medial collateral ligament sprains – a case study
TRANSCRIPT
Medial Collateral Medial Collateral Ligament Sprains – A Ligament Sprains – A
Case StudyCase Study
Eric SmoyerEric Smoyer
Nebraska Wesleyan UniversityNebraska Wesleyan University
AnatomyAnatomy Not just one bundle but twoNot just one bundle but two
– SuperficialSuperficial– Deep (Medial Meniscus)Deep (Medial Meniscus)
Originates Medial Epicondyle of Originates Medial Epicondyle of FemurFemur
InsertsInserts– Superficial to medial side of tibiaSuperficial to medial side of tibia– Deep to tibial plateau and medial Deep to tibial plateau and medial
meniscusmeniscus Prevent Valgus ForcePrevent Valgus Force Stabilize Medial KneeStabilize Medial Knee
Anatomy – Cont’dAnatomy – Cont’d
In full Ext. both prevent In full Ext. both prevent hyperextensionhyperextension
Always has tension to prevent medial Always has tension to prevent medial tibial translation.tibial translation.
Helps limit external rotation of tibiaHelps limit external rotation of tibia Actually only protects from valgus Actually only protects from valgus
forces in slight flexionforces in slight flexion
MCL InjuryMCL Injury
Very common in contact sports Very common in contact sports Foot planted, Knee flexed, and Foot planted, Knee flexed, and
valgus force applied, sometimes valgus force applied, sometimes rotationrotation
No medical predispositionNo medical predisposition
Case ReportCase Report
20 year old20 year old CaucasianCaucasian MaleMale Football playerFootball player During Regular Season gameDuring Regular Season game
Case Report – HistoryCase Report – History
Healthy and Acclimated physical Healthy and Acclimated physical statestate
No previous injury reportedNo previous injury reported Reported valgus force while knee Reported valgus force while knee
flexed and foot plantedflexed and foot planted Heard a snap in his kneeHeard a snap in his knee Sharp pain that quickly became a Sharp pain that quickly became a
dull ache on Medial Kneedull ache on Medial Knee
Case Report – EvaluationCase Report – Evaluation PPT over MCL both Superior and InferiorPPT over MCL both Superior and Inferior Positive TestPositive Test
– Valgus Stress at 30 degreesValgus Stress at 30 degrees Negative TestsNegative Tests
– Valgus Stress at zero degreesValgus Stress at zero degrees– Varus both zero and 30Varus both zero and 30– Lachman'sLachman's– Anterior/Posterior DrawerAnterior/Posterior Drawer– Posterior SagPosterior Sag– Pivot/ShiftPivot/Shift– McMurray’sMcMurray’s
Case Report – AssessmentCase Report – Assessment
Grade II MCL SprainGrade II MCL Sprain MRI MRI Doctor also concluded Grade II-III Doctor also concluded Grade II-III
MCL SpainMCL Spain Doctor also did not see any damage Doctor also did not see any damage
to other ligamentsto other ligaments
Case Report - TreatmentCase Report - Treatment
First Reduce Swelling and PainFirst Reduce Swelling and Pain– Interferential StimulationInterferential Stimulation– High VoltHigh Volt– IceIce
Approx. 10 Days post injuryApprox. 10 Days post injury– Passive ROM exercises performedPassive ROM exercises performed– Active ROMActive ROM– Reduce stiffness and restore ROMReduce stiffness and restore ROM
Once ROM was met Bike was usedOnce ROM was met Bike was used
Case Report - TreatmentCase Report - Treatment
Three weeks post injuryThree weeks post injury– Muscle Strengthening ExercisesMuscle Strengthening Exercises
Knee Ext/FlexKnee Ext/Flex Hip Ext/Flex Add/AbdHip Ext/Flex Add/Abd Lower Leg Inv/Ev Plant/DorsiLower Leg Inv/Ev Plant/Dorsi Single and Double Leg raisesSingle and Double Leg raises
Case Report - TreatmentCase Report - Treatment
Once Strength and Reduced Pain AchievedOnce Strength and Reduced Pain Achieved– One legged balance exercisesOne legged balance exercises
Flat GroundFlat Ground AirEx PadAirEx Pad BOSU BOSU
Four to Five Weeks Post InjuryFour to Five Weeks Post Injury– Functional Testing – DonJoy MCL BraceFunctional Testing – DonJoy MCL Brace
Running Running Running StoppingRunning Stopping CuttingCutting Side StridesSide Strides CariocaCarioca
Case Report - TreatmentCase Report - Treatment
Six Weeks post injurySix Weeks post injury– Athlete was cleared by doctorAthlete was cleared by doctor– Full Contact Full Contact – Return to playReturn to play– MCL BraceMCL Brace
Case Report – OutcomeCase Report – Outcome
Approximately six weeksApproximately six weeks Competed in rest of regular seasonCompeted in rest of regular season MCL BraceMCL Brace No further complaintsNo further complaints
– Dull PainDull Pain– Continued to ice for mild swellingContinued to ice for mild swelling
DiscussionDiscussion
When injured there are many optionsWhen injured there are many options– RehabilitationRehabilitation– RepairRepair
In the past usually used surgeryIn the past usually used surgery Today Non-invasive treatment is best choiceToday Non-invasive treatment is best choice Non-operative has yielded excellent resultsNon-operative has yielded excellent results Grade IIIGrade III
– Surgery best optionSurgery best option
Discussion - ResearchDiscussion - Research
Rat studyRat study Three GroupsThree Groups
– Rats with surgery and no MCL ruptureRats with surgery and no MCL rupture– Rats with surgery MCL rupture ambulatedRats with surgery MCL rupture ambulated– Rats with surgery MCL rupture and non Rats with surgery MCL rupture and non
weight bearing weight bearing Two Sub-GroupsTwo Sub-Groups
– Rats with three weeks to healRats with three weeks to heal– Rats with seven weeks to healRats with seven weeks to heal
Discussion - ResearchDiscussion - Research
Discussion - ResearchDiscussion - Research
Control no differenceControl no difference Ambulated showed most Ambulated showed most
improvementimprovement Non-Weight showed very littleNon-Weight showed very little Shows importance of slight weight-Shows importance of slight weight-
bearing in the realignment of bearing in the realignment of collagen fiberscollagen fibers
Realignment means more strengthRealignment means more strength
Discussion - ResearchDiscussion - Research
Surgery has a lot of controversySurgery has a lot of controversy The MCL has been found to heal The MCL has been found to heal
better than once thoughtbetter than once thought Leads to MCL injuries to be treated Leads to MCL injuries to be treated
more conservativelymore conservatively Surgery is recommended when:Surgery is recommended when:
– Instability with excessive medial joint Instability with excessive medial joint openingopening
– Instability with no firm endpoint on valgus Instability with no firm endpoint on valgus stress teststress test
Discussion - ResearchDiscussion - Research When surgery is recommended there are many When surgery is recommended there are many
waysways A new way uses parts of the Gracilis and A new way uses parts of the Gracilis and
SemitendinosusSemitendinosus– Grafted togetherGrafted together– Secured at same origin and insertionSecured at same origin and insertion– Utilizes smaller incisionsUtilizes smaller incisions
The study showed after several monthsThe study showed after several months– 88% graded normal on instability tests88% graded normal on instability tests– Pre-Surgery avg. medial joint opening was 3-6mmPre-Surgery avg. medial joint opening was 3-6mm– Post-Surgery avg. medial joint opening was <2mmPost-Surgery avg. medial joint opening was <2mm
Only replaces superficial portion but still Only replaces superficial portion but still improves stabilityimproves stability
Discussion - ResearchDiscussion - Research BracingBracing
– After injury most likely to wear braceAfter injury most likely to wear brace– Used since the inception of footballUsed since the inception of football– Huge debate on effectivenessHuge debate on effectiveness
TestingTesting– CadaverCadaver– ModelsModels
Tests showed small increase in strength Tests showed small increase in strength about 30%about 30%
May hinder athletic performanceMay hinder athletic performance– Few studies done, still inconclusiveFew studies done, still inconclusive
PerformancePerformance– One study showed a slight decrease in high One study showed a slight decrease in high
speed runningspeed running Several FactorsSeveral Factors
– TightnessTightness– ContoursContours– WeightWeight– Overall ComfortOverall Comfort
Effectiveness based on placementEffectiveness based on placement Tests still inconclusiveTests still inconclusive
ConclusionConclusion
Athlete in study did what was best for himAthlete in study did what was best for him Differs with athlete and degree of injuryDiffers with athlete and degree of injury Further complicationsFurther complications Study showed weight bearing is an Study showed weight bearing is an
important role in restoring ligament important role in restoring ligament strengthstrength
Braces may help increase resistance to Braces may help increase resistance to valgus forces but still inconclusivevalgus forces but still inconclusive
MCL can be easily damaged but today can MCL can be easily damaged but today can be rehabilitated more quicklybe rehabilitated more quickly
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