medical applications of optical fibers
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Optical Fibres Beyond Telecommunications
• Optical fibres can also have applications in: – Medicine
– Biological and genetics research
– Defence
– Industrial materials processing
– Chemical and pollution sensing
– Next generation lasers
– Optical data processing
– Transmitting light beyond the near-IR
…
ENDOSCOPY
THE NAME ENDOSCOPE IS DERIVED FROM TWO GREEK
WORDS WHICH ARE ENDOM (WITHIN) AND SKOPEIN (VIEW).
A BUNDLE OF PRECISELY ALIGNED FLEXIBLE OPTICAL
FIBERS IS USED SOME FOR USE AS AN IMAGE GUIDE AND THE
OTHER AS A LIGHT GUIDE
ADDITIONALLY, ANCILLARY CHANNELS MAY BE PRESENT FOR
THE PASSAGE OF AIR, WATER, AS WELL AS REMOTE CONTROL
IMPLEMENTS SUCH AS BIOPSY FORCEPS OR CYTOLOGY
BRUSHES.
ENDOSCOPY
Buffer
Core
Cladding
The Rigid Endoscope
LIGHT SOURCE
Image Transmission by Fiber Bundle
Optics-Hecht & Zajac Photo by American Cytoscope Makers Inc.
LIGHT SOURCES
• Tungsten filament lamp
• Halogen reflector lamp
- optimal use of light
• Rare-earth xenon lamp
- high intensity light
- true color display (xenon daylight effect)
OPERATION THEATRE
LED Endoscope
Foreign body removal
ENDOSCOPE TO VIDEO
Micro-camera attached to eyepiece and image viewed on a monitor
Uses Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD) to Capture and store image data 2D array of individual elements that can store
an electric charge can respond to as high as 70% of the incident
light
CAUGHT IN THE ACT??
THE VIEW
Singlemode optical fiber as a resonant scanner with piezoelectric
tube as the 2D actuator.
Endoscope
Teeth Scar on skin
Live flower Dried sheep lung
ENDOSCOPE
BILIARY AND
PANCREATIC
PROCEDURE
Balloon Dilatation
Diagnosis
Drainage
Extraction & Lithotripsy
Foreign Body Removal
Papillotomy
OPTHALMOLOGY
INTRAOCULAR DISTANCES CAN BE MEASURED BY
VARYING THE REFERENCE PATH LENGTH BY
TRANSLATION OF A MIRROR, AND MEASURING
COHERENT INTERFERENCE PEAKS AT THE
DETECTOR WHEN THE EYELAYER OPTICAL
PATHLENGTHS AND THE REFERENCE
PATHLENGTHS ARE EQUAL
ENT
ENT HEAD LAMP
DENTISTRY
MATCHING OF THE COLOR OF TEETH CAN BE
DOINE USING A SLENDER, FLEXIBLE
POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE PLASTIC FIBER
OPTIC BUNDLE TO ILLUMINATE A PORTION OF THE
TOOTH USING WHITE LIGHT AND GUIDING THE
REFLECTED LIGHT BACK TO A SPECTROMETER
Intra-Oral Dental Cameras
As it is nearly impossible to see inside your own mouth, intra-oral
cameras provide a previously unseen view. As the camera moves
around your mouth, it sends video images to a computing unit where
the images are enlarged and transmitted to a television screen.
Applications in dentistry
Laser applications in dentistry
• Alternative to mechanical drills and CW lasers
• Reduced thermal stress
• And micro cracks in enamel
Dental LASER
• . Designed for a wide range of endodontic, periodontics and dental surgery procedures,
• Picasso allows for clean cutting and haemostasis in soft tissue procedures, cuts gum tissue with precision, helps sterilize canals in endodontic, treats periodontal disease, and aids in tooth whitening.
Diagnostic Application Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Goal: Noninvasive tissue characterization to replace or guide
physical biopsy, e.g. early diagnosis of lung cancer.
Single optical
fiber
Laser
Camera Filters
Imaging bundle
Wavelength Em
issi
on
in
ten
sity
Normal mucosa
Image 1
Image 2
Early carcinoma
OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR BRAIN IMAGING.
EEG
Optrodes
Perform what you think
Tactile Sensors
ADVANTAGES FOR THE LASER AS A
MEDICAL CUTTING TOOL
Lasers & Medicine
Reduces pain and
trauma for the patient
Speeds healing — thereby
shortening costly hospital stays
Improves the accuracy
of certain surgical procedures
Touch less Brain and Spine Surgery
Lasers & Medicine
• Greater accuracy of incisions
• Lasers can be inserted inside the body with little
risk or discomfort
• Incisions can be guided by computers
• The laser is extremely precise, and can be
tuned to work on a micro-level, barely visible to
the human eye
Laser Brain Surgery
ADVANTAGES FOR THE LASER
AS A
MEDICAL CUTTING TOOL
Lasers & Medicine
• Certain conditions which were once inoperable due to the
accuracy of incisions necessary are now possible.
• Today, compact lasers can be inserted inside the body
with little risk or discomfort, going places and
performing surgeries that were not humanly
possible before.
• Lasers guided by computers can eliminate human error
in surgery.
Fiber Optic Probe Colorimeter
Fiber Optic Probe Colorimeter
Fiber Optic Probe Colorimeter
Portable Spectrophotometer
Flow Cell
Portable Spectrophotometer Cuvtte
58
On-line absorption spectroscopy
color and turbidity of port wine
Courtesy of Sandeman, Porto, Portugal ICOP 2009 - Chandigarh
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BURIED FIBER INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM
BELOW GROUND SENSOR CABLES CAN BE LAID INSTEAD
PERIMETER FENCES IF DETECTION (RATHER THAN
OBSTRUCTION) IS THE PRIME OBJECTIVE
: ‘Smart’ Bed
• The ‘Smart’ Bed Concept was Developed in Response to the
Need for Non-Intrusive Automated Monitoring of Patient
Movement and Vital Signs
• A long gauge length integrating fiber optic sensor is integrated
into a standard patient bed beneath the mattress.
• Patient physical movement and movement due to respiration and
heartbeat perturb the fiber.
• Modulation of the optical signal due to the integrated mechanical
perturbation of the fiber is processed to provide the required
information.
Sedentary patients in nursing homes require
assisted movement to prevent the occurrence
of pressure induced ulcers (bed sores). If
patient movement can be remotely
monitored, optimum schedules for assisted
movement can be devised.
The potential market for such a capability is
in the multi-$B range.
Sedentary Elderly Become Vulnerable to Extremely
Painful Conditions Due to Lack of Mobility
Smart Bed Testing
The STM Sensor Demonstrated the Ability to Detect
Patient Movement and Respiration Rate
STM
sensor
nurse wearing RF ID tag
remote unit
transmits camera
frame and RF ID#
data is processed and activity is
logged by a central computer at
the nurses’ station
The System Uses Cost Effective Off-
the-Shelf Hardware
Optical fibers in Textiles
Optical fibers in Textiles
Pill Camera
Chip IN Pill
The chips that are good for your health
• A new pharmaceutical program that many
Britons might find literally hard to swallow, has
been announced. Pharmacy chain Lloyds
pharmacy has partnered with American
technology firm Proteus Biomedical to
bring to the British public a product called
Helius; a tiny microchip that is swallowed in
pill form and whose purpose is to help remind
patients to take their medications on time and
to offer bio-feedback such as body temperature,
heart rate and even sleeping patterns.
Chip in Pill
Video
Greek methods of diagnosis and treatment Appeals to the gods
When their doctors could not heal them, many Greeks still appealed to their gods. Places such as Epidaurus had a temple - called an asklepion - to Asklepios, the Greek god of healing.
After exercising and resting, and perhaps taking certain potions, patients slept the night in the holy place - called the abaton - of the temple. Here the god and his daughters Hygeia and Panacea came with two holy snakes, and healed the patients.
The snake is still the symbol of chemists, and the words hygiene and panacea have become a part of our language
Asklepios
Greek God of Healing
Endoscopes snakes ???
Fibers are Everywhere
