medical cannabis conference in israel

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1 Medical Cannabis Review โ€ข Overview โ€ข History โ€ข Traditional Medicinal Use โ€ข MC in various countries โ€ข Israel โ€ข Consumption options THC Molecule

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Held in January 2007 Ale Yarok ืขืœื” ื™ืจื•ืง The Green Leaf Party

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Page 1: Medical Cannabis Conference in Israel

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Medical Cannabis Review

โ€ข Overview

โ€ข History

โ€ข Traditional Medicinal Use

โ€ข MC in various countries

โ€ข Israel

โ€ข Consumption options

THC Molecule

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Marijuana and cannabinoidscannabinoidsMarijuana and cannabinoidscannabinoids

Cannabis sativa, hempOne of earliest non-food plants cultivated

โ€“fiber for rope, seeds for oil and birdseed

8000 BC 2700 BC 2000 BC 1000 AD 1850s 1996

1st archaeological evidenceof hemp use

Medical usein China

Ritual usein India

Hashish use inArab world

Western world finds bioactivity.

Use semi-legal in CA/AZ

from Childers & Breivogel (1998)

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Cannabis Sativa

Safe & Effective Natural Medicineโ€ข The medical use of the cannabis plant goes back at least 5,000 years to ancient

China, where the emperor Shen Nung listed it in his classic pharmacopeia, the Pen Ts'ao.

โ€ข It is also listed in the medical works of India including the famous Hindu surgeon Susruta, and the Roman physicians Pliny and Galen.

โ€ข Most of the herbal guides of the Moslem and European cultures also gave frequent reference to its medical value, and cannabis was one of the world's primary medicines for millennia on end.

โ€ข Used by most of the world's cultures for its healing properties, there was a tremendous burst of medical research in the 19th century.

โ€ข Cannabis was listed in medical texts of the last century as a treatment for over 100 different health conditions, and

โ€ข Queen Victoria's personal physician wrote in praise of its therapeutic value.โ€ข When the ban was proposed in 1937, the AMA went before Congress to oppose the

law and specifically protested that the Marijuana Tax Act was a fraud because the plant's scientific name is Cannabis sativa, its English name is True Hemp, and no one at the time knew that the ban would affect the essence of medicine, agriculture and industry -- until it was too late.

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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœืืžืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืืจื’ืžืŸ โ€“ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก:ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ื•ื—ืฉื™ืฉ

ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื‘ืขืช-ืฉืจืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ, ื ืžืฆื ื’ื•ืฉ 1990ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘- โ€ข. ื”ื ืขืจื”, ืฉื›ืจืขื” ื›ื ืจืื” 14ืืคืจืคืจ ืœื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื” ืฆื ื•ืžื” ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื›ื‘ืช

ืคืฉืจ Oืœืœื“ืช, ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืคืชื— ืื’ืŸ ื™ืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืฆืจ, ืฉืœื ื ืฉื ื”. 1,600ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ืžืฉืงืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื‘ืขื” ื’ืจืžื™ื, ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืขืจืš ื‘-

, ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ืงื” ืื—ืจ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื’'ื• ื–ื™ืืกื”ื•ื ื ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื–ื™ืืก ืžื™ื”ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆื ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืคื•ื—ื ืื™ื ื ื• "ืกืชื ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืžื—ืจืฆื ื™-ืคื™ืจื•ืช". ืžืฉื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ

ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืงืžื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื– ื”ื“ืกื” ื”ืืคืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื–ื•ื”ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื›ื—ืฉื™ืฉ. ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืฉืŸ ืจืคืืœ ืžืฉื•ืœื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ

ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื”ืงืœืช ืžื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื™ืŸ-ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ 4.1.1995ื‘- โ€ข

ืก"ืž ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื•, ื•ืฉืœื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. 143. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืฉืœื“ ื”ื ืขืจื”, ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืชื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• , ื—ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืชืจื•ืคื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” - ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืชื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืฉืžื”

ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืžืœืฅ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจื’ืขืช , ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”1550ืžืฉื ืช ืคืคื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื"ื—ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื–ืจื– ืืช . ื”ืžืจืฆื” ืกื™ืคืจ: ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™-ืœื™ื“ื”

ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื, ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื, ืžืฉื›ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืœื”ืจืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆืื ื•

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœืคื•ืจืจ, ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ื•ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ื—ืฉื™ืฉ. ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ื ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื"

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Some Therapeutic Applications of Cannabis

โ€ข Arthritis โ€ข Migraine headache โ€ข Glaucoma (blindness_(โ€ข Cancer โ€ข Epilepsy โ€ข MS โ€ข Asthma โ€ข Cramps

AIDS / HIV โ€ข Spinal injury โ€ข Stress โ€ข Wasting syndrome โ€ข Pain control โ€ข Depression โ€ข Muscle spasms โ€ข Insomnia

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Forms and preparationsForms and preparations

Marijuanaโ€“ mixture of leaves, stems, topsโ€“ 1960โ€™s: 1-3% THC; 1990โ€™s: up to 8-10%

โ€œBubble Gumโ€ โ€œBig Budโ€ โ€œDutch Northern Lightsโ€

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Forms and preparationsForms and preparations

Hashishโ€“ dried resin from top of female plantโ€“ THC usually 2-5%, but up to 15%

Hash Oilโ€“ organic extraction

from hashishโ€“ THC usually ~ 10-20%

up to 70%

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Americans for Safe Access โ€“ Guide to Using Marijuana

Smokingโ€ข Smoking marijuana produces the most immediate effects and

permits the most refined control of your dosage. Smoking any material is not good for the lungs, but the amount of marijuana you need to smoke is so small that you need not be overly concerned. It is better to smoke the flowers rather than the leaves as this also reduces the amount you will need to smoke

Vaporizingโ€ข Cannabis vaporizers are designed to let users inhale active

cannabinoids while avoiding harmful smoke toxins. They do so by heating cannabis to a temperature that is just below the point of combustion where smoke is produced. At this point, THC and other medically active cannabinoids are emitted with little or none of the carcinogenic tars and noxious gases found in smoke. Many medical marijuana patients who find smoked marijuana highly irritating report effective relief inhaling through vaporizers. Also, vaporizers are very efficient so they can save money in the long term.

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โ€ข Tinctureโ€ข To prepare a tincture, use 5 parts fresh marijuana to 1 part vodka. If

you are using dried marijuana, as is usually the case, use 10 parts marijuana to 1 part vodka. An easy way to do this if you donโ€™t have measuring equipment, is to fill whatever container you are using (glass is preferable as you donโ€™t want to leech any residues from metal containers) to thirds full with marijuana, then fill the container with vodka and let stand for a week or more. Afterward, strain the solution. If you use a larger portion of marijuana, the resulting tincture will be more potent.

โ€ข Compressโ€ข Follow the recipe as for tea. Make as much as you need to

thoroughly soak the cloth you intend to use. Apply to pain and leave on ยฝ hour.

โ€ข Marinolโ€ข Marinol is a synthetic petrochemical analog of THC, one of the

active elements found in marijuana. Some patients find that it helps relieve nausea yet takes a long time to work. Do not smoke this product. It has the potential for overdose. Use only under the supervision of a doctor.

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EatingMarijuana can be eaten. When consumed this way, it is usually baked in brownies or cookies, and sometimes made into a candy. It takes longer to feel the effects when eaten, and may take longer for you to learn to control your dosage. However, when you do feel the effects, they may be stronger than those felt by smoking. You may also feel a certain heaviness in your body. This will not hurt you.

Schedule your time so that you can relax when you take it .TeaLike other herbs, marijuana may be made into a tea. Boil the water first and pour it over the marijuana. Let it steep for longer than you would for common black tea; approximately an hour and a half. Add 1 teaspoon of butter. The effects are

similar to eating it.

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ืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื

ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ ื•ืงืกืžืŸ

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื“ืข ื”ืจื•ืงื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื โ€ขืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืžื—ื™-ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื,

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืฆืžื— ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ื”ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ) ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืฉืจ 23,162-166ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืืœื™ืช )

. )29,30 ื”ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ) =Ronabin /Marinol [Dronabinol]) ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ THCืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ) 103ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืžืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ืจืคื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืคืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื )

ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืžืชื ื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช-ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ THC( ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœ 88-91 ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช .(

) ื‘ืขื•ื“ 46ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” )).33-46,81-98ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช )

ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื )ื˜ื‘ืง ืื• ืงื ื‘ื™ืก) ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืชืจื•ืคื” ? โ€ขืžืืœื™ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื ื”-ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ืจืื•ืช.

ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื’'ืคืจื™ ื’ืื™ ืžืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื”ืฆืžื— ืชืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื ืืžืจ:

"The temperature in standard cannabis joint is super optimal for differential elution of individual molecules."

ื”ื˜ืžืค' ื‘ืกื™ื’ืจื™ืช ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืืœื™ืช ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.โ€ขืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•. โ€ข

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Medical Grade Marijuana (MGC( โ€“ Organic, Standardized, radiated against Pathogens (Maripharm, Holland(

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โ€ข January 08, 2007

โ€ข Pot Smoking Not Linked to Lung Cancer โ€ข Study Shows No Increased Risk for Even the Heaviest Marijuana Smokers โ€ข By Salynn Boyles

WebMD Medical News Reviewed By Louise Chang, MDon Tuesday, May 23, 2006

โ€ข

โ€ข May 23, 2006 -- People who smoke marijuana do not appear to be at increased risk for developing lung cancer, new research suggests.

โ€ข While a clear increase in cancer risk was seen among cigarette smokers in the study, no such association was seen for regular cannabis users.

โ€ข Even very heavy, long-term marijuana users who had smoked more than 22,000 joints over a lifetime seemed to have no greater risk than infrequent marijuana users or nonusers.

โ€ข The findings surprised the studyโ€™s researchers, who expected to see an increase in cancer among people who smoked marijuana regularly in their youth.

โ€ข โ€œWe know that there are as many or more carcinogens and co-carcinogens in marijuana smoke as in cigarettes,โ€ researcher Donald Tashkin, MD, of UCLAโ€™s David Geffen School of Medicine tells WebMD. โ€œBut we did not find any evidence for an increase in cancer risk for even heavy marijuana smoking.โ€ Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer.

โ€ข Tashkin presented the findings today at The American Thoracic Societyโ€™s 102nd International Conference, held in San Diego.

โ€ข Boomers Reaching Cancer Age โ€ข The study population was limited to people who were younger than 60 because people older than that would probably

not have used marijuana in their teens and early adult years.โ€ข โ€œPeople who may have smoked marijuana in their youth are just now getting to the age when cancers are being seen,โ€

Tashkin says.โ€ข A total of 611 lung cancer patients living in Los Angeles County, and 601 patients with other cancers of the head and

neck were compared with 1,040 people without cancer matched for age, sex, and the neighborhood they lived in.โ€ข All the participants were asked about lifetime use of marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol, as well as other drugs, their diets,

occupation, family history of lung cancer, and socioeconomic status.โ€ข The heaviest marijuana users in the study had smoked more than 22,000 joints, while moderately heavy

smokers had smoked between 11,000 and 22,000 joints.โ€ข While two-pack-a-day or more cigarette smokers were found to have a 20-fold increase in lung cancer risk, no

elevation in risk was seen for even the very heaviest marijuana smokers.โ€ข The more tobacco a person smoked, the greater their risk of developing lung cancer and other cancers of the head and

neck. But people who smoked more marijuana were not at increased risk compared with people who smoked less and people who didnโ€™t smoke at all.

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What is the Volcano Vaporizer? The Volcano Vaporizer is a state-of-the-art electric vaporization system that releases flavoring and active ingredients from herbs through hot air vaporization. The Volcano gently heats material to the point of vaporization but without combustion, yielding clean vapor without the tar and other toxins found in smoke.Built to perform for years out of high quality materials, the Volcano Vaporizer has received US Patent # 6513524, as well as German Patent # 1980376 and European Patent # 0933093. Precision air temperature control and reliability previously unreachable in competing products have given the Volcano a reputation among experts as the most technologically advanced professional vaporizer available.Designed and manufactured by Storz & Bickel of Germany, the Volcano Vaporizer has received the prestigious Dr.-Rudolf-Eberle-Prize for outstanding technical innovation. The Volcano combines simplicity of use, a high degree of safety and particularly good efficiency.The Volcano Vaporizer can be used as an herbal vaporizer as a safer alternative to smoking. And with 3 to 4 times greater delivery of active ingredients when compared with smoking, an investment in the Volcano pays for itself in the shortest possible time.

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ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ืœืช ื”ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœ/ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœ

Roxane Labs. Inc., Colombus, Ohio ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืข"ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช โ€ขโ€ข(6aR-trans-(6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1ol

ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ )ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก) ื•ืจื•ื‘ื•THC. ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”- C21H30O2ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช: ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื•ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื’ืœื™ืฆืจื™ืŸ, ืžืชื™ืœืคืจืื‘ืŸ, ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™

ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœืคืจืื‘ืŸ, ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ืื•ืงืกื™ื“ ื•ืฆื‘ืข ืžืื›ืœ ืฆื”ื•ื‘. ื›ืฉืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืขืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืคืจืžืงื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื•ืคืจืžืงื•ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืงื”:โ€ข

ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืœืื—ืจ THC ืฉืขื•ืช. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจืง 2-4ืœืฉื™ืื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”. ื ืžืฆืื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ

-11ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ OH-THC ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื‘. ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช 10-20%. ืจืง

ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉืชื” ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ื˜ื™ืช 4-24ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืž"ื’ ืœื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™.15: ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืื•ืชื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืœื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื–ืงื ื™ื, ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ืจื•ืช:โ€ขื‘ื—ื•ืœื™-ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืžื™ื - ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืฉื›ืŸ, ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืจืžืช

ื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช )ืžื ื™ื”, ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืฉืกืขืช) ื•ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืขื”.

ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืง ืœืœื‘ ื•ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ-ื”ื“ื. ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช: โ€ข ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ-ื“ื, ื“ื•ืคืง ืžื•ืืฅ CNSืžืจื™ื ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืžืคื˜ืืžื™ื ื™ื, ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ, ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™

ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืœื‘. ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ื™ืกื•ืœืคืืจื ืื• ืคืœื•ืื•ืงืกื˜ื™ืŸ )ืคืจื•ื–ืง) ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื›- hypomania .

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Sativex - Investigational Cannabis-Based Treatment for Pain and Multiple Sclerosis

                              

Developed by GW Pharmaceuticals (UK(, Sativex is a whole plant medicinal cannabis extract indicated for relief of symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS( and for treatment of severe neuropathic pain. Bayer has secured exclusive rights to market Sativex in the UK with the option to extend this to other countries in Europe and Commonwealth countries such as Canada.

To meet demands for Sativex, GW Pharmaceuticals has increased production of cannabis at its fortified greenhouses to 60t/y. (Source: ABPI)

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SATIVAX

Sativex is a cannabis extract containing tetranabinex (THC( and nabidiolex (cannabidiol - CBD( as its principal component. It does not contain the active substance found in recreational cannabis and so patients taking Sativex will not become intoxicated. Sativex is administered by means of a spray into the mouth rather than smoked.

โ€ข CLINICAL TRIALS ON SATIVEX POINT TO GOOD EFFICACY AND SAFETY

โ€ข Phase III placebo-controlled trials in about 350 patients with MS have shown that administration of Sativex as a sublingual spray is a safe and effective treatment for symptom relief. Compared with placebo, significantly more patients in the Sativex treatment arm experienced reduced neuropathic pain, spasticity and sleep disturbances.

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Studies on the Effects of Marijuana and Cannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis (IOM Report 1999(

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Cannabis effective at relieving pain after major surgery

Medical Studies/Trials Published:Wednesday, 17-May-2006      A cannabis plant extract provides pain relief for patients after

major surgery such as knee replacements, a study by Imperial College London and the Medical Research Council has shown.

Details of a trial published today in Anesthesiology shows how effective Cannador, a cannabis plant extract, is at managing post-operative pain

Dr Anita Holdcroft, from Imperial College and lead researcher, said, "Pain after surgery continues to be a problem because many of the commonly used drugs are either ineffective or have too many side effects. These results show that cannabinoids are effective, and may lead to the development of a wider range of drugs to manage post-operative pain."

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Journal of Clinical Oncology, July 1, 1991, Volume 9, No. 7, pp. 1314-1319

Marijuana as Antiemetic Medicine: A Survey of Oncologists' Experiences and Attitudes (Abstract)

By Richard Doblin and Mark A. R. Kleiman Abstract: A random-sample anonymous survey of the members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO( was conducted in the spring of 1990 measuring the attitudes and experiences of American oncologists concerning the antiemetic use of marijuana in cancer chemotherapy patients. The survey was mailed to about one-third (N = 2430( of all U.S.-based ASCO members and yielded a response rate of 43% (1035(. More than 44% of the respondents report recommending the (illegal( use of marijuana for the control of emesis to at least one cancer chemotherapy patient. Almost half (48%( would prescribe marijuana to some of their patients if it were legal. As a group, respondents considered (smoked( marijuana to be somewhat more effective than the legally available (oral( synthetic THC (Marinol( and roughly as safe. Of the respondents who expressed an opinion, a majority (54%( thought marijuana should be

available by prescription .

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ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ . ืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื•ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ "ืกื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ"), ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” )ืœื”ืœืŸ: [1]ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ืโ€ข

ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืื•ืกืจืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืกื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ [2]ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื• ืžืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกืžื™ืš ืœื›ืš.

ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืกืžื™ืš ืืช ื“"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืš, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืจืืฉ ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื โ€ขื“"ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื›ื–ืืช. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื. "ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ", ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ

ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื”ืจื•ืงื—ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื›ืืœื”. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ืื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืคื ื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืื• ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ืœ

[3]ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ืœื ื ื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช. ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• 1998ืžืื– ืฉื ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื. โ€ข

ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉื” [4]. ืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื, ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช70ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืจืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.

: ืื™ื™ื“ืก, ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืข"ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ืžื™ืืœื•ืคืชื™ื”, ืžื—ืœืช ืงืจื•ื”ืŸ, ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”[5]ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืงืฆืจืช.

โ€ข

.1973ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื [ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ], ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื’-[1] ืœืคืงื•ื“ื”.7ืกืขื™ืฃ ]2[โ€ข.2004 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 28ืžื™ืจื™ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืžื›ืชื‘, ]3[โ€ข. 1979ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื, ืชืฉ"ื-]4[โ€ข.2004 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 28ืžื™ืจื™ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืžื›ืชื‘, ]5[โ€ข

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ืžืกืžืš ืจืงืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื:ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก

ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืœื—ื”"ื› ืื™ื•ื‘ ืงืจื

ื™"ื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืก"ื”2005 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 23

. ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœื’ื“ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืจืง ืชืฉืขื” ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืกื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ โ€ข, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืš, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืง ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื™ืื‘ืขืฆืžื•.

ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืื ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ [1]ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืฉืชื™ืœ ืื• ื–ืจืขื™ื.

ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจืŸ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื”ืคืงื”, ื”ื›ื ื” โ€ข ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื˜ืจื ืขืœื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.[2]ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™, ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืจื•ืคื ืžื•ืกืžืš.

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช [3].ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืกืจื•ืช ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกื ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก, ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื• ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืชื•ืžื” ืขืœ โ€ข [4].ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ

โ€ขืขืžื“ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ

ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขืžื“ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก:โ€ข [1] ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื )ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ืœืขื™ืœ) ืžืกืคืง, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื ื•ืชื•. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชืขืžื“ืช โ€ข ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชืจื•ืคื”, ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ข

ื•ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืงื ื‘ื™ืก, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื›ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืฉืจ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืžื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ื•ืงื™.

, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืกืคืง ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืฉื ืชืคืก ื‘"ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ื•ืช". ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื”, ืขืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช[2]ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืชื ืื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืกืคืงื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืœื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืกื.

โ€ข ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื

) ืžืชืŸ 1ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื›ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ืžืชื”: )) ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืื• ืชืจื—ื™ืฃ, ืฉื›ืŸ 3) ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžืจืฉื; )2ืžืจืฉื ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื; )

) ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช 5) ื”ืชืจืช ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืขืจืš ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ; )4ื‘ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ; )[1] ืฉืขื•ืช) ืžืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืกื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื.48ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื• )ืขื“

ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืคื ื™ื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ืขื“ ื›ื” ืœื ื ืžืกืจื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื•.ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื โ€ขโ€ข

.2005 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 13, ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื ื™ืกื”: /http://www.antidrugs.org.ilืืชืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื: [1]

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ื•ืขื“ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืจืคืืœ ืžืฉื•ืœื )ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช 1996"...ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ขืœืืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืคืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ) ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืœื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื ื’ืข ื”ืกืžื™ื

".ื‘ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื—ื•ืœื” ืื™ื™ื“ืก, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” 1996)ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื•ืขืงื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืœื“"ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื– ืœื‘ ื‘โ€ข

ืขืœ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” DRUG MASTER FILEืœืกื“ืจ ืœื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื‘.ื•.)

"ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคืขืœ ืžืื– ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืืฉืจ ืื™ืฉืจื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ โ€ขื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืœื-ื—ื•ืงื™ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืžืื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“

ื›ืžืจื•ืกืก ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืœื™-ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ืืฉืจ ืžืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื. ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืง.

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื•ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื โ€ข. ืœืกืคืง ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืื™ื›ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืชื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื, ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ

ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืงื“ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืจื“ โ€ขืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืกืคืงื”

ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉืœ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ )ื—ื‘' "ืžืจื™ืคืืจื") ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื‘ื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”. โ€ขืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืฆื” ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื."

ื‘ืชื™-ืžืจืงื—ืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืงืœื˜ื• ื•ื™ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืชืจื™ืกืจ โ€ข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืจืงื—ืช, ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื—ื•. ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™-ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.

ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื โ€ขืื™ื™ื“ืก, ื“ืœืงืช-ืžืคืจืงื™ื, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ื—, ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืžื•ื˜ืจืคื™ื”, โ€ข

ื›ืื‘ ื›ืจื•ื ื™, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืคืื ื˜ื•ื ื‘ื’ืคื™ื™ื, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ื˜-ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืืกื˜ืžื”, ืžื—ืœืช ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื‘-ืงื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ, ื”ืคืจืขื” ื“ื™-ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื—ืจื“ื•ืช, ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื”, ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ืื’ืœื™ื”,

ื’ืœืื•ืงื•ืžื”, ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ-ื“ื, ืžื™ื’ืจื ื”, ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื” ื•ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ื˜ื•ืจื˜.

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžื™ื•ื‘ื ) 2003ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ (

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’) )ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืงืกืžืŸ โ€“

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ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื”

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ื :1.

ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ืคื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื 2.ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืžืฆื•ืช. ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืืคื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ืฆื ื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ

ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืืœื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ )ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื”).

โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืืคื™ืง ืฉืœ THCืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช 3.ื”ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื”. ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ,

ื•ืœืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉืœื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื•. ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœ โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœ ืœืคื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช 4.

ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื• ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืชื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื”, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ

ืœืคืจื˜ ื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.

ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื”5.

ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 6.ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื”, ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื”

ืœื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ืžื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื• ื•/ืื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” 7.

ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืืคื™ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช 8.

ืžื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืกืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื—ืจ. ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” 9.

ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื”, ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืœืืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื ื•ืกื• ื•ื ื›ืฉืœื•.

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช10.

ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœื“"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” 11.ื‘ืจื•ืš ื•ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช.

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”!12..13

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ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืจื™ืคื•ืื ื” )ื”ืžืฉืš)

ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“"ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช )ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ . 13ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ), ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ

ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื“"ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื™ืชืงืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš .14

ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื•ืš ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”.ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืงื ืื‘ื•ืก ืจืคื•ืื™:

ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืจื•ืคื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™ โ€“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช, .15ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื”, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืกื•, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช

ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ )ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื•ื‘ื“"ื› ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”) ื•ื›ื•'. ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” THCื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืืœื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ.THCืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื”

ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ืื• ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื•ืช .16ืœืจื•ืคื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื "ืœ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ืื‘ื•ืก ืชื•ืš

ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืขืงื‘, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช HIVืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืฉืื™ .17

ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื—ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘

ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก, ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— )ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืื—ืช ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ) ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช )ืื—ืช

ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืคื).ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ืžืกืžืš ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื“"ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืขื ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช .18

ืžืชืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ. ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.5,6,7ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ืžืกืžืš ื•ื‘ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื .19ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ:.20

ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.โ€“ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžืกื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืœื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.โ€“

ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช)3ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆืจืฃ ืžืกืžืš ื•ื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— )ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€ข

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ืชืืจื™ืš:__________ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“: ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืจื•ื ื” ืื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื ื™

ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืชืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช

ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื5,6,7 ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื ืื‘ื•ืก ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ:ืื ื™ ืžืจ/ื’ื‘' ____________________ ืžืกืคืจ ืช.ื–. __________________ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื–ืืช ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ

ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ ืžื ื›"ืœ 6,7, 5ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ืื‘ื•ืก ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจืคื•ืื™. ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ืš ืžื˜ืขืžื• )ืœื”ืœืŸ "ื”ืžื ื”ืœ") ืœื ืคืง ืจืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ

ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžื”"ืžื ื”ืœ" ืฉื™ืืฉืจื• ืœื™ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ

ื‘ืงื ืื‘ื•ืก ืœื”ืงืœื” ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืžืœื™ืฅ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™.

ืขืœ ื”ื—ืชื•ื:ืžืจ/ื’ื‘'____________________ื—ืชื™ืžื”____________________

ืžืฆ"ื‘ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืจื•ืคื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ืื‘ื•ืก ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจืคื•ืื™.โ€ขืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ืื‘ื•ืก ืจืคื•ืื™.โ€ขืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืœื“"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืš.โ€ขืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ )ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš).โ€ขืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืืฉืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช )ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ).โ€ขืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืจื•ืคื ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืงื ืื‘ื•ืก โ€ข

ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ )ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจื•ืคื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ*).

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ื ื“ื•ืŸ: ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžืจืฉื ืœืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืชื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื“"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืš

12/07/2005ืขื‘ื•ืจ: ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื

ื ื“ื•ืŸ: ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžืจืฉื ืœืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช

ืฉืœื•ื ืจื‘ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸโ€ขืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืกโ€ขืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”CRONE'S DISEASE ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ืงืจื•ื ืก โ€ขื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืื™ืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช โ€ข

ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืชื•ืš ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืื•ืงื•ืžื”. ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช โ€ข

ืžื•ืžื—ื”, ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื—ืœืงื” ืื• ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืื• ืžืจืฉื ืœืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ืœืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคืงื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.

ืจืฆ"ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืšืกืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช

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ืž12140203ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืจื“/ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง/ โ€ขื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื”โ€ข724ืค/ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืคืžืŸโ€ขื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื (ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก), โ€ข

2003ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’- )ืœื”ืœืŸ - ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”), [1]1973.ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื [ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ], ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื’-61ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€ข

, ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื™ืกื•ืžืŸ ")ื)" ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื™ื‘ื•ื:6ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ")ื‘)ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ )ื), ืื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ โ€ข

ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคื ื‘ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืคื•ืขืœ )ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ )ื), 1 ืœืคืงื•ื“ื” - )7.ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 72".ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ [2]1940 ืœืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื,

ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื™ื‘ื•ื: 6"ืื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืื• ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€ข

)ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื™ื‘ื•ื:")ื”)ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื 2)ื‘)".)ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก".

ื“ื‘ืจื™ - ื”ืกื‘ืจโ€ขืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื” โ€ข

ืงืฉื”. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” โ€“ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื”ืคืงื”, ื”ื›ื ื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™, ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื• ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ืขืžื™ โ€ข.3572 ื•ืค/2061ื—ื–ืŸ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžืกืคืจืŸ ืค/

โ€ข---------------------------------ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื™ืโ€ขื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ื•ืโ€ข19.5.2003ื™"ื– ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’ โ€“ โ€ขโ€ข

526, ืขืž' 27 ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ [1].191, ืขืž' 1, ืชื•ืก' 1065ืข"ืจ ] 2[โ€ข

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ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืกโ€ข

ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืฉื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช )ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื ืกื•ืช, ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื’ืžื™ืœื”) ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช

ืื™ืŸ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก.ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก, ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช โ€ข

ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื•ื•ืง 1999ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืžืื–

ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืžืจืงื—ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ื–ืืช ืื ื™ืžื•ืœืื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื•ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘

ืืžืจ ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ื•ืฉื’ื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช 2001ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื ื‘ื™ืก. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืžืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื™ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืžืชืŸ ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช

C ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” B ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” 2003ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก. ื‘ืฉื ืช )ืคื—ื•ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ), ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืื•ื›ืคืช ืืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก

[2]ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœื ื”ื•ืชืจ.โ€ข

European Monitoring Centre for Drugsืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœื ื™ืชื•ืจ ืกืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืกืžื™ื )] 1[and Drug Addiction :(http://eldd.emcdda.eu.int/home.shtml :ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืงื™ื 2005 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 17, ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื ื™ืกื” .

ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืกืคืง ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืกืžื™ื, ื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื , ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜: "European Legal Database on Drugs, "Medicinal Cannabis and Derivativesื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื•ื›ืŸ:

http://eldd.emcdda.org/satabases/eldd_comparative_analyses.cfm :2004 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 13, ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื ื™ืกื”.ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื, "ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื: ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืขืœืชื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช", ืืชืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช: ] 2[โ€ข

http://www.antidrugs.org.il/ :2005 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 13, ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื ื™ืกื”.

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ื”ื•ืœื ื“) )ื‘ืคืจืง The Office of Medicinal Cannabis )ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืจืคื•ืื™โ€ข

ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ) ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื–ื”: . ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืกืคืง ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ

ืœื‘ืชื™-ืžืจืงื—ืช ื•ืœื‘ืชื™-ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก.

ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืื™ื ื• ืžืจืคื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืงืœืช โ€ขื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื.

: ื”ืงืœืช ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”; ื”ืงืœืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืื•ืช, ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืœืืช ืžืฉืงืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ืื™ื™ื“ืก; ื”ืงืœืช ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช

ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื; ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื˜ื™ืงื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื˜ื•ืจื˜.ืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžื›ืจื– ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ โ€ข

ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก. ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืžืจืงื—ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื™

ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืจืฉื ืจื•ืคื.

http://www.cannabisbureau.nlืืชืจ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“:

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Holland: Cannabis pharmacyHolland: Cannabis pharmacyThe pharmacy Hanzeplein in Groningen is the first Dutch cannabis pharmacy. It sells medical cannabis grown by the company Bedrocan at 6 Euros per gram. Thus, the price is similar to that in coffee-shops and cheaper than usually in pharmacies. This is a pilot project in cooperation with the Stichting Medicinale Cannabis and the Office for Medicinal Cannabis of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports. Patients need a prescription from their doctor. Website of the pharmacy: www.hanzeplein.nl (Source: Dagblad van het Noorden of 7 November 2006(

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ืงื ื“ื”) ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื” Office of Cannabis Medical Access )ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœืงื ื‘ื™ืกโ€ข

(Health Canada (ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ืจื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื . ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 30 ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘-]The Marihuana Medical Access Regulations(]2ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” )

. ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ 2001ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง. ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื.

:ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจืคื•ืื™โ€ข ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื; 12ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืจืคื ืฉื”ืฆืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš โ€ขื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช )ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืก, ื“ืœืงืช ืคืจืงื™ื โ€ข

ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื”) ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช;ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ืื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ โ€ข

ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืœื ื”ืงืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื.ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกื• ืื• ื ืฉืงืœื•. โ€ข

ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ 30ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื”ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืœ-ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืงื‘ืข ืœื• ืจื•ืคืื•.

ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื” ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœืื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ โ€ขืงื ื‘ื™ืก. ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ

. ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืžื”ืžืœืื™ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื’ื“ืœืชโ€ข

, ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื ื™ืกื”: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/ocma/index.htmืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื”: ] 1[.2005 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 16

) ืื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›"ืงื ื‘ื™ืก" ื‘ื—ื•ืง Marihuanaื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื”" )] 2[โ€ข).The Controlled Drugs and Substances Actื”ืกืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— )

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Canada: Poll on medical use

In a nationwide survey, 93 per cent of Canadians indicated they accept the idea of people legally smoking cannabis for health reasons. Nearly three in four (70 per cent( not only accept the practice but also personally approve of the behavior. (Source: Vancouver Sun of 2 November 2006(

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Who is eligible to use medical marijuana?The Health Canada regulations spell out three categories of people who can apply to possess marijuana for medical purposes.

Category 1: For applicants who have terminal illnesses with a prognosis of a life span of less than 12 months. A medical practitioner must provide a medical declaration that states, among other things, that all conventional treatments have been tried or considered.

Category 2: For applicants who suffer from specific symptoms associated with certain serious medical conditions, namely:

โ€ข Multiple Sclerosis: severe pain and/or persistent muscle spasmsโ€ข Spinal Cord Injury: severe pain and/or persistent muscle spasmsโ€ข Spinal Cord Disease: severe pain and/or persistent muscle spasmsโ€ข Cancer: severe pain, cachexia, anorexia, weight loss, and/or severe nausea;โ€ข AIDS/HIV infection: severe pain, cachexia, anorexia, weight loss, and/or severe

nausea;โ€ข and .Severe forms of Arthritis: severe pain and chronic pain. .โ€ข Epilepsy: seizuresCategory 3: For applicants who have symptoms associated with a serious medical

condition, other than those described in Categories 1 and 2, where among other things conventional treatments have failed to relieve symptoms of the medical condition or its treatment. Declarations from two medical specialists must accompany the application.

Applicants must provide a declaration from a medical specialist to support their application. The declaration must confirm, among other things, that conventional treatments for symptoms have been tried or considered and were found to be medically inappropriate.

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   Island Harvestโ„ข Marijuana We grow organically, and our cannabis is certified free of any herbicides, pesticides, insecticides, chemicals and unwanted toxins.We're proud of our quality medical cannabis. Our product, growing and handling procedures are routinely inspected by third party inspectors to verify that we maintain strict quality control.We adhere to the B.C. Certified Organic Management Standards.Please contact us if you would like more information on Island Harvest certified organic marijuana.

 

                                   

                                 

                                 

   

                   

                                                     

                                                                         

     

                            

                                

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ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช: ืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™

ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช Controlled. ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— )ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื•ืกืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™โ€ข

Substances Act([1] ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™, ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ THCืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ื”ื. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” "ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœ", ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” [2]ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™.

ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืื• , ื‘.ื•) ื”ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก2006 ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ 11ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช (ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, โ€ข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงื ื‘ื™ืก, ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื• [3]ืื—ืจืช. ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™:

ืื• ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžืชืื™ื; ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžื™ื ืฉื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืœื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช; ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืจืฉื ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืžื•ื ืคืงื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™. ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ [4]ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ื™ื ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง .

ื™ื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื•, โ€ข[5]ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™ ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.

โ€ข

[1] 21 U.S.C 801-812ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื, "ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื: ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืขืœืชื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ] 2[โ€ข

.2005 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 13, ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื ื™ืกื”: /http://www.antidrugs.org.ilื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช", ืืชืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช: , ืชืืจื™ืš http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/pop/StatePrograms.htmlืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜: ] 3[โ€ข

.2004 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 26ื›ื ื™ืกื”: , ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื ื™ืกื”: http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/pop/StateGuide.htmlืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜:] 4[โ€ข

.2004 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 26ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื, "ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื: ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืขืœืชื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ] 5[โ€ข

.2005 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 13, ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื ื™ืกื”: /http://www.antidrugs.org.ilื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช", ืืชืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช:

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US National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine report (1999(

After conducting a nearly two-year review of the medical literature, investigators at the National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine affirmed:

"Scientific data indicate the potential therapeutic value of cannabinoid drugs ... for pain relief, control of nausea and vomiting, and appetite stimulation...

"Except for the harms associated with smoking, the adverse effects of marijuana use are within the range tolerated for other medicationsโ€.

Nevertheless, the authors noted cannabis inhalation "would be advantageous" in the treatment of some diseases, and that marijuana's short- term medical benefits outweigh any smoking-related harms for some patients.

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Map of states that legalized the cultivation and use of medical cannabis

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Executive Summary โ€ขFavorable medical marijuana laws have been enacted in 36 states since 1978. However, most of

these laws are ineffectual, due to their reliance on the federal governmentโ€™s directly providing orauthorizing a legal supply of medical marijuana. (Six of these laws have since expired or been

repealed(. โ€ขCurrently, 30 states and the District of Columbia have laws on the books that recognize

marijuanaโ€™s medical value: -Since 1996, 11 states have enacted laws that effectively allow patients to use medical marijuana despite

federal law. To be effective, a state law must remove criminal penalties for patients who use, possess,and grow medical marijuana with their doctorsโ€™ approval or certification. A 12th state, Maryland,

has established an affirmative defense law that protects medical marijuana patients from jail, butnot arrest.

-Ten states solely have โ€œTherapeutic Research Programโ€ laws that fail to give patients legal access tomedical marijuana because of federal obstructionism.

-Eight states and the District of Columbia solely have symbolic laws that recognize marijuanaโ€™s medicalvalue but fail to provide patients with protection from arrest.

โ€ขEight of the 11 effective medical marijuana laws were enacted through the ballot initiative process โ€”in Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.

In Hawaii, an effective law was passed by the legislature and signed by the governor in June2000 .In Vermont, an effective law was passed by the legislature and allowed to become law

without the governorโ€™s signature in May 2004. And, most recently, Rhode Islandโ€™s legislatureenacted a medical marijuana law in January 2006 โ€ฆ overriding the governorโ€™s veto.

United States

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California's Proposition 215 was the first statewidemedical marijuana voter initiative adopted in the

USA. โ€ข The text of the Prop 215 initiative follows:โ€ข Section 1. Section 11362.5 is added to the California Health and Safety

Code, to read:โ€ข 11362.5. (a( This section shall be known and may be cited as the

Compassionate Use Act of 1996. (b( (1( The people of the State of California hereby find and declare that the purposes of the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 are as follows:

โ€ข (A( To ensure that seriously ill Californians have the right to obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes where that medical use is deemed appropriate and has been recommended by a physician who has determined that the persons health would benefit from the use of marijuana in the treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine or any other illness for which marijuana provides relief.

โ€ข (B) To ensure that patients and their primary caregivers who obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes upon the recommendation of a physician are not subject to criminal prosecution or sanction.

โ€ข (C) To encourage the federal and state governments to implement a plan for the safe and affordable distribution of marijuana to all patients in medical need of marijuana.

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In the past 10 years, California doctors have authorized cannabis use by at least 350,000 patients. What have they learned about its

adverse effects?

โ€ข by Fred Gardner, Counterpunch, November 19th, 2006

โ€ข According to a survey of 19 doctors associated with the Society of Cannabis Clinicians, side-effects are relatively rare, mild, and transient. There have been no deaths, no major adverse events attributed to cannabis -with one exception involving a claim by an establishment psychiatrist that cannabis induced and exacerbated psychosis in an 18-year old whom she had on a regimen of Lexapro and Zyprexa.***********************************************************************************

โ€ข FEDERAL: Little-Known Program Distributes Cannabis to Patients โ€ข Despite the federal governmentโ€™s insistence that there are no medical uses

for cannabis, for more than two decades it has been providing free cannabis to a small group of patients through an Investigational New Drug program. The program was shut to new patients in the 1980s when the HIV/AIDS epidemic caused a flood of new applicants.

โ€ข California Medical Survey: The Adverse Effects of Marijuana

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Sunday, October 29 2006 @ 08:30 PM ESTItaly/Switzerland: Governments plan legal use of cannabis for medicinal purposes IACM via BBSNews

2006-10-29 -- The Italian government has decided that in the future cannabis may be used for the treatment of pain. The parliament has still to hold a vote on this issue. The measure has "nothing to do with joints" Health Minister Livia Turco stated. The reform can only become into effect after the House of Representatives and the Senate have approved it.

The opposition is divided on this question. While the right-wing nationalists accused the government to legalize a soft drug, Chiara Moroni of the party "Forza Italia" of opposition leader Silvio Berlusconi supported the decision of the cabinet. The lawmaker in Switzerland also made a first step to the possibility of a legal use of cannabis products for medical purposes.

The Health Committee of the parliament (Nationalrat( has decided with clear majority to suggest to the parliament to change the narcotics law accordingly, said the physician Felix Gutzwiller, president of the parliamentary party FDP and member of the Health Committee, on 24 October in the news of the Swiss television. He therefore assumes that "there will be also a majority in the Nationalrat for the legalization of cannabis as a medicine."

More at: Here and here. (Sources: Swiss television of 24 October 2006, Netzzeitung of 20 October

2006(

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Tuesday, June 8, 1999 UK U.K. Politics Drug czar backs medical cannabis

The government's drug czar, Keith Hellawell, has told BBC News Online he supports the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes.

โ€ข Keith Hellawell: "This country is leading research to see the effects of cannabis derivativesโ€œ He also said it would not be "a tragedy" if one of his six grandchildren experimented with drugs.

โ€ข Mr. Hellawell said the government was working hard to complete tests on cannabis, which could make it available to cancer patients and others.

โ€ข "I support the use of cannabis on medical grounds," he said. "I also have a great deal of sympathy because I've met a lot of people who have got genuine illnesses and feel that this substances can help them." But the drug czar said cannabis could not be made available on prescription immediately as tests had to be completed first.

โ€ข He added that it appeared the "active" element of cannabis, known as THC, may not be the component responsible for pain relief.

โ€ข "We're leading in this country in supporting medical and clinical research to see the effects of cannabis derivatives in the treatment in a broad range of ailments," he said.

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โ€ข Turku man becomes Finland's first legal user of medicinal marijuana Aulis - a medical cannabis user, but no pothead by Tommi Nieminen, HELSINGIN SANOMAT December 20th, 2006

12the December 2005 CZECH REPUBLIC PUBLIC HEALTH CTK - Czech News Agency;   The government plan to modify exiting laws to permit medically controlled administration of therapeutic cannabis. Source:

Vaclav Sebor, speaker of the Health Ministry

Medical Use of Marijuana Divides Italy

by Francesca Colombo, IPS News December 8th, 2006 MILAN, Dec 8 (Tierramรฉrica) - In Italy just 10 ill people have authorization to use marijuana as therapy against pain. But that number could grow in the coming months if parliament approves a law for using this usually illegal plant for medical purposes.

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UN Office of Drug Control 2006 World Drug Report โ€ข The 2006 World Drug Report devotes

special attention to cannabis, the world's most abused illicit drug.  Cannabis was used by an estimated 162 million people at least once in 2004, equivalent to some four per cent of the global population age 15-64, and consumption continued to increase.

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Consumer and producers

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USE OF CANNABIS 2003-2004 (or latest year available) Source: World Drug Report 2006

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Results of a standardized survey on the medical use of cannabis products in the German-speaking area[Article in German] Schnelle M, Grotenhermen F, Reif M, Gorter RW. Europaisches Institut fur onkologische und immunologische Forschung, Berlin, Deutschland

Schnelle M ,Grotenhermen F ,Reif M ,Gorter RW.

The plant Cannabis sativa has a long history of medical use in the treatment of pain and spasms, the promotion of sleep, and the suppression of nausea and vomiting. However, in the early 70s cannabis was classified in the Narcotic Acts in countries all over the world as having no therapeutic benefit; therefore, it cannot be prescribed by physicians or dispensed by pharmacists. In the light of this contradictory situation an increasing number of patients practices a self-prescription with cannabis products for relieving a variety of symptoms. An anonymous standardized survey of the medical use of cannabis and cannabis products of patients in Germany, Austria and Switzerland was conducted by the Association for Cannabis as Medicine (Cologne, Germany). During about one year 170 subjects participated in this survey; questionnaires of 128 patients could be included into the evaluation. 68% of these participants were males, 32% females, with a total mean age of 37.5 (+/- 9.6( years. The most frequently mentioned indications for medicinal cannabis use were depression (12.0%), multiple sclerosis (10.8%), HIV-infection (9.0%), migraine (6.6%), asthma (6.0%), back pain (5.4%), hepatitis C (4. 8%), sleeping disorders (4.8%), epilepsy (3.6%), spasticity (3.6%), headache (3.6%), alcoholism (3.0%), glaucoma (3.0%), nausea (3.0%), disk prolapse (2.4%), and spinal cord injury (2.4%). The majority of patients used natural cannabis products such as marihuana, hashish and an alcoholic tincture; in just 5 cases dronabinol (Marinol) was taken by prescription. About half of the 128 participants of the survey (52.4%( had used cannabis as a recreational drug before the onset of their illness. To date 14.3% took cannabis orally, 49.2% by inhalation and in 36.5% of cases both application modes were used. 72.2% of the patients stated the symptoms of their illness to have 'much improved' after cannabis ingestion, 23.4% stated to have 'slightly improved', 4.8% experienced 'no

change' and 1.6% described that their symptoms got 'worse.'

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Harm Reduct J. 2005; 2: 18. Published online 2005 October 4. doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-2-18. Copyright ยฉ 2005 Swift et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Survey of Australians using cannabis for medical purposesWendy Swift,

 1 Peter Gates,1 and Paul Dillon1

1National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia  

 Corresponding author.Wendy Swift: [email protected]; Peter Gates: [email protected]; Paul Dillon :[email protected]

Received August 17, 2005; Accepted October 4, 2005.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0(, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original work is properly cited.

 BackgroundThe New South Wales State Government recently proposed a trial of the medical use of cannabis. Australians who currently use cannabis medicinally do so illegally and without assurances of quality control. Given the dearth of local information on this issue, this study explored the experiences of medical

cannabis users .MethodsAustralian adults who had used cannabis for medical purposes were recruited using media stories. A total of 147 respondents were screened by phone and anonymous questionnaires were mailed, to be returned by

postage paid envelope .ResultsData were available for 128 participants. Long term and regular medical cannabis use was frequently reported for multiple medical conditions including chronic pain (57%), depression (56%), arthritis (35%), persistent nausea (27%) and weight loss (26%). Cannabis was perceived to provide "great relief" overall (86%), and substantial relief of specific symptoms such as pain, nausea and insomnia. It was also typically perceived as superior to other medications in terms of undesirable effects, and the extent of relief provided. However, nearly one half (41%( experienced conditions or symptoms that were not helped by its use. The most prevalent concerns related to its illegality. Participants reported strong support for their use from clinicians and family. There was almost universal interest (89%( in participating in a clinical trial of

medical cannabis, and strong support (79%( for investigating alternative delivery methods .ConclusionAustralian medical cannabis users are risking legal ramifications, but consistent with users elsewhere, claim moderate to substantial benefits from its use in the management of their medical condition. In addition to strong public support, medical

cannabis users show strong interest in clinical cannabis research, including the investigation of alternative delivery methods .

Abstract

BackgroundThe

New

South

Wal

es

State

Government recentl

y

proposed

a tri

al

of the

medi

cal

use

of

cannabi

s.

Australi

ans

who

currentl

y

use

cannabi

s

medi

ci

nall

y

do

so ill

egall

y

and

without

assurances

of

quality

control.

Gi

ven the

dearth

of l

ocal i

nfor

mati

on

on thi

s i

ssue, thi

s

study

expl

ored the

experi

ences

of

medi

cal

cannabi

s

users.

MethodsAustrali

an

adults

who

had

used

cannabi

s for

medi

cal

purposes

were recruited

usi

ng

medi

a

stori

es.

A total

of

147 respondents

were

screened

by

phone

and

anony

mous

questi

onnaires

were

mail

ed, to

be returned

by

postage

pai

d

envel

ope. ResultsData

were

avail

abl

e for

128

parti

ci

pants.

Long ter

m

and regul

ar

medi

cal

cannabi

s

use

was frequentl

y reported for

multi

pl

e

medi

cal

conditi

ons i

ncl

udi

ng

chroni

c

pai

n (57

%(,

depressi

on (56

%(,

arthriti

s (35

%(,

persi

stent

nausea (27

%(

and

wei

ght l

oss (26

%(.

Cannabi

s

was

percei

ved to

provi

de "great reli

ef"

overall (86

%(,

and

substanti

al reli

ef

of

specifi

c

sy

mptoms

such

as

pai

n,

nausea

and i

nsomni

a. It

was

al

so typi

call

y

percei

ved

as

superi

or to

other

medi

cati

ons i

n ter

ms

of

undesirabl

e

effects,

and the

extent

of reli

ef

provi

ded.

However,

nearl

y

one

half (41

%(

experi

enced

conditi

ons

or

sy

mptoms that

were

not

hel

ped

by its

use.

The

most

preval

ent

concerns rel

ated to its ill

egality.

Parti

ci

pants reported

strong

support for their

use from

cli

ni

ci

ans

and fam

il

y.

There

was

al

most

uni

versal i

nterest (89

%( i

n

parti

ci

pati

ng i

n

a

cli

ni

cal tri

al

of

medi

cal

cannabi

s,

and

strong

support (79

%( for i

nvesti

gati

ng

alternati

ve

deli

very

methods. Concl

usi

onAustrali

an

medi

cal

cannabi

s

users

are ri

ski

ng l

egal ram

ifi

cati

ons,

but

consi

stent

with

users

el

sewhere,

cl

ai

m

moderate to

substanti

al

benefits from

its

use i

n the

management

of their

medi

cal

conditi

on. In

additi

on to

strong

publi

c

support,

medi

cal

cannabi

s

users

show

strong i

nterest i

n

cli

ni

cal

cannabi

s research, i

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Indian-Pakistan subcontinentโ€ข cannabis is "still used extensively in the Ayruvedic, Unani and Tibbi systems of

medicine of the Indian-Pakistani subcontinent" ("The Cannabis Problem, 1962: 27(. The Pharmacopoeias of India mention cannabis use in the recent past. Two preparations of cannabis, a liquid extract and a tincture, are listed in the 1954 and 1966 Pharmacopoeias of India which contain descriptions of cannabis and its extract and how it is made (Chopra & Chopra, 1957: 9(.

โ€ข A more recent source makes reference to the fact that "in contemporary India and Pakistan, there continues to be widespread indigenous medical, 'quasi-medical,' and illicit use of both opium and cannabis" (Chopra & Chopra, 1957: 12-13(. Bouquet notes that hemp resin is occasionally used in the native medicines of the countries where it is collected. He points especially to India where, "the medical systems . . . make much use of cannabis as a sedative, hypnotic, analgesic, anti-spasmodic and anti-hemorrhoidal" (Bulletin on Narcotics, 1962:27(.

โ€ข Although the Chinese and Indian cultures knew about the properties of this drug from very early times, this information did not become general in the Near and Middle East until after the fifth century A.D., when travelers, traders and adventurers began to carry knowledge of the drug westward to Persia and Arabia.

โ€ข Historians claim that cannabis was first employed in these countries as an antiseptic and analgesic. Other medical uses were later developed and spread throughout the Middle East, Africa, and Eastern Europe.

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ืชื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื“"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืš ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื• ื•ืœื“"ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื– ืœื‘ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืจื•ื—

ื›ื ืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ