availability and roadmap for systematic data collection In order to allow for conducting a comprehensible gap analysis, and based on that a suitable roadmap for data collection, the following Table 11 summarises the main outcomes of the analysis as described in more detail in chapters 2.2.1 to 2.2.3. The gap analysis can be found in section 3.3.1 and the developed roadmap in section 3.3.2.

31


Table 11. Summary of the status of building energy efficiency indicators development in Lebanon

BEE Indicator Necessary input data Status/Results Quality assessment

1

Total and specific net energy demand (kWh/m2)

By building category By energy use

Definition of reference buildings

Ensure availability of hourly climate data

The average climate conditions that are relevant for building energy simulations should be based on measured values. For Lebanon a quite comprehensive overview is already provided in (UNDP/GEF and MPWT/DGU, 2005). The study seems to be of good quality, however, no hourly values are provided and thus the data situation could still be improved.

The available energy demand calculations are assumed to be of high quality. The needed hourly data has been extracted from Meteonorm, however, no independent building has been considered for the calculations but just a unique geometry for all building categories (one building floor). Beirut climate has been used for the calculations.

2

Total and specific final energy consumption [kWh/m2)

By building category

By energy use

By energy carrier

Total final energy consumption residential sector [TWh]

Total final energy consumption tertiary sector [TWh]



Final energy consumption per energy use and building category [TWh]


No data is available /

3

Total and specific primary energy demand [kWh/m2)

By building category

By energy use



Primary energy factors

No data is available /

32


3.3.1 Gap analysis

BEEI1: Total and specific energy demand The analysis has shown that due to the lack of adequate data quality respectively completely missing input data, the BEEI could not been defined in a satisfying manner. Reasons were the following input parameters that were not available:

Definition of reference buildings

Ensure availability of hourly climate data BEEI 2: Total and specific final energy consumption The analysis has shown that due to the lack of adequate data quality respectively completely missing input data, the BEEI could not been defined in a satisfying manner. Reasons were the following input parameters that were not available:

Total final energy consumption residential sector

Total final energy consumption tertiary sector

End energy consumption by energy carrier in the residential sector

End energy consumption by energy carrier in the tertiary sector and furthermore separated by tertiary building category

Final energy consumption per energy use and building category


BEEI3: Total and specific Primary energy demand The analysis has shown that due to the lack of adequate data quality respectively completely missing input data, the BEEI could not been defined in a satisfying manner. Reasons were the following input parameters that were not available:



The gap analysis shows that none of the required input factors for developing the Building Energy Efficiency Indicators is available at the moment. However, the following chapter provides recommendations for a systematic data collection.

3.3.2 Roadmap for a systematic data collection

According to the gap analysis, it becomes obvious that a lot of data that would be necessary for developing reliable building energy efficiency indicators is not available in Lebanon. Thus, the following roadmap has been developed with the aim to allow a systematic data collection by providing specific recommendations for improvement. It is structured by the different necessary input factors that are currently not existent respectively available by the different institutions (result from the gap analysis). For each necessary input factor, the needed data is clearly defined, a suitable methodology for collecting this data is given and based on this methodology, the best fitting institution according to chapter 2.4 has been identified. The Roadmap is presented in form of a table (see Table 12).

33


Table 12. Roadmap for a systematic data collection

Input data Recommendations /Methodology for systematically collecting the needed information Recommend institution

3

Definition of reference buildings / Developing a building typology for Lebanon

The definition of reference buildings cannot be done very easily. In best case, this should be based on an extended building typology (for example see http://www.building-typology.eu/). Such a study should be conducted by national experts, if possible with the support of an experienced international partner. It should be considered that a lot of work is necessary for providing the necessary information and this is associated with a specific financial need. However, without knowing the current status of the building stock in detail, no appropriate building policies can be developed. Moreover, the Lebanese culture was influenced by the succession of different civilisations impacting especially its architectural aspects, making it difficult to define a unified typical aspect for Lebanese buildings. To be done once, then every ten years again

OEA - LCEC

Ensure availability of hourly climate data

Hourly climatic data should be collected systematically from Meteo Liban‟s 17 different meteorological stations all around the Lebanese territory. Necessary data contain outside temperature, solar irradiation (global, direct, indirect) and humidity. Actualise every ten years

CAS

Conducting energy demand calculations

In order to ensure consistency of demand calculations, it should clearly be defined (for example in the national building code) which input parameters should be used. As an example for a necessary set of parameters, Table 8 can be used. If all necessary input factors are known, the energy demand calculations have to be conducted by respective experts and by means of appropriate software using EN ISO 13790. There are many of such tools available and if the Lebanese government aims to have energy demand calculations for a wide number of buildings (for example for the preparation of energy certificates in the future), it should clearly define which software(s) should be used for these calculations and eventually even provide a tool with free access in the internet. The calculations could be designed in a comparable way as done in chapter 3.2.1 and should be conducted for all climate regions and different building types. Repeat when new energetic requirements for buildings have been implemented

LCEC

Total final energy consumption residential sector

EDL should develop a database distributing its subscribers among the different building sectors defined by the OEA. Afterwards, the total energy consumption per sector should be communicated to LCEC for periodic analysis and calculation of the different energy indicators. At least every three years

EDL-LCEC-CAS

Total final energy consumption tertiary sector

EDL should develop a database distributing its subscribers among the different building sectors defined by the OEA. Afterwards, the total energy consumption per sector should be communicated to LCEC for periodic analysis and calculation of the different energy indicators in accordance to the Arab EE Guideline to provide data. At least every three years

EDL-LCEC-CAS

Total final energy consumption per tertiary

Use/collect case studies /statistical data to estimate average specific energy consumption of tertiary building categories and multiply these benchmarks with the floor area data and adjust benchmarks in order to get 100% of

LCEC

3 The indicated institution are an initial proposal by the authors, which was discussed during the BEEI Workshop (April 2013 Beirut) presenting the results of

this report. The final data collection and indicator responsibility is listed in chapter 4.1 Proposed responsibilities for gathering necessary building sector data.

http://www.building-typology.eu/

34


building category total sector energy consumption. At least every three years


EDL should develop a database distributing its subscribers among the different building sectors defined by the OEA. Afterwards, the total energy consumption per sector should be communicated to LCEC for periodic analysis and calculation of the different energy indicators. CAS in collaboration with the LCEC should develop a statistical questionnaire to be collected periodically in order to obtain the end energy consumption per energy carrier. At least every three years

LCEC-CAS


EDL should develop a database distributing its subscribers among the different building sectors defined by the OEA. Afterwards, the total energy consumption per sector should be communicated to LCEC for periodic analysis and calculation of the different energy indicators. CAS in collaboration with the LCEC should develop a statistical questionnaire to be collected periodically in order to obtain the end energy consumption per energy carrier. At least every three years

EDL-LCEC-CAS

Final energy consumption per energy use and building category

Use/collect case studies to estimate how much energy in all considered building types is used for which kind of purpose. At least 5-10 case studies per building category should be collected (residential: 10-15). At least every three years

LCEC

Improve building stock knowledgeSize of building stock: Residential and tertiary floor area and tertiary buildings furthermore separated by tertiary building category

As in the last Census, data has been collected for the number of establishments separated by different kind of establishments; a Lebanon-specific survey should be conducted in order to find out the typical (average) size in square meter per kind of establishment. For the next Census, more useful building data should be collected. Not just for the number of buildings and/or building units should be asked but also for the size of buildings in terms of floor area (for residential and tertiary buildings). This would allow to get a comprehensive building stock picture which would be very useful for developing realistic Building Energy Efficiency indicators and thus allowing to develop appropriate policies. A census should be conducted at least every ten years

OEA-LCEC-CAS

Primary energy factors In order to allow calculating the primary energy demands, official primary energy factors for every energy carrier should officially be determined (based on suitable calculations) by the Lebanese government. In other countries (for example Germany) such values are defined in the national building code. Should be done yearly

EDL-LCEC

35


4 Outcomes and proceedings of the stakeholder workshop

In order to discuss the results of this study, on April 24th 2013, a stakeholder workshop took place in the Crowne Plaza Hotel, Hamra - Beirut, Lebanon. Representatives from all relevant parties were present and many fruitful discussions have been conducted. The main outcomes were:

1. A list of proposed entities and institution, to be responsible for gathering necessary data, assessment and calculation to develop Building Energy Efficiency Indicators in Lebanon

2. An draft “Memorandum of understanding” containing agreed recommendations to establish an institutionalized committee, for the cooperation on Building Energy Efficiency Indicators, consisting of representatives of the organizations participating

at the workshop. 3.

The details of the these outcomes are presented in the following chapters.

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4.1 Proposed responsibilities for gathering necessary building sector data Buildings Energy Efficiency Indicator 1 (energy demand)

Task / data Unit Responsible Institution

BACKGROUND DATA

Definition of residential reference building(s) (perhaps in an official

building typology) CAS + technical specifications from LCEC and OEA

Definition of office reference building(s) (perhaps in an official


Definition of wholesale and retail reference building(s) (perhaps in

an official building typology) CAS + technical specifications from LCEC and OEA

Definition of hotel reference building(s) (perhaps in an official


Definition of school reference building(s) (perhaps in an official


Definition of hospital reference building(s) (perhaps in an official


Definition of climate conditions MPW + UNDP + LCEC

Total size of residential building stock m²

Next Census to be conducted by CAS, MoIM, LCEC, building permits and demolitions

collected by OEA. Definitions by CAS (Not just total size of floor area but also share of

conditioned floor area (cooled and heated); CAS and EDL have GIS building stock data

(CAS for water and EDL for energy Ministry of energy)

Total size of office building stock (for weighting) m²

Next Census to be conducted by CAS, MoIM, LCEC, building permits and demolitions collected by OEA. Definitions by CAS (Not just total size of floor area but also share of conditioned floor area (cooled and heated); CAS and EDL have GIS building stock data (CAS for water and EDL for energy Ministry of energy)

Total size of wholesale and retail building stock (for weighting) m²


Total size of hotel/tourism building stock (for weighting) m²


Total size of school/education building stock (for weighting) m² Next Census to be conducted by CAS, MoIM, LCEC, building permits and demolitions collected by OEA. Definitions by CAS (Not just total size of floor area but also share of

37


conditioned floor area (cooled and heated); CAS and EDL have GIS building stock data (CAS for water and EDL for energy Ministry of energy)

Total size of hospital/health building stock (for weighting) m²


RESIDENTIAL

Total residential energy demand (all energy uses) TWh Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. This has to be multiplied by

conditioned building stock data provided by CAS

Specific residential energy demand (all energy uses) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations

Specific residential energy demand (space cooling) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations

Specific residential energy demand (space heating) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations

Specific residential energy demand (hot water) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations

Specific residential energy demand (lighting) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations

TERTIARY

Total tertiary energy demand (all energy uses) TWh Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. This has to be multiplied by

conditioned building stock data provided by CAS

Specific tertiary energy demand (all energy uses) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations

Specific tertiary energy demand (space cooling) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations

Specific tertiary energy demand (space heating) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations

Specific tertiary energy demand (hot water) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations

Specific tertiary energy demand (lighting) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations

TERTIARY BUILDING TYPES

Specific energy demand in offices (all energy uses) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. Perhaps consider additional

kind of base unit (not just m2 but also hospital bed, pupil etc.)

Specific energy demand in trade facilities (all energy uses) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. Perhaps consider additional


Specific energy demand in hotels/tourism (all energy uses) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. Perhaps consider additional


Specific energy demand in schools/education (all energy uses) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. Perhaps consider additional


Specific energy demand in hospitals/health (all energy uses) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. Perhaps consider additional


38


Buildings Energy Efficiency Indicator 2 (final/end energy)

Task / data Unit Responsible Institution

RESIDENTIAL

Total residential final energy consumption (all energy uses)

TWh CAS, EDL, MOE, LCEC

Total residential electricity consumption (all energy uses)

TWh CAS, EDL (EDL can distinguish between residential and tertiary)

Total residential diesel consumption (all energy uses)

TWh CAS, MOE, LCEC

Total residential gas consumption (all energy uses) TWh CAS, MOE, LCEC

Specific residential final energy consumption (all energy uses)

kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. For this purpose, total residential final energy consumption has to be divided by the total conditioned building stock data provided by CAS

Specific residential electricity consumption (all energy uses)

kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. For this purpose, total residential electricity consumption has to be divided by the total conditioned building stock data provided by CAS

Specific residential diesel consumption (all energy uses)

kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. For this purpose, total residential diesel consumption has to be divided by the total conditioned building stock data provided by CAS

Specific residential gas consumption (all energy uses)

kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. For this purpose, total residential gas consumption has to be divided by the total conditioned building stock data provided by CAS

Specific residential final energy consumption (space cooling) case studies

kWh/(m²*a) CAS (existing survey), EDL has consumer data that covers about 85% of the market (private electricity distributors are currently conducting a survey); , change EDL billing system, energy metering for separating entire energy consumption by LCEC (energy auditors)

Specific residential final energy consumption (space heating) case studies


Specific residential final energy consumption (hot water) case studies


Specific residential final energy consumption (lighting) case studies


Specific residential final energy consumption (appliances) case studies


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TERTIARY

Total tertiary final energy consumption (all energy uses)

TWh CAS, EDL, MOE, LCEC

Total tertiary electricity consumption (all energy uses)

TWh CAS, EDL (EDL can distinguish between residential and tertiary)

Total tertiary diesel consumption (all energy uses) TWh CAS, MOE, LCEC

Total tertiary gas consumption (all energy uses) TWh CAS, MOE, LCEC

Specific tertiary final energy consumption (all energy uses)

kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. For this purpose, total tertiary final energy consumption has to be divided by the total conditioned building stock data provided by CAS

Specific tertiary electricity consumption (all energy uses)

kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. For this purpose, total tertiary electricty consumption has to be divided by the total conditioned building stock data provided by CAS (EDL can just distinguish between sub categories of tertiary sector if these categories have special tariffs)

Specific tertiary diesel consumption (all energy uses)

kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. For this purpose, total tertiary diesel consumption has to be divided by the total conditioned building stock data provided by CAS

Specific tertiary gas consumption (all energy uses) kWh/(m²*a) Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. For this purpose, total tertiary gas consumption has to be divided by the total conditioned building stock data provided by CAS

Specific tertiary final energy consumption (space cooling) case studies

kWh/(m²*a) Conduct a survey collecting energy consumption in different tertiary buildings and regions in Lebanon by LCEC and CAS. Also universities are doing a lot of research projects and could also provide case study data (embed them in process!). National research centre is relevant as well (CNRS)

Specific tertiary final energy consumption (space heating) case studies


Specific tertiary final energy consumption (hot water) case studies


Specific tertiary final energy consumption (lighting) case studies


Specific tertiary final energy consumption (appliances) case studies


40


TERTIARY BUILDING TYPES

Specific final energy consumption in offices (all energy uses) case studies


Specific final energy consumption in wholesale and retail facilities (all energy uses) case studies


Specific final energy consumption in hotels/tourism (all energy uses) case studies


Specific final energy consumption in schools/education (all energy uses) case studies


Specific final energy consumption in hospitals/health (all energy uses) case studies


Buildings Energy Efficiency Indicator 3 (primary energy)

Task / data Unit Type Responsible Institution

Primary energy factor electricity Data / calculated Information about used energy carriers for producing electricity consumed in Lebanon provided by EDL, MoIM, MOE/MEW

Primary energy factor diesel Data / calculated MOE/MEW

Primary energy factor gas Data / calculated MOE/MEW

Total residential primary energy consumption (all energy uses)

TWh Calculated indicator

Calculations to be conducted by LCEC, taking into account total final energy consumption by energy carrier and official primary energy factors provided by MOE/MEW

Specific residential primary energy consumption (all energy uses)

kWh/(m²*a) Calculated indicator

Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. For this purpose, total residential primary energy consumption has to be divided by the total conditioned building stock data provided by CAS

Total tertiary primary energy consumption (all energy uses)

TWh Calculated indicator

Calculations to be conducted by LCEC, taking into account total final energy consumption by energy carrier and official primary energy factors provided by MOE/MEW

Specific tertiary primary energy consumption (all energy uses)

kWh/(m²*a) Calculated indicator

Mainly responsible is LCEC for conducting the calculations. For this purpose, total tertiary primary energy consumption has to be divided by the total conditioned building stock data provided by CAS

41


4.2 Memorandum of Understanding The participants of the workshop (Beirut, April 2013) recommend the following for further cooperation on Building Energy Efficiency Indicators:

4. The cooperation on Building Energy Efficiency Indicators (BEEI) is to be institutionalized by forming a committee, consisting of representatives of the organizations participating at the workshop.

5. The participating entities and ministries to assign focal points for this National BEEI

Committee.

6. Letter to the ministers to assign focal point to be send within 2 weeks after agreement of these recommendations.

7. The committee to agree on a MoU, based on these recommendations, for the further

Building Energy Efficiency Indicator data collection and indicator calculation.

8. The committee shall meet regularly with assigned tasks and deadlines.

9. LCEC to play the role of the secretariat for this committee.

10. The committee to collect the total view of available information and to make data available to each other to produce the Building Energy Efficiency Indicators, in line with the Arab EE Guidelines

11. To centralize information in each entity, and to assign CAS as the centralized

responsible entity to gather the data

12. The Committee to agree on the attached Roadmap for Building Energy Efficiency Indicators, tasks, responsibilities and responsible institution.

13. To prepare a first publication on available Building Energy Efficiency Indicators,

proposed to be published at the Beirut Energy Forum in September 2013

42


5 Conclusions and recommendations

The report collected as much relevant building related data as necessary in order to allow developing Building Energy Efficiency Indicators for different kinds of building types. Unfortunately, it turned out that the official data availability in Lebanon is significantly limited for developing reliable benchmarks. Although unofficial data is available for many aspects, no official statistics exist that would clearly allow to distinguish between sectors.

Therefore, main outcome of the assignment is a roadmap to collect data and calculate BEEI in a systematic way. For the development of the roadmap, all relevant Lebanese stakeholders have been surveyed during the stakeholder workshop in April 2013 and recommendations as well as concerns have been considered. This roadmap contains approaches for all parts of the defined Building Energy Efficiency Indicators and their necessary data inputs.

Summarising the entire analysis, it becomes obvious that a lot of work still needs to be done in order to allow the development of reliable indicators for the building sector in Lebanon. As an outcome of the workshop and the roadmap, a new institutional setup for a systematic data collection is proposed:

Figure 14. Proposed institutional setup for a systematic data collection

Figure 14 shows the institutional setup for a systematic data collection, based on the presented roadmap (Table 12) and the outcomes of the stakeholder workshop. Accordingly, four institutions should mainly be responsible for this systematic data collection:

- LCEC should be responsible for:

The setup of reference building categories and reference energy carriers

The development of a template for data collection from OEA

The development of a template for data collection from EDL

Data collection from the different institutions

43


Energy indicators calculations

Results interpretations

Periodic publishing.

- CAS should collect different periodic data from all the public institutions such as:

Hourly climatic data from Meteo Liban

Monthly primary energy bill from MEW

Monthly birth and death rates for population calculation from MOIM

Monthly GDP from MOET

Building stock from the urban planning at the MPW

- EDL should provide under the Arab EE guideline different energy consumption and generation monthly data following the LCEC templates.

- OEA should provide

the building permits, including size of establishment, as per the building categories defined by LCEC.

Methodology for energy demand and consumption calculation, as element in the new building code to be developed for Lebanon.

Setting baseline consumption levels, ie energy demand modeling for all climate zones and building types

Next steps:

The Memorandum of Understanding states clear recommendations, agreed by all workshop participants.

LCEC is the eligible party to follow up and arranging the signature of the MoU by all listed parties to institutionalize the BEEI committee.

This new committee could be presented to the public at the Beirut Energy Forum in September 2013.

The BEEI committee is then to further follow up the recommendations of the MoU, in order to ensure a successful roadmap implementation, data collection, BEEI calculation and provide the first official publication of Building Energy Efficiency Indicators in Lebanon

To further develop the BEEI in Lebanon, and with the learning experience of the first publication, an update of the roadmap is needed to make it more applicable and realistic. This supports the evaluation and development of energy saving measures in the Building Sector, to reach the set target in the Lebanese NEEAP.

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6 ANNEX

6.1 NEEAP targets for the building sector

No Title and description of the EE measure Implementation period

Electricity

savings for the first 3 years

2011-2013

1

Towards Banning the Import of Incandescent Lamps to Lebanon: This initiative aims at banning the import of incandescent lamps to

Lebanon by the end of the year 2012, and can only be reached through the application of different independent but interrelated actions, mainly the 3 million CFL‟s project.

2010-2012 160 MW or 1401 GWh

2

Adoption of the Energy Conservation Law and Institutionalization of LCEC: The law offers a legal frame for the following subjects: energy audits, energy efficiency standards and labels ,financial

incentives for energy efficiency appliances, and net-metering.

Dec.2010 N.A.

The setup of LCEC as the national energy agency for Lebanon: This initiative aims at the enforcement of the role of LCEC as the

national energy conservation center for Lebanon, working towards the setup and implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency policies and actions.

By June 2013 N.A.

3

Promotion of Decentralized Power

Generation by PV and Wind Applications in The Residential and Commercial Sectors: This initiative aims to support the residential and commercial uses

of wind energy and solar photovoltaic systems by increasing decentralized power generation by renewable energy sources.

By 2015 50-100 MW installed capacity

4

Solar Water Heaters for Buildings and

Institutions: This initiative aims at promoting the use of solar water heaters mainly in the residential sector.

Sept 2010-2012 337 h/year

10

Building Code for Lebanon : This initiative aims to set a standard for the existing and new buildings, to identify the minimum acceptable energy performance and present proper building

envelope enhancement for Lebanese territories.

2010-2015 16,282 GWh/20 years

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6.2 Detailed building stock graphs

Figure 15. Development of residential floor area 2004-2011 in total floor space and per capita

Figure 16. Development of tertiary floor area 2004-2011 in total floor space and per capita

46


Figure 17. Development of office floor area 2004-2011 in total floor space and per capita

Figure 18. Development of floor area in educational facilities 2004-2011 in total floor space and per capita

47


Figure 19. Development of floor area in health facilities 2004-2011 in total floor space and per capita

Figure 20. Development of floor area in wholesale and retail facilities 2004-2011 in total floor space and per capita

48


Figure 21. Development of floor area in Hotels and touristic facilities 2004-2011 in total floor space and per capita

Figure 22. Development of floor area in all other kinds of buildings 2004-2011 in total floor space and per capita

49


7 Reference List

CAS (2007). Census of Buildings Dwellings and Establishments 2004. Available:

<http://www.cas.gov.lb/Excel/CBDE-2004.xls> (last accessed: 2013-01-17). Central Administration of Statistics (CAS), Beirut, Lebanon.

Deru, M., Field, K., Studer, D., Benne, K., Griffith, B., Torcellini, P., Liu, B., Halverson, M., Winiarski, D., Rosenberg, M., Yazdanian, M., Huang, J.,Crawley, D. (2011). U.S. Department of Energy Commercial Reference Building Models of the National Building Stock. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Available: <http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/46861.pdf> (last accessed: 2013-01-17). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Washington, D.C., Uniteds States.

Dib, G.,Al Achkar, R. (2011). Energy conservation indicators in Southern Mediterranean countries - Country report for Lebanon. RCREEE. Available:

<http://www.planbleu.org/publications/EtudesEnergiePlanBleuBEI/5-5-EN_Rapport_indicateurs_Lebanon.pdf> (last accessed: 2013-03-12). Plan Bleu UNEP/MAP Regional Activity Center Beirut, Lebanon.

El Andaloussi, E.H., Pouffary, S., Rozo, A., Missaoui, R., Mourtada, A., Berdai, M.,Lahlou, N. (2011). Energy, Climate change and the Building sector in the Mediterranean: Regional Prospects. Plan Bleu, ADEME, Trans Energie, Alcor, Ecotech. Available:

<http://www.planbleu.org/publications/energie_cc_batimentUK.pdf> (last accessed: 2013-03-12). Plan Bleu, Valbonne, France.

Missaoui, R., Ben Hassine, H.,Mourtada, A. (2012). Energy efficiency indicators in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries - Regional report. ALCOR. Available:

<http://www.planbleu.org/publications/EE_Indicators_Report.pdf> (last accessed: 2013-03-12). RCREEE, MED-ENEC, Plan Bleu, Cairo, Egypt.

NSW Government (2002). Residential Flat Building Types. Available:

<http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/programservices/pdf/designcode/01_part01_b.pdf> (last accessed: 2013-01-17). NSW Department of Planning, Sydney, Australia.

NYSED (2009). Web Page: AHERA Definition of School Buildings That Must Be Inspected.

Available: <http://www.p12.nysed.gov/facplan/articles/I02_ahera_def_building_insp.html> (last accessed: 2013-01-17).

Statistics Dubai (2004). Economic survey for private sector establishments 2003. The

Statistics Centre at Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. UNDP/GEF,MPWT/DGU (2005). Climatic Zoning for buildings in Lebanon, Project capacity

building for the adoption and application of thermal standards for buildings. Available:

<http://test.moe.gov.lb/pdf/Climate%20Change/Climatic%20Zonic%20for%20Buildings%20in%20Lebanon.pdf> (last accessed: 2013-01-31). United Nations Development Programme, Republic of Lebanon, Ministry of Public Works and Transport, General Directorate of Urban Planning, Beirut, Lebanon.

UNSTATS (2013). Web Page: Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online - Technical notes. Available: <http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mbs/app/mbsnotes.aspx?tid=33> (last accessed: 2013-01-17).

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http://www.planbleu.org/publications/EtudesEnergiePlanBleuBEI/5-5-EN_Rapport_indicateurs_Lebanon.pdf

http://www.planbleu.org/publications/energie_cc_batimentUK.pdf

http://www.planbleu.org/publications/EE_Indicators_Report.pdf

http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/programservices/pdf/designcode/01_part01_b.pdf

http://www.p12.nysed.gov/facplan/articles/I02_ahera_def_building_insp.html

http://test.moe.gov.lb/pdf/Climate%20Change/Climatic%20Zonic%20for%20Buildings%20in%20Lebanon.pdf

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med-enec roadmap energy indicators lebanon

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