media concentration in spain
TRANSCRIPT
1
Media Concentration
in Spain
Alfonso Sánchez-Tabernero
Juan Pablo Artero
Postgrado de la
Universidad de Navarra
2
Contents
1. The Spanish media market
2. Legal framework
3. Technological developments
4. Strategies of media companies
5. Facts about concentration
6. Conclusions
1. The Spanish media market
• Advertising income
• Newspaper circulation
• Strong radio networks
• Fragmentation of TV market
• Development of Internet
3
4
5
Pública
Local
Regional
Nacional
Privada
PagoAbierto
Terrestre Satélite ADSLCable
2. Legal framework
• National & European framework
• General & specific regulation
• From ownership to market share
• Print & online media: no specific rules
• Radio: weak regulation
• New TV law
• Telecoms: end of national monopoly
6
3. Technological developments
• Printing processes & free dailies
• DTT penetration
• Digital radio
• Analogue TV switch off
• HDTV & Blue-ray
• Internet penetration
7
4. Strategies of media companies
• Vertical & horizontal integrations
• Internationalization
• Diversification
• Defensive strategies
• Internal & external growth
5. Figures: TV market
CR4 100 100 97 96 93 88 71
HHI 9.050 7.450 2.994 2.053 2.299 2.033 1.467
Noam 6.399 5.267 1.339 918 1.028 909 599
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
8
5. Figures: newspaper market
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
CR4 32 44 55 50 48 55 59
HHI 331 687 1.057 765 804 1028 1069
Noam 117 242 347 255 258 325 356
5. Figures: radio market
Radio (revenues) 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
CR4 93 86 96 96 95 93 93
HHI 3.465 2.738 2.640 3.202 3.546 3.317 3.366
Noam 2.000 1.580 1.320 1.848 2.047 1.658 1.683
9
5. Figures: ISPs
Internet Service
Providers (revenues) 1996 2000 2004 2008
CR4 99 66 93 88
HHI 8.464 1.506 4.802 3.918
Noam 8.464 673 2.147 1.599
5. Figures: Wireline Telecoms
Wireline Telecoms
(revenues) 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
CR4 100 100 100 100 97 98 91
HHI 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 8.385 6.968 6.267
Noam 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 3.750 4.927 2.558
10
5. Figures: Wireless Telecoms
Wireless Telecoms
(revenues) 1996 2000 2004 2008
CR4 100 100 100 99
HHI 5.895 4.600 4.028 3.401
Noam 4.169 2.655 2.325 1.700
Conclusions
1. More media outlets
2. Newspaper & radio concentration
3. TV: fragmentation9 and concentration?
4. Internet: bottelnecks
5. Telecoms: end of public monopoly
6. A new legal approach is needed9
11
Media Concentration
in Spain
Alfonso Sánchez-Tabernero
Juan Pablo Artero