media use: impairing sleep in children
TRANSCRIPT
MEDIA USE: IMPAIRING SLEEP IN CHILDRENBY: KATHERINE BABAYAN
P H O T O S O U R C E : W I K I M E D I A C O M M O N S " C H I L D R E N A T S C H O O L "
"NOWADAYS TECHNOLOGY IS DEEPLY EMBEDDED IN
CHILDRENS' LIVES" (SMAHEL, WRIGHT, AND CERNIKOVA, 2015)
PHOTO SOURCE: WIKIMEDIA COMMONS "LENOVO G500S
LAPTOP-2903"
PHOTO SOURCE: PIXABAY "CELL, PHONE"
PHOTO SOURCE: PIXABAY "DIGITAL, TABLET"
PHOTO SOURCE: WIKIMEDIA COMMONS "DUALSHOCK 4"
Children are constantly engaged with their digital devices, even
when they are not actively using them(KING'S COLLEGE LONDON, 2016)
EVIDENCE-BASED BENEFITS OF DIGITAL AND SOCIAL MEDIA USE
EARLY LEARNING
EXPOSURE TO NEW IDEAS AND KNOWLEDGE
INCREASED OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL CONTACT AND SUPPORT
NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO ACCESS HEALTH PROMOTION MESSAGES AND INFORMATION
PHOTO SOURCE: WIKIMEDIA COMMONS "BLACKLIT KEYBOARD"
(CHASSIAKOS, RADESKY, CHRISTAKIS, MORENO, & CROSS, 2016)
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P H O T O S O U R C E : F L I C K R " 0 0 6 - S T U D E N T S U S I N G T E C H N O L O G Y " B Y B R A D F L I C K I N G E R
BUT WHAT DO CHILDREN REALLY THINK
ABOUT THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL MEDIA
ON THEIR HEALTH?
EXCESSIVE
DAYTIME
FATIGUE
SHORTER
SLEEP
DURATION
SLEEPING
LATE AT
NIGHT
NIGHTMARES AFTER MEDIA
USE WITH
VIOLENT
CONTENT
DIFFICULTY
WAKING
INCREASED
SLEEP ONSET
LATENCY
INCREASED MEDIA USE
BEFORE SLEEP USE LEADS TO:
CHILDREN REPORT THAT...
( S M A H E L , W R I G H T , & C E R N I K O V A , 2 0 1 5 )
HOW ELSE DOES MEDIA
USE AFFECT SLEEP?
Current research suggests that blue light emitted from screens negatively impacts patterns of sleep
Blue light emissions cause suppression of endogenous melatonin, which is an essential hormone for sleep regulation
P H O T O S O U R C E : F L I C K R " C E L L P H O N E ' S L I G H T " B Y K O H E I 3 1 4
( C H A S S I A K O S , E T A L . , 2 0 1 6 )
( C H A N G , 2 0 1 6 )
OF CHILDREN HAVE AT
LEAST ONE ELECTRONIC DEVICE IN
THEIR BEDROOM, FURTHER
PROMOTING EVENING USE
28%
72%
72%
P H O T O S O U R C E : F L I C K R " . 8 A P P L E - E S Q U E * " B Y J O H A N L A R S S O N
( K I N G ' S C O L L E G E L O N D O N , 2 0 1 6 )
MEDIA USE AT SCHOOL
SHIFTING FROM
TEXTBOOKS
DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGY
P H O T O S O U R C E : F L I C K R " C O M P U T E R L A B - 4 T H G R A D E " B Y W O O D L E Y W O N D E R W O R K S
RESEARCH SHOWS THAT...
Students comprehend less when they read on a screen compared to
reading on paper
Why? Screen-based reading is more physically and mentally draining
Students scored lower on a reading comprehension exam via
computer compared to those completing it on paper and
reported greater levels of stress and fatigue ( J A B R , 2 0 1 3 )
P H O T O S O U R C E : P I X A B A Y " M A C "
EASTWAY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES WWW.EUSS.EDU
HOW MUCH TIME SHOULD
CHILDREN BE SPENDING ON
DIFFERENT ONLINE ACTIVITIES AT
SCHOOL IN ORDER TO REDUCE
DAYTIME FATIGUE AND PREVENT
FURTHER SLEEP IMPAIRMENT?
"SLEEP IS AN OFTEN UNDERVALUED BUT IMPORTANT PART
OF CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT, WITH A REGULAR LACK OF
SLEEP CAUSING A VARIETY OF HEALTH PROBLEMS."
( K I N G ' S C O L L E G E L O N D O N , 2 0 1 6 )P H O T O S O U R C E : W I K I P E D I A " S L E E P I N G O N B R A I L E "
( K I N G ' S C O L L E G E L O N D O N , 2 0 1 6 )
"WITH THE EVER GROWING POPULARITY OF PORTABLE MEDIA
DEVICES AND THEIR USE IN SCHOOLS AS A REPLACEMENT FOR
TEXTBOOKS, THE PROBLEM OF POOR SLEEP AMONGST
CHILDREN IS LIKELY TO GET WORSE."
"IF YOU CAN'T AFFORD TO HAVE A BABYSITTER COME AND YOU
NEED TO GET SOMETHING DONE IN THE HOUSE, IT IS KIND OF YOUR
HELPER, UNFORTUNATELY."
CHALLENGE FOR PARENTS & CAREGIVERS
( S Z K L A R S K I , 2 0 1 6 )
CHILDREN EXPERIENCE "WITHDRAWAL" DURING SCREEN-FREE
MEAL-TIMES ( B I E L S K I , 2 0 1 3 )
DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGY
IS BECOMING
A MODERN
DAY PACIFIER
P H O T O S O U R C E : F L I C K R " C E L L P H O N E B A B Y " B Y S P A R K C B C
MOVING FORWARD: HOW CAN WE SUPPORT SLEEP AND
WELLNESS OF CHILDREN IN THE MEDIA AGE?
P H O T O S O U R C E : F L I C K R " S T U D E N T _ I P A D _ S C H O O L - 1 2 4 " B Y B R A D F L I C K I N G E R
IT IS CRUCIAL THAT TEACHERS,
HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS,
PARENTS, AND CHILDREN ARE
EDUCATED ABOUT:
1. THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF
MEDIA USE ON SLEEP
2. THE STANDARD
RECCOMMENDATIONS FOR
HEALTHY SLEEP IN CHILDREN
( C H A N G , 2 0 1 6 )
P H O T O S O U R C E : P I X A B A Y " F R E E V E C T O R G R A P H I C : F A M I L Y , P A R E N T S , K I D S , Y O U N G , Y O U T H , M A N "
P H O T O S O U R C E : F R E E P I K " M A L E C A R T O O N P O I N T I N G T O W H I T E B O A R D " B Y F L A T I C O N
SINCE 2012, CANADIAN GUIDELINES HAVE
RECOMMENDED THAT CHILDREN AGED 5-17
SHOULD LIMIT THEIR SCREEN TIME TO A
MAXIMUM OF 2 HOURS PER DAY
P H O T O S O U R C E : P I X A B A Y " C H I L D R E N , T V , C H I L D , T E L E V I S I O N , H O M E , P E O P L E , B O Y "
( S Z K L A R S K I , 2 0 1 6 )
HOWEVER...WITH THE EXPLOSION OF THE INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA, THE RISE IN SMARTPHONES AND TABLETS, AND GREATER ONLINE ACADEMIC INVOLVEMENT, THE 2-HOUR RULE HAS BECOME MUCH MORE CHALLENGING TO IMPLEMENT
NOW, IT IS CLEAR THAT THE "ONE SIZE FITS ALL" APPROACH TO MEDIA IS NOT EFFECTIVE FOR GUIDING PARENTS, TEACHERS, AND HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
( M C C A R T H Y , 2 0 1 6 )
P H O T O S O U R C E : F L I C K R " C O M P U T E R C I R C U I T B O A R D " B Y H A R L A N D Q U A R R I N G T O N
THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF
PEDIATRICS (AAP) HAS RECENTLY
DEVELOPED A NEW SET OF GUIDELINES...( M C C A R T H Y , 2 0 1 6 )
P H O T O S O U R C E : P E X E L S ( N O A T T R I B U T I O N R E Q U I R E D )
1. TIME TO DISCONNECT 2. DEVELOP A FAMILY MEDIA PLAN
3. ENSURE CHILD MAINTAINS BALANCE:
4. SET A GOOD EXAMPLE
Playtime, meal time, family time, and homework time should be screen-free Charge devices outside of the bedroom at night (McCarthy, 2016)
Include guidelines around safe use of devices - i.e. never while driving or crossing streets (McCarthy, 2016)
With sleep, exercise, and screen-free activities (McCarthy, 2016)
Children always pay more attention to what we do than to what we say (McCarthy, 2016) From 2013-2014 adult media consumption increased by 21% (Robertson, 2014)
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE AAP
GET INVOLVED!"Use media with your child. Learn what they enjoy and talk to them about it. The more you are involved in your child's online life the more you can help them make safe choices." (Szklarski, 2016)
ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATION BY THE CANADIAN PEDIATRIC SOCIETY
OVERALL GOAL: "TO HELP PARENTS AND CAREGIVERS
UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTS OF MEDIA AND GIVE THEM
PRACTICAL TOOLS THEY CAN USE" ( M C C A R T H Y , 2 0 1 6 )
THE CANADIAN PAEDIATRIC SOCIETY
ANNOUNCES THAT A VERY SIMILAR SET OF
RECOMMENDATIONS WILL BE INTRODUCED
THIS YEAR IN THEIR UPDATED GUIDELINES ( S Z K L A R S K I , 2 0 1 6 )
P H O T O S O U R C E : F L I C K R " I P H O N E " B Y A N T H O N Y K E L L Y
IF THERE ARE CLEAR DETRIMENTAL
EFFECTS OF MEDIA USE ON CHILDREN'S
SLEEP, THEN WHY DO WE CONTINUE
TO ALLOW IT IN EXCESS?
IT'S TIME TO GET INVOLVED AND EDUCATE OURSELVES.
Parents, Teachers & Health Care Professionals...
REFERENCESBielski, Z. (2013). Portrait of an e-family: How they're making their hyper-digital lives work. Globe and Mail. Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/relationships/how-families-are-making-their-hyper-digital-lives-work/article13924931/
Chang, R. (2016). Impact of Devices on Children's Sleep a Major Concern for Researchers. The Journal: Transforming Education Through Technology. Retrieved from https://thejournal.com/articles/2016/11/02/impact-of-devices-on-childrens-sleep-a-major- concern-for-researchers.aspx
Chassiakos, Y. R., Radesky, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M. A., & Cross, C. (2016). Children and Adolescents and Digital Media. American Academy of Pediatrics, 138(5), 1-20.
McCarthy, C. (2016). New expert recommendations on children and media use. Harvard Health Publications. Retrieved from http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/new-expert-recommendations-on-media-use-and-children-2016102510564
Jabr, F. (2013). The Reading Brain in the Digital Age: The Science of Paper versus Screens. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/reading-paper-screens/
King's College London. (2016). Bedtime use of media devices more than doubles the risk of poor sleep in children. Science Daily. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161031111328.htm
Robertson, S. K. (2014). Four ways Canadians are consuming media differently. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/marketing/four-ways-canadians-are-consuming- media-differently/article21949630/)/
Smahel, D., Wright, M. F., & Cernikova, M. (2015). The impact of digital media on health: children's perspectives. International Journal of Public Health, 60(2), 131-137.
Szklarski, C. (2016). Canadian doctors offer tips to limit kids' screen time, after U.S. gets new set of guidelines. CBC News Health. Retrieved from Canadian doctors offer tips to limit kids' screen time, after U.S. gets new set of guidelines
P H O T O S O U R C E : F L I C K R " 0 8 0 6 2 2 " B Y T A M A K I S O N O