media types information systems can contain the following types of media: sound, graphics, video...
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Media Types
• Information Systems can contain the following types of media:
• Sound, graphics, video & text
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Sound
• Sound files can be very useful when developing an information system.
• Sound files can hold e.g. :• recordings of – Facts / information e.g. click here– Explanations of complex ideas– Music click here– Sound effects : click here
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Graphics
• Graphics are very useful for • Illustrating facts / information / explanations• Making the information system more
attractive
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Video
• Video clips are very useful • They combine moving images and sound and
can illustrate very complex ideas• They can make the information in a system
readily accessible to everyone e.g.– Here is a video clip of Asimo the robot
• You can even link to a video clip on the internet – http://asimo.honda.com/asimotv/
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Text
• Information systems can • Display text on a screen• Hold text files which you can choose to open.
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Text files• Text files can be saved in many formats• You need to know about these: txt , rtf• A .txt filehas none of the information about the
formatting of the document such – text style, alignment, fonts, sizes
• Because it lacks formatting information– a .txt file will be smaller than a Rich Text file– will need less storage space and – be quicker to transmit across a network.
• You can open a .txt file using any text editing or word processing program.
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Rich Text Format (RTF)
• Rich Text Format (RTF)• A file saved in .rtf has all the formatting
information which a .txt file lacks as well as the actual text.
• It includes all the information about styles, fonts, sizes, paragraphing and indentation
• It will be larger than an equivalent .txt file
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The need for compression• Graphic, Sound and Video files can be very
large indeed. Video files can be Gigabytes in size.
• They take up lots of storage space.• They can take a long time to transmit across a
network.• So they need to be compressed:
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Factors affecting the file size and quality of graphics files
• Resolution
• Colour depth
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Resolution
• The resolution is the number of pixels that make up an image e.g
• 1280 x 1024• 1600 x 1200• 1920 x 1200
The higher the resolution the better quality of the graphic + the greater the file size.
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Resolution
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Colour Depth
• The colour depth is the number of bits used to represent each pixel
• The greater the bit depth, – the more colours +– The greater the file size
Bit depth Number of possible colours.
1 2 ( black or white)
8 256
16 65,536
24 16,777,216
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Colour Depth
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Calculating the size of a graphic
• Use this formula to calculate the size of a graphic:– File size = colour bit depth x resolution x dimensions of graphic
File size =
Colour bit depth Resolution Dimensions
24 1920 x 1200 6” x 6“
= 237.3 Megabytes= without compression graphic files can be very large
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Graphic Files
• You need to know about the following graphic files:
.BMP, .GIF, .JPEG, .PNG
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BitMap (BMP)
• The .bmp format stores color data for each pixel in the image without any compression. and so .bmp files can be very large indeed.
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Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)• GIF is based on an 8-bit colour code giving a
maximum of 28, 256, colours. • A maximum of 256 colours means that GIFs are
unsuitable for storing photographic images and is used to represent charts, cartoons, or drawings.
• The GIF file format uses lossless compression to reduce the file size without losing any of the data about the image.
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JPEG• is a bit map graphics file format which uses lossy
compression. • This makes the graphic file smaller by cutting out
parts of the graphic, usually colour tones, that won’t be noticed by the human eye.
• is often used in digital cameras when storing digital photographs.
• is not used for storing cartoons or drawings because some of the data is lost and this reduces the quality of the image
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Portable Network Graphics {PNG}
• PNG compresses files• Like GIF format it uses lossless compression• It can compress graphics even more than the
GIF format { a PNG file can be up to 25% smaller than the equivalent GIF file}
• Because they are lossless and smaller = very useful for sending across a network.
• it can have a bit depth of up to 48 bits = range of 248 colours.
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Factors affecting the file size and quality of sound files
• Sampling rate:– E.g. 44.1 kHz
• Bit depth– E.g. 8 bits, 16 bits
• Time ( seconds)
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Sampling Rate
• The sampling rate is the number of samples of a sound wave taken each second.
• This is measured in kHz ( thousands per second)
• E.g. 44.1 kHz = 44,100 samples per second
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Sampling rateThe higher the sampling rate the better the quality of the sound + the bigger the file size
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Audio sample Bit depth
• The bit depth is the number of bits used to represent each sample of the sound wave.
• The more bits used = the higher the quality = the larger the file size.
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Calculating the size of an audio file
• Use this formula to calculate the size of an audio file:
• File size = sampling frequency x bit depth x time x number of channels
• File size =sampling frequency
bit depth per sample
Time ( seconds) number of channels (mono, stereo, quad)
44.1 16 60 2
= 10.1 megabytes
= without compression audio files can be very large.
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Audio Files
• You need to know about these audio file formats:
WAV , MP3
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WAV
• WAV is the standard for storing sound files on windows systems and
• can be sampled at a bit depth of either 8 bits or 16 bits
• uses one of the following sampling rates: 11.025KHz, 22.05 KHz, or 44.1KHz.
• Wav files can be very large. One minute of sound can take up as much as 27Mbytes of storage.
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MP3
MP3 is a file format for for compressing sound files.It cuts out parts of the sound that human ears cannot hear.
It reduces the file size without a noticeable loss of quality
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WAV and MP3 ComparisonNote the difference in file size between the .mp3 version and the WAV version
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Factors affecting the file size and quality of video files
• Resolution of each image(frame)• Frame rate: the number of frames per second• Time: in seconds
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• Use this formula to calculate the size of a video file
File size = resolution x frame rate x bit depth X time
• File size = Resolution Frame rate per
secondBit depth Time in seconds
720 x576 X 25 X 24 X 5400
= 1291 Gigabytes = 1.26 terabytes= without compression video files can be very large indeed
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Video File Formats
• You need to know about the following Video File Formats:
AVI , MP4
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Audio Video Interleave format (.AVI)
• AVIThe Audio Video Interleave format was developed by Microsoft and is commonly used in Windows applications like Media Player. This format does not have built-in compression.
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Avi
• AVI files contain the audio and video data in one file. This allows synchronous audio/video playback of a file.
• AVI is a container format, meaning it can contain video audio compressed using many different combinations of codecs.
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MPEG4
• MPEG-4 is an(audio and video) compression method designed specially for low-bandwidth (less than 1.5MBit/sec bitrate) video/audio encoding purposes.
• MPEG-4 can deliver high-quality audio and video over the Internet to desktops, laptops, tablets &smartphones
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Comparison of AVI & Mpeg4
• Both AVI and MPEG are lossy formats which sacrifices quality for file size.2.
• Both AVI and MPEG can contain both audio and video data in a file container
• The quality of a video file is not dependent on the type of container file format as it is dependent on the type of codec contained within the container file format.
• H.264 video codec frequently used with the MP4 container is thought to be one of the highest-quality video standards available.
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