medical cannabis conference in israel
DESCRIPTION
Held in January 2007 Ale Yarok ืขืื ืืจืืง The Green Leaf PartyTRANSCRIPT
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Medical Cannabis Review
โข Overview
โข History
โข Traditional Medicinal Use
โข MC in various countries
โข Israel
โข Consumption options
THC Molecule
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Marijuana and cannabinoidscannabinoidsMarijuana and cannabinoidscannabinoids
Cannabis sativa, hempOne of earliest non-food plants cultivated
โfiber for rope, seeds for oil and birdseed
8000 BC 2700 BC 2000 BC 1000 AD 1850s 1996
1st archaeological evidenceof hemp use
Medical usein China
Ritual usein India
Hashish use inArab world
Western world finds bioactivity.
Use semi-legal in CA/AZ
from Childers & Breivogel (1998)
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Cannabis Sativa
Safe & Effective Natural Medicineโข The medical use of the cannabis plant goes back at least 5,000 years to ancient
China, where the emperor Shen Nung listed it in his classic pharmacopeia, the Pen Ts'ao.
โข It is also listed in the medical works of India including the famous Hindu surgeon Susruta, and the Roman physicians Pliny and Galen.
โข Most of the herbal guides of the Moslem and European cultures also gave frequent reference to its medical value, and cannabis was one of the world's primary medicines for millennia on end.
โข Used by most of the world's cultures for its healing properties, there was a tremendous burst of medical research in the 19th century.
โข Cannabis was listed in medical texts of the last century as a treatment for over 100 different health conditions, and
โข Queen Victoria's personal physician wrote in praise of its therapeutic value.โข When the ban was proposed in 1937, the AMA went before Congress to oppose the
law and specifically protested that the Marijuana Tax Act was a fraud because the plant's scientific name is Cannabis sativa, its English name is True Hemp, and no one at the time knew that the ban would affect the essence of medicine, agriculture and industry -- until it was too late.
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ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืกืืืจื ืืืจืฅ ืืืขืืืืืกืคืจื ืฉื ืืืื ืืจืืื โ ืงื ืืืก:ืืจืืืืื ื ืืืฉืืฉ
ืืืืืจ ืืืขืช-ืฉืจืช ืฉืืืืช ืฉืืฉ, ื ืืฆื ืืืฉ 1990ืืืคืืจืืช ืืจืืืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ื- โข. ืื ืขืจื, ืฉืืจืขื ืื ืจืื 14ืืคืจืคืจ ืืื ืขืฆืืืชืื ืฉื ื ืขืจื ืฆื ืืื ืื ืืืื, ืืืช
ืคืฉืจ Oืืืืช, ื ืคืืจื ืงืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืคืชื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืฆืจ, ืฉืื ื ืฉื ื. 1,600ืืช ืืฆืืืช ืืขืืืจ. ืืฉืงืื ืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืฉืืขื ืืจืืื, ืืืืื ืืืขืจื ื-
, ืื ืชืจืืคืืืื ืจืฉืืช ืืขืชืืงืืช ืฉืืชืืงื ืืืจ ืืขืจืืช ื'ื ืืืืกืืื ื ืชืืื ืขื-ืืื ืงืืืจื ืืืืืจ. ืืืืก ืืืืจ ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืืืืฆื ืืืืืงื ืืืืืื ืคืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืคืืื ืืื ื ื "ืกืชื ืงืืืจืช ืืืจืฆื ื-ืคืืจืืช". ืืฉื ืืืขืืจ
ืฉืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืงืืช ืงืืืืืจืคืืืช ืืื ืืืกื ืืืคืจ ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืฉืืฉ. ืืกืืจื ืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืจืคืื ืืฉืืื ืืืขืืืชื ืฉื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ
ืืืืืจ ืืกืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืฉ ืืืงืืช ืืืืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืื ืชืจืืคืืืืืืช ื ืขืจื ืืขืื-ืืื ืืืื ืืก ืืฉื ืชื ืฉื 4.1.1995ื- โข
ืก"ื ืืืืื, ืืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืชืืื. 143. ืืืกืืจืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืฉืื ืื ืขืจื, ืืืฉืจืืืืชื ืืืื ื , ืืฉืืฉ ืืชืจืืคื ืืขืืื - ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืชืจืืคืืืืืืืชืืืจืฆืื ืฉืฉืื
ืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืฉืืฉ ืืืจืืขืช , ืืคื ื ืืกืคืืจื1550ืืฉื ืช ืคืคืืจืืกืื ืืฆืจืืื"ืืฉืืฉ ืืืจื ืืช . ืืืจืฆื ืกืืคืจ: ืืืืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืฉื ืืืฆืืจื-ืืืื
ืืฆืืจืื ืืืืืง ืืืชื, ืืคืืืช ืืช ืืืืืื, ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืจืคืืช ืืช ืืืืฃ. ืืืชืืื ืจืคืืืืื ืขืชืืงืื, ืืืืืื, ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืจืื ืืฆืื ื
ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืงืืช ืืื ืืคืืจืจ, ืืขืจืื ืืืฉืืืฃ ืืฉืืฉ. ืื ืจืง ืืขื ืืื ื ืื ืืงืืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืชืจืืคื ืืืืคืืจืืช ืืชืืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืืคืื ืืชืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื"
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Some Therapeutic Applications of Cannabis
โข Arthritis โข Migraine headache โข Glaucoma (blindness_(โข Cancer โข Epilepsy โข MS โข Asthma โข Cramps
AIDS / HIV โข Spinal injury โข Stress โข Wasting syndrome โข Pain control โข Depression โข Muscle spasms โข Insomnia
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Recent Research on Medical MarijuanaEmerging Clinical Applications For Cannabis &
CannabinoidsA Review of the Recent Scientific Literature, 2000 โ 2006
Medical Conditions
ForwardAlzheimer's Disease ALSDiabetes MellitusDystoniaFibromyalgiaGliomasGI DisordersHepatitis CHypertensionIncontinenceMultiple Sclerosis OsteoporosisPruritisRheumatoid Arthritis Sleep Apnea Tourette's Syndrome
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Forms and preparationsForms and preparations
Marijuanaโ mixture of leaves, stems, topsโ 1960โs: 1-3% THC; 1990โs: up to 8-10%
โBubble Gumโ โBig Budโ โDutch Northern Lightsโ
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Forms and preparationsForms and preparations
Hashishโ dried resin from top of female plantโ THC usually 2-5%, but up to 15%
Hash Oilโ organic extraction
from hashishโ THC usually ~ 10-20%
up to 70%
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Americans for Safe Access โ Guide to Using Marijuana
Smokingโข Smoking marijuana produces the most immediate effects and
permits the most refined control of your dosage. Smoking any material is not good for the lungs, but the amount of marijuana you need to smoke is so small that you need not be overly concerned. It is better to smoke the flowers rather than the leaves as this also reduces the amount you will need to smoke
Vaporizingโข Cannabis vaporizers are designed to let users inhale active
cannabinoids while avoiding harmful smoke toxins. They do so by heating cannabis to a temperature that is just below the point of combustion where smoke is produced. At this point, THC and other medically active cannabinoids are emitted with little or none of the carcinogenic tars and noxious gases found in smoke. Many medical marijuana patients who find smoked marijuana highly irritating report effective relief inhaling through vaporizers. Also, vaporizers are very efficient so they can save money in the long term.
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โข Tinctureโข To prepare a tincture, use 5 parts fresh marijuana to 1 part vodka. If
you are using dried marijuana, as is usually the case, use 10 parts marijuana to 1 part vodka. An easy way to do this if you donโt have measuring equipment, is to fill whatever container you are using (glass is preferable as you donโt want to leech any residues from metal containers) to thirds full with marijuana, then fill the container with vodka and let stand for a week or more. Afterward, strain the solution. If you use a larger portion of marijuana, the resulting tincture will be more potent.
โข Compressโข Follow the recipe as for tea. Make as much as you need to
thoroughly soak the cloth you intend to use. Apply to pain and leave on ยฝ hour.
โข Marinolโข Marinol is a synthetic petrochemical analog of THC, one of the
active elements found in marijuana. Some patients find that it helps relieve nausea yet takes a long time to work. Do not smoke this product. It has the potential for overdose. Use only under the supervision of a doctor.
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EatingMarijuana can be eaten. When consumed this way, it is usually baked in brownies or cookies, and sometimes made into a candy. It takes longer to feel the effects when eaten, and may take longer for you to learn to control your dosage. However, when you do feel the effects, they may be stronger than those felt by smoking. You may also feel a certain heaviness in your body. This will not hurt you.
Schedule your time so that you can relax when you take it .TeaLike other herbs, marijuana may be made into a tea. Boil the water first and pour it over the marijuana. Let it steep for longer than you would for common black tea; approximately an hour and a half. Add 1 teaspoon of butter. The effects are
similar to eating it.
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ืฆืื ืืงื ืืืก ืืฉืืืืชื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืืืืื
ื"ืจ ืืขืงืื ืืงืกืื
ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืืข ืืจืืงืืืช ืืชืคืชื ืืืืืื ืืจืืจ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืจืืืืื โขืคืขืืืื ืืฆืืื-ืจืคืืื ืืกืืจืชืืื ืืืืฆืืจ ืชืืฆืจืื ืคืขืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืื,
ืืืงืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืืงื ืืืก ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืืจ ืฉืืชืืจืจ ืฉืืฆืื ืืฉืืืืชื ืื ื ืืขื ) ืืืืื ืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืชืืืืคืื ืืฉืจ 23,162-166ืืคืขืืืืช ืืจืคืืืืช ืืืืคืืืืืืืช )
. )29,30 ืื ืืืืจืืช ) =Ronabin /Marinol [Dronabinol]) ืืืืืืชื ืืืืื THCืืืืืื ) 103ืชืืฆืืช ืืชืคืจืืืช ืืงื ืืืก ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืจืคื ืืืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืืืื )
ืืืชืื ืฉืืืจืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืฉืคืขืืช-ืืืืื ืืืชื ืจืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉื THC( ืืืืจืื ื ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืืืคืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืืืชืืื ืืืจืื ืื 88-91 ืืฆืืจืชื ืืืืืืืช .(
) ืืขืื 46ืืื ื ื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืก ืืืืืื ืกืจืื ืืืืืคืืื ืืืืืืชืจืคืื )).33-46,81-98ืฉืืืฉืคืขื ืฉื ืฆืื ืืงื ืืืก ืืฉืืืืชื ืืืงืฉืจ ืื ืืจืืจื ืืื-ืืฉืืขืืช )
ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืคืืืืช ืืขืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืืืฉืื )ืืืง ืื ืงื ืืืก) ืืืื ืช ืืขืืฉืื ืืชืจืืคื ? โขืืืืื, ืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืคื ื ืืฆืจืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืืงืื ืืคืืืขืื ืืงื ื-ืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืืช.
ืืืืชืื ืฉื ื"ืจ ื'ืคืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืงืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืงื ืืืก ืจืคืืื ืืืืคืืง ืืืฆืื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืคืจืขืืช ืคืืืืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ื ืืืจ:
"The temperature in standard cannabis joint is super optimal for differential elution of individual molecules."
ืืืืค' ืืกืืืจืืช ืงื ืืืก ืืื ืืืคืืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืงืืืืช ืงื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช.โขืขืืฉืื ืืื ืืืคืฆืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืฆืจืื ืืจืืืืื ื ืืืจื ืื. โข
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Medical Grade Marijuana (MGC( โ Organic, Standardized, radiated against Pathogens (Maripharm, Holland(
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โข January 08, 2007
โข Pot Smoking Not Linked to Lung Cancer โข Study Shows No Increased Risk for Even the Heaviest Marijuana Smokers โข By Salynn Boyles
WebMD Medical News Reviewed By Louise Chang, MDon Tuesday, May 23, 2006
โข
โข May 23, 2006 -- People who smoke marijuana do not appear to be at increased risk for developing lung cancer, new research suggests.
โข While a clear increase in cancer risk was seen among cigarette smokers in the study, no such association was seen for regular cannabis users.
โข Even very heavy, long-term marijuana users who had smoked more than 22,000 joints over a lifetime seemed to have no greater risk than infrequent marijuana users or nonusers.
โข The findings surprised the studyโs researchers, who expected to see an increase in cancer among people who smoked marijuana regularly in their youth.
โข โWe know that there are as many or more carcinogens and co-carcinogens in marijuana smoke as in cigarettes,โ researcher Donald Tashkin, MD, of UCLAโs David Geffen School of Medicine tells WebMD. โBut we did not find any evidence for an increase in cancer risk for even heavy marijuana smoking.โ Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer.
โข Tashkin presented the findings today at The American Thoracic Societyโs 102nd International Conference, held in San Diego.
โข Boomers Reaching Cancer Age โข The study population was limited to people who were younger than 60 because people older than that would probably
not have used marijuana in their teens and early adult years.โข โPeople who may have smoked marijuana in their youth are just now getting to the age when cancers are being seen,โ
Tashkin says.โข A total of 611 lung cancer patients living in Los Angeles County, and 601 patients with other cancers of the head and
neck were compared with 1,040 people without cancer matched for age, sex, and the neighborhood they lived in.โข All the participants were asked about lifetime use of marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol, as well as other drugs, their diets,
occupation, family history of lung cancer, and socioeconomic status.โข The heaviest marijuana users in the study had smoked more than 22,000 joints, while moderately heavy
smokers had smoked between 11,000 and 22,000 joints.โข While two-pack-a-day or more cigarette smokers were found to have a 20-fold increase in lung cancer risk, no
elevation in risk was seen for even the very heaviest marijuana smokers.โข The more tobacco a person smoked, the greater their risk of developing lung cancer and other cancers of the head and
neck. But people who smoked more marijuana were not at increased risk compared with people who smoked less and people who didnโt smoke at all.
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What is the Volcano Vaporizer? The Volcano Vaporizer is a state-of-the-art electric vaporization system that releases flavoring and active ingredients from herbs through hot air vaporization. The Volcano gently heats material to the point of vaporization but without combustion, yielding clean vapor without the tar and other toxins found in smoke.Built to perform for years out of high quality materials, the Volcano Vaporizer has received US Patent # 6513524, as well as German Patent # 1980376 and European Patent # 0933093. Precision air temperature control and reliability previously unreachable in competing products have given the Volcano a reputation among experts as the most technologically advanced professional vaporizer available.Designed and manufactured by Storz & Bickel of Germany, the Volcano Vaporizer has received the prestigious Dr.-Rudolf-Eberle-Prize for outstanding technical innovation. The Volcano combines simplicity of use, a high degree of safety and particularly good efficiency.The Volcano Vaporizer can be used as an herbal vaporizer as a safer alternative to smoking. And with 3 to 4 times greater delivery of active ingredients when compared with smoking, an investment in the Volcano pays for itself in the shortest possible time.
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ืืืืข ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืื/ืืจืื ืืื ืื
Roxane Labs. Inc., Colombus, Ohio ืืืืฆืจืช ืข"ื ืืืจืช โขโข(6aR-trans-(6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1ol
ืืื ืืืขื )ืืืฆืื ืืฆืื ืืงื ืืืก) ืืจืืืTHC. ืืืงื ืืงืื ืฉื ื- C21H30O2ื ืืกืื ืืืืืช: ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืคื ืืืขืืคืช ื'ืืืื ืืชืืกืคืช ืืืืฆืจืื, ืืชืืืคืจืืื, ืืืืืืชื
ืคืจืืคืืืคืจืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืงืกืื ืืฆืืข ืืืื ืฆืืื. ืืฉืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืขืช ืืืืืื ืืคืขืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืขื ืคืจืืงืืืื ืืืงื ืืคืจืืงืืงืื ืืืงื:โข
ื ืืฆืจืช ืกืืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขืชื ืืืืจ THC ืฉืขืืช. ืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืง 2-4ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืจืฆืืฃ ืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื. ื ืืฆืื ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืช ืืกืคืืื ืฉื
-11ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืจื ืืขืจืืช ืืขืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืชืืฆืข ืืืื ืื ืืฆืจ OH-THC ืืืชืจืืคื ืืืืข ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืงืฉืจ ืืืืืื ื ืื ืกืืื. ืืื ืืืฆืืช 10-20%. ืจืง
ืฉืขืืช ืืืฉื ืืคืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืงืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืคืจืฉืชื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืืช 4-24ืืืืื ืฉื ืืชืจืืคื ื"ื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืจื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืชืจืคื.15: ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืช ืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืชืืืืชืจ.
ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืื, ืืืงื ืื, ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงืืช. ืืฉ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืจืืช:โขืืืืื-ืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืกืืื - ืืืื ืงื ืืืก ืฉืื, ื ืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืจืืช
ืืืชืืืจืืช ืืฆืื ืืงื ืืืก. ืืฉ ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืคืจืขืืช ื ืคืฉืืืช )ืื ืื, ืืืืืื, ืฉืกืขืช) ืืืืืืคืืื ืืกืืื ืืืคื ืืืืื, ืคืกืืืืืงืืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช ืืจืืขื.
ืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฆืืงืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืง ืืื ืืืืืืืจ-ืืื. ืชืืืืืช ืืื-ืชืจืืคืชืืืช: โข ืืืจื ืืืชืจ ืืืฅ-ืื, ืืืคืง ืืืืฅ CNSืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืคืืืืื ืื, ืงืืงืืื, ืืืืืจืื ืืขืืจืจื
ืืคืืืขื ืืื. ืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืกืืืคืืจื ืื ืคืืืืืงืกืืื )ืคืจืืืง) ืืืจื ืืืคืจืขืืช ื ืคืฉืืืช ื- hypomania .
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Sativex - Investigational Cannabis-Based Treatment for Pain and Multiple Sclerosis
Developed by GW Pharmaceuticals (UK(, Sativex is a whole plant medicinal cannabis extract indicated for relief of symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS( and for treatment of severe neuropathic pain. Bayer has secured exclusive rights to market Sativex in the UK with the option to extend this to other countries in Europe and Commonwealth countries such as Canada.
To meet demands for Sativex, GW Pharmaceuticals has increased production of cannabis at its fortified greenhouses to 60t/y. (Source: ABPI)
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SATIVAX
Sativex is a cannabis extract containing tetranabinex (THC( and nabidiolex (cannabidiol - CBD( as its principal component. It does not contain the active substance found in recreational cannabis and so patients taking Sativex will not become intoxicated. Sativex is administered by means of a spray into the mouth rather than smoked.
โข CLINICAL TRIALS ON SATIVEX POINT TO GOOD EFFICACY AND SAFETY
โข Phase III placebo-controlled trials in about 350 patients with MS have shown that administration of Sativex as a sublingual spray is a safe and effective treatment for symptom relief. Compared with placebo, significantly more patients in the Sativex treatment arm experienced reduced neuropathic pain, spasticity and sleep disturbances.
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Studies on the Effects of Marijuana and Cannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis (IOM Report 1999(
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Cannabis effective at relieving pain after major surgery
Medical Studies/Trials Published:Wednesday, 17-May-2006 A cannabis plant extract provides pain relief for patients after
major surgery such as knee replacements, a study by Imperial College London and the Medical Research Council has shown.
Details of a trial published today in Anesthesiology shows how effective Cannador, a cannabis plant extract, is at managing post-operative pain
Dr Anita Holdcroft, from Imperial College and lead researcher, said, "Pain after surgery continues to be a problem because many of the commonly used drugs are either ineffective or have too many side effects. These results show that cannabinoids are effective, and may lead to the development of a wider range of drugs to manage post-operative pain."
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Journal of Clinical Oncology, July 1, 1991, Volume 9, No. 7, pp. 1314-1319
Marijuana as Antiemetic Medicine: A Survey of Oncologists' Experiences and Attitudes (Abstract)
By Richard Doblin and Mark A. R. Kleiman Abstract: A random-sample anonymous survey of the members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO( was conducted in the spring of 1990 measuring the attitudes and experiences of American oncologists concerning the antiemetic use of marijuana in cancer chemotherapy patients. The survey was mailed to about one-third (N = 2430( of all U.S.-based ASCO members and yielded a response rate of 43% (1035(. More than 44% of the respondents report recommending the (illegal( use of marijuana for the control of emesis to at least one cancer chemotherapy patient. Almost half (48%( would prescribe marijuana to some of their patients if it were legal. As a group, respondents considered (smoked( marijuana to be somewhat more effective than the legally available (oral( synthetic THC (Marinol( and roughly as safe. Of the respondents who expressed an opinion, a majority (54%( thought marijuana should be
available by prescription .
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ืืขืื ืืงื ืืืก ืืจืคืืื ืืืฉืจืื . ืฆืื ืืงื ืืืก ืขื ืื ืจืืืืื ืื ืืืจืืชืื ืืืืืจ "ืกื ืืกืืื"), ืืคืงืืื )ืืืื: [1]ืืชืืกืคืช ืืคืงืืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืืโข
ืืคืงืืื ืืืกืจืช ืืืืงื ืฉื ืกื ืืกืืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืคื ืืคืงืืื ืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื [2]ืืืจืืืืช ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืกืืื ืืื.
ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืกืืื ืืช ื"ืจ ืืืืื ืืจืื, ืืฉืขืืจ ืจืืฉ ืืื ืื ืืจืคืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืช-ืืืืืื โขื"ืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืื ืืงืฉื ืืืืช. ืืคื ื ืฉื ืื ืืงืฉืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืก ืืืขืืื ืจืคืืืืื. "ืืืจืื ืื", ืืืืื
ืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืจื-ืชืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืจืคืืื, ืืจืืงืืืช, ืืืืขืื, ืืืชืืงื ืืืืฉืคื ืืืืื ืืงืฉืืช ืืืื. ืืขืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืงืฉืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืขืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืงืจืื ืืจืืืื ืื ืชืงืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ื ืื
[3]ืืืงืฉืืช ืฉืืืฉืจื ืื ื ืืื ื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืขืฆืช. ืืชืงืืื 1998ืืื ืฉื ืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืื ืฉื ื ืืงืฉืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืก ืืืขืืื ืจืคืืืืื. โข
ืืืงืฉืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืืชื ืืืคืืจืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืืืงืฉื [4]. ืืคื ืชืงื ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืื, ืืงืฉืืช70ืืืฉืจื ืคืืืช ื-ืขื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืจืฉืืื ืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืกืืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืฆืขืื ืืงืืืืื, ืืฆืืจืืฃ ืชืืขืื ืจืคืืื ืจืืืื ืื.
: ืืืืืก, ืชืกืืื ืช ืข"ืฉ ืืืืืจ, ืืืืืืคืชืื, ืืืืช ืงืจืืื, ืืจืฉืช ื ืคืืฆื, ืืืืืช ืืื ืงืืืืืืืช ืงืฉืืช, ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืช ืืืื[5]ืืื ืืืืื ืงืฆืจืช.
โข
.1973ืคืงืืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืื [ื ืืกื ืืืฉ], ืืชืฉื"ื-[1] ืืคืงืืื.7ืกืขืืฃ ]2[โข.2004 ืืืฆืืืจ 28ืืืจื ืืื, ืืฉืืช ืืืฉื ื ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช, ืืืชื, ]3[โข. 1979ืชืงื ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืื, ืชืฉ"ื-]4[โข.2004 ืืืฆืืืจ 28ืืืจื ืืื, ืืฉืืช ืืืฉื ื ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช, ืืืชื, ]5[โข
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ืืกืื ืจืงืข ืื ืืฉื:ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืคืืื ืืงื ืืืก
ืืืืฉ ืืื"ื ืืืื ืงืจื
ื"ื ืืฉืื ืชืฉืก"ื2005 ืืื ืืืจ 23
. ืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืืื ืฆืืื ืงื ืืืก ืืืื ืืฉ ืืืจืฅ ืจืง ืชืฉืขื ืจืืฉืืื ืืช ืคืขืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืจืคืืื ืืงื ืืืกืืฆืืื ืื โข, ืฉืื ืืืืจื ื"ืจ ืืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืื ื ืืกืคืง ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืื ืืช ืืฉืชืืืืืืขืฆืื.
ืืื ืงืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืจ. ืืืืจืื, ืื ืืขื ืจืืฉืืื ืืืฉ ืืืชืงื ืืงืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืจ, ืืื ืืงืืฉืจ ืขื ืืขื ืจืืฉืืื ืืชืืง ืืืชืจ [1]ืืื ืืงืื ืืื ื ืฉืชืื ืื ืืจืขืื.
ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืคืจืืืืช, ืืืืืช ืืขืืงืจื, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื, ืืืฆืืจ, ืืคืงื, ืืื ื โข ืืฆืขืืช ืืื ืืจื ืขืื ืืืืื.[2]ืืืืืงื ืฉื ืงื ืืืก ืืคืืงืื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืคืื ืจืคืืื, ืืืืจืืช ืจืืคื ืืืกืื.
ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืช [3].ืฉืืืฉ ืืื ืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืืกืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืกื ืืงื ืืืก, ืืืืงืชื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืฉืจืื ืืชืืื ืขื โข [4].ืืืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืจืคืืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืงืืืขืื ืืื
โขืขืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืืืจ
ืืืื ืขืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืคืืื ืืงื ืืืก:โข [1] ืืื ืฉืืืกืืจ ืืืืงื ืืงืืื ืืืื )ืฉืืืฆื ืืขืื) ืืกืคืง, ืืืื ืฆืืจื ืืฉื ืืชื. ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืชืขืืืช โข ืืื ืืืง ืืชืืืื ืงืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืกื ืืกืืื ืืชืจืืคื, ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืืโข
ืืืกืืืืช ืืื ื ืชืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช. ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืชื-ืืืงืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืงื ืืืก, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืก ืืชืจืืคื ืืืงืจืื ืฉืืืฉืจ ืงื ืืืก ืืืฉืืง ืืืืงื ืืฉืืง ืืืืชื-ืืืงื.
, ืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืกืืืื ืืกืคืง ืืืืืื ืงื ืืืก ืฉื ืชืคืก ื"ืชืคืืกืืช ืืฉืืจืชืืืช". ืืืืฉืชื, ืขื ืืฉืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช[2]ืืืจืืืืช ืืงืืืข ืชื ืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืฆืืจ ืืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืกื ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืกืคืงื ืืกืืืจืช ืื ืฆืจืืื ืืืื ืืข ืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืขื ืืกื.
โข ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืก ืืืืืฆืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืจืคืืืืืช, ืืคื ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืื
) ืืชื 1ืฉืืื ืื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืื ืืชืจืืคืืช. ืืจืฉืืช ืืขืืืื ืชื ืืื ืืืกืืืชื: )) ืืขืืคื ืฉื ืืชื ืืงื ืืืก ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืื ืื ืชืจืืืฃ, ืฉืื 3) ืคืืงืื ืจืคืืื ืขื ืืงืื ืืืจืฉื; )2ืืจืฉื ืจืคืืื ืฉื ืจืืคื; )
) ืืืืืช 5) ืืชืจืช ืขืืฉืื ืงื ืืืก ืจืง ืืืงืจืื ืฉืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืขืจื ืจืคืืื ืืจืืจ; )4ืืขืืฉืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืื; )[1] ืฉืขืืช) ืืขืืกืืง ืืขืืกืืงืื ืืขืฉืืืื ืืกืื ืืืชื ืืืช ืกืืืืชื.48ืืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืจืื )ืขื
ื ืฉืืื ืคื ืืื, ืืืื ืขื ืื ืื ื ืืกืจื ืชืืืืชื.ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื โขโข
.2005 ืืื ืืืจ 13, ืชืืจืื ืื ืืกื: /http://www.antidrugs.org.ilืืชืจ ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืื: [1]
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ืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืคืจืืค' ืจืคืื ืืฉืืื )ืืฉืจ ืืื ืชื ืขื ืืื ืืืขืืช ืืกืืื ืืื ืกืช 1996"...ืืืจ ืืฉื ืช โขืืืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืคืื ืืืชื) ืืืืืฆื ืืืขืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืข ืืกืืื
".ืืืจืืคืืื ื, ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืก, ืืืงืฉื 1996)ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืฆื ืืขืงื ืืืจืืชื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืกืช ืคื ืืชื ืื"ืจ ืืืขื ืื ืโข
ืขื ืืจืืืืื ื DRUG MASTER FILEืืกืืจ ืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืฆืจืืื ืฉื ืืจืืืืื ื ืจืคืืืืช. ืืื ืื ืืขืืจืชื ืืืฉืจื ืจืคืืืืช ื.ื.)
"ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืคืขื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืช ืืขืื ืจืคืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืขื ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืฉื โขืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืจืืคืืื ื. ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืฆืื ืืจืืืฉ ืืฉืืง ืืื-ืืืงื ืงื ืืืก ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืฉืื
ืืืจืืกืก ืืงืืืื-ืืจืงืื ืืืฉืจ ืืกืื ืืช ืืจืืืืชื. ืืืืืื ื ืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืืข ืขื ืืืจืืื ืขืืจืืื ืื ืืืกืชืื ืื ืืืกืชืืืืช ืขื ืืืืง.
ืืืืจ ืฉืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืฆื ืืืจื ืืืืฉืจ ืืืืขืืืช ืจืคืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืจืืคืืื ื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื โข. ืืกืคืง ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืจืคืืืืชืืชืืจืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืื, ืืืืื
ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืกืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืคืืื ื ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืฉืจื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืฉืจื โขืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืื ืืจืืคืืื ื ืืืืืชืืช, ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืกืคืงื
ืืกืคืง ืืืืงื ืฉื ืงื ืืืก ืจืคืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืื ื )ืื' "ืืจืืคืืจื") ืืืื ืืชืจืื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืฉื ื. โขืืจืืื ืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืคืฆื ืืืืกืืฃ ืืืืืข ืืืืืืื."
ืืชื-ืืจืงืืช ื ืฆืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืื ืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืื ืืืฉืืจืจื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืขืืืจื ืื ืืช ืืืืขืืช ืืชืจืืกืจ โข ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ. ืืืืกืื ืืขืฉื ืืงืืจืืจ ืืืชื-ืืืจืงืืช, ืืืืฉืืจ ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืคืืงืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืชืืื
ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ื ืืืจืืืืื ืืจืคืืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืงืืื ืืืืจืื-ืชืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืงื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืข ืืื ืืชืืกืคืช ืืกืืืื ืืืคื ืืืืข ืืชืืืืื.
ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืฉืืืืฉ ืืืจืืคืืื ื ืืกืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืชืกืืื ืื โขืืืืืก, ืืืงืช-ืืคืจืงืื, ืคืืืขื ืืืื, ืืจืฉืช ื ืคืืฆื, ืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืช ืืืืื ืกืจืื ืืืืืืคืืื ืืืืืืืจืคืื, โข
ืืื ืืจืื ื, ืืืื ืคืื ืืื ืืืคืืื, ืคืืืขื ืืืื-ืืฉืืจื, ืื ืืขื ืืืืคืื ืืกืจืื, ืืกืืื, ืืืืช ืงืจืื, ืืื-ืงืืื, ืืคืจืขืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืืช ื ืคืฉ, ืืคืจืขื ืื-ืคืืืจืืช, ืืจืืืช, ืืืืืื, ืืคืืืคืกืื, ืคืืืจืืืืืืืื,
ืืืืืงืืื, ืืชืจ ืืืฅ-ืื, ืืืืจื ื, ืกืืืืืคืจื ืื ืืกืื ืืจืื ืืืจื.
ืืชืื ืืฆืขื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืช ืงื ืืืก ืจืคืืื ืืืืื ) 2003ืืืืืื ืืืจืฅ (
ืืืืืื) )ื"ืจ ืืขืงื ืืงืกืื โ
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ืืจืืฉืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืช ืืงืฉื ืืืจืืคืืื ื
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืืคืื ืืงืืื :1.
ืงืืืืื ืืืคืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืช. ืืื ืืืื ืืืืคืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืจืืคื ืืืืคืืืื 2.ืฉืืื ืืขืืืฃ ืืืฆืืช. ืืขืช ืืืฆืื ืืืคืืงืื ืืงืื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืคืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืื
ืืชืจืืคืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืคืืืื ืืคื ืฉืืงืื ืืขืชื ืืจืคืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืืคื ืืืืคื )ืืจืืคื ืืืืืื).
โ ืืฉ ืืืจื ืืืชืืืืก ืืืืื ืืืจื ืคืื ืื ืืืคืืง ืฉื THCืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืชืจืืคืืช ืืืืืกืกืืช 3.ืืืจืืคืืื ื. ืขื ืืจืืคื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืจืฆืื ื ืื ืกืืช ืืช ืืชืจืืคืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืื ืืกืืื,
ืืืคืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืฆื ืฉืื ืืช ืืจืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืืืชื. ืจืฆืืื ืื โ ืขื ืืจืืคื ืืคืจื ืืช ืืจืฆืืื ืื ืืคืื ืืฉ ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืจืืคืืื ื โ ืืืฉืืขืืช 4.
ืฉื ืื ืืื ืฉืืจืืคื ืืืื ืืฆืืื ืฉืืคื ืฉืืงืื ืืขืชื ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืฉ ืขืืืช ืื ืืืจืืคืืื ื ืคืืขืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืช ืฆืจืืืชื ืืกืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืื ืืจืืคื ืืืื
ืืคืจื ืืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืคื ืืคืขืืืืช ืฉื ืืืจืืคืืื ื ืืืฉืคืขืืชืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืขื ืืืืื, ืืชืคืชืืืชื ืืชืืคืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืืคืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื.
ืขื ืืจืืคื ืืืชืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืจืืคืืื ื5.
ืืจืืคื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืืข ืขื ืื ืฉืืื ืจืืื ืชืืขืืช ืจืคืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉื 6.ืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืืื ื, ืืื ืจืืื ืฉืื ืกืืื ืจืคืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืจืืคืืื ื
ืืืงืื ืขื ืืืืืืื ื/ืื ืืืืคืื.ืืจืืคื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืืขืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืื ืกืืช ืืช ืืืจืืคืืื ื ืืืืฉืชืืฉ ืื 7.
ืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืกืืืคืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืคื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืฆืื ืืืคืืงืื ืืืืจืื.ืืจืืคื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืืืืคืื ืืืจืืคืืื ื ืืืืืื ืขืืืืืช ืจืคืืืืืช ืจืืืื ืืืืช 8.
ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืขืื ืชืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืคืืืื ืืืจืืคืืื ื ืืขืืื.ืืืขืฉื ืืจืืคื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืืฆืชื ืืื ืืืคื ืฉืืืืจ. ืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืืืฆื ืืื ืฆืืื ืืืจืืืืื ื 9.
ืืืืืฆื, ืืกืืจ ืืืืข ืืฉ ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืงื ืืืจืืคืืื ื ืืืืืคืืืื ืืจืคืืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืืืื ืชืื ืฆืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืกื ืื ืืฉืื.
ืืืชืืจ ืกืืืืืช ืจืคืืืืช10.
ืืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืขื ืืืืื ืืืชืื ืขื ืืืชืืจ ืกืืืืืช ืจืคืืืืช ืื"ืจ ืืืืื 11.ืืจืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืืืขืฆืช.
ืืืชืืจ ืืกืืืืืช ืืจืคืืืืช ืืื ืืืืขื ืื ืืจืง ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืช ืืืงืฉื!12..13
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ืืจืืฉืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืช ืืงืฉื ืืืจืืคืืื ื )ืืืฉื)
ืืืงืฉื ืชืืืื ืขื ืืื ื"ืจ ืืจืื ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืืืกืืืจืื ืจืคืืืืช ืคืกืืืืืืืืช )ืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืช ื ืคืฉ . 13ืขืฉืืื ืืคืกืื ืืช ืืืืคืื), ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืืืกืืืจืื ืจืคืืืืช ืืืืื ืช ืืืืคืื ืืจืคืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืคืืขื
ืืื'. ืืืืื ืื"ืจ ืืจืื ืืชืงืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืงืจื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืืขืื ืืืืืขืฆืช ืืฆืืจื .14
ืืชืืืขืฆืืช ืื ืืฉื ืชืื ืืฉืืคืช ืคืจืื ืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืขืื.ืืืกืืืื ืฉืืืขืฉื ืฆืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืงืฉื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืืงื ืืืืก ืจืคืืื:
ืืืืฆืช ืจืืคื ืืืืคืื ืืืจืืืืื ื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืจืคืืื โ ืฆืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืช, .15ืืจืฆืืื ืื ืืืืคืื ืืืจืืืืื ื, ืืืืคืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืกื, ืืชืืืืกืืช ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืชืจืืคืืช
ืกืื ืืื )ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืื ืืกืคืืช ืืืืื, ืืื"ื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืจืืื) ืืื'. ืืื ืืืื THCืืืืืกืกืืช ืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืื.THCืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืชืจืืคืืช ืืืืกืกืืช ื
ืืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืกืืืคืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืจ ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืงืืืืื ืืืืืฉืจืื ืืฉ ืืคื ืืช .16ืืจืืคื ืืืืื ืืืชืงืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื "ื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืฆื ืขื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืืก ืชืื
ืฆืืื ืืจืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืืืฆื ืืืืคืื ืืืืคื ืืืขืงื, ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืฉืงืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื ืืืืื. ื ืืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืช HIVืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืกืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืคืืื ืืืืืืชืจืคืื ืืืงืจื ืืช, ืืื ืฉืื .17
ืืืงืฉื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืช ืืืงืฉื ืืืืคื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืืจืืืืื ื ืืืืคืื ืืกืืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืคืืืื ืฉืืื. ืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืฆื ืืืชื
ืฉื ืืจืืคื ืืืืคื ืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืคื ืืืืคืื ืฉืื ืขืืืจืื, ืืืืืฆื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืืก, ืืืคื ืืคืืงืื )ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืฉ ืืจืืคื ืืืืคื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืืช ืืืืคืื) ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช )ืืืช
ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืืคื).ืืืื ืืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืชืืจ ืืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื"ืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืงืจื ืขื ืืืขืฆืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืช .18
ืืชื ืืืืฉืืจ. ืืคืงืืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืื.5,6,7ืืืื ืืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืคื ืกืขืืคืื .19ืืืืืฅ ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ:.20
ืืืชืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ.โืืืชืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืฉืืกืืจ ืืืจืืืช ืืืืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ.โ
ืืื ืืคืืืช)3ืืืื ืืฆืจืฃ ืืกืื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืคื ืืคืืงืื )ืืคื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืกืขืืฃ โข
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ืชืืจืื:__________ืืืืื: ืขื"ื ืฉืจืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ื
ืืฉืืช ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืชืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช
ืืคืงืืืช ืืกืืื5,6,7 ืืงืฉื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืก ืจืคืืื ืืคื ืกืขืืคืื ืื ืืื:ืื ื ืืจ/ืื' ____________________ ืืกืคืจ ืช.ื. __________________ ืืืงืฉ ืืืืช ืจืฉืืื
ืืคืงืืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืื ืจืฉืื ืื ื"ื 6,7, 5ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืืก ืืฆืืจื ืจืคืืื. ืืคื ืกืขืืคืื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืขืื )ืืืื "ืืื ืื") ืื ืคืง ืจืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ
ืืืืงื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืกืืื ืืกืืื ืื. ืื ื ืืืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืื"ืื ืื" ืฉืืืฉืจื ืื ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ
ืืงื ืืืืก ืืืงืื ืกืืืคืืืืืืช ืจืคืืืืช ืืคื ืฉืืืืืฅ ืืฆืืืช ืืจืคืืื ืืืืคื ืื.
ืขื ืืืชืื:ืืจ/ืื'____________________ืืชืืื____________________
ืืฆ"ื ืืืกืืืื ืืืืื:ืืืืฆืช ืจืืคื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืืก ืืฆืืจื ืจืคืืื.โขืืืชื ืืงืฉื ืืืฉื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืงื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืืก ืจืคืืื.โขืืืชื ืืืชืืจ ืกืืืืืช ืจืคืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืื ืื"ืจ ืืืืื ืืจืื.โขืืืชื ืืงืฉื ืืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืชืฃ )ืืืืืช ืืฆืืจื).โขืืืชื ืืืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืืืืื ื ืืจืคืืืืช )ืืืืืช ืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ).โขืืืชื ืืจืืคื ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืช ืืืคื ืืคืืงืื ืืืกืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืจืืคื ืืืคืงื ืขื ื ืืืืช ืืงื ืืืืก โข
ืืจืคืืื )ืืกืคืืง ืจืืคื ืืฉืคืื ืืคืืงืื ืืืจ ืืืืคืื*).
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ื ืืื: ืืืืฆื ืื ืืชืืืช ืืจืฉื ืืืจืืืืื ื ืจืคืืืืชืืืืืช ืืืชื ืื"ืจ ืืืืื ืืจืื
12/07/2005ืขืืืจ: ืื ืืื ืืชื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืืงืืช ืืจืืคืืื ืืืืืื
ื ืืื: ืืืืฆื ืื ืืชืืืช ืืจืฉื ืืืจืืืืื ื ืจืคืืืืช
ืฉืืื ืจื ืืจืืืืื ื ืจืคืืืืช ืืืืฉืจืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืช:
ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืืชืจืคืื ืืืืืื ืืกืจืืโขืืขืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืื ืืขืช ืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืช ืืงืจื ืืืื ืืืืืกโขืืื ืืขืช ืชืืคืขืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืชืจืคืืCRONE'S DISEASE ืืืืคืื ืืืืื ืงืจืื ืก โขืืื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืืงืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืืื ื ืจืคืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืคืืชืช โข
ืืืืฅ ืืชืื ืขืื ื ืืืืืืงืืื. ืืกืืืืชื ืฉื ืจืืคื ืืจืฆืื ื ื ืืฆืืื, ืฉืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืขืช ืฉื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช โข
ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืืืงื ืื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืชื ืืืืฆื ืื ืืจืฉื ืืืจืืืืื ื ืจืคืืืืช ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืืขืืืชื ืืืจืืืืื ื ืจืคืืืืช ืื ืืืฃ ืืืกืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืกืคืงื ืืืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืื.
ืจืฆ"ื ืืืชื ืืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช.ืืืจืื
ืืืืื ืืจืืืกืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช
37
ื12140203ืฉืจืืชื ืืฉืจื/ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง/ โขืืื ืกืช ืืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจืโข724ืค/ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืจืืื ืืจืื ืคืืโขืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืืชืืงืื ืคืงืืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืื (ืืืคืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืกื ืืงื ืืืก), โข
2003ืืชืฉืก"ื- )ืืืื - ืืคืงืืื), [1]1973.ืืคืงืืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืื [ื ืืกื ืืืฉ], ืืชืฉื"ื-61ืชืืงืื ืกืขืืฃ โข
, ืืืืืจ ืื ืืกืืื ")ื)" ืืืืจืื ืืืื:6ืืกืขืืฃ ")ื)ืืื ืื ืืืชื ืจืฉืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืฆืื ืืงื ืืืก ืืืืืจ ืืกืขืืฃ ืงืื )ื), ืื ืืฆื ืื ืืืืจ โข
ืืจืืฉ ืืฆืืจื ืืืคืื ืจืคืืื ืฉื ืงืืข ืขื ืืื ืจืืคื ืืขื ืจืฉืืื ืืคืืขื ืืืืกื ืจืคืืื ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืคืืขื )ืืกืขืืฃ ืงืื )ื), 1 ืืคืงืืื - )7.ืืกืขืืฃ 72".ืชืืงืื ืกืขืืฃ [2]1940 ืืคื ืคืงืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืืขื,
ืืกืืคื ืืืื: 6"ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืงื ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืื ื ืืฆืื ืืงื ืืืก ืืฆืืจื ืืืคืื ืจืคืืื ืืืืืจ ืืกืขืืฃ โข
)ืืกืืคื ืืืื:")ื)ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืืชืืืขืฆืืช ืขื ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืืงืืข ืืชืงื ืืช ืืืืื 2)ื)".)ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืฆืื ืืงื ืืืก".
ืืืจื - ืืกืืจโขืืืงืจืื ืจืคืืืืื ืืฆืืืขืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฆืื ืืงื ืืืก ืืงื ืขื ืืฆืื ืืืจืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื โข
ืงืฉื. ืืืจืช ืืืฆืขื โ ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื, ืืืฆืืจ, ืืคืงื, ืืื ื ืืืืืงื ืฉื ืฆืื ืืงื ืืืก ืืฆืืจื ืืืคืื ืจืคืืื, ืื ืืืช ืืคืืงืื ืืจืฉืืืืช.
ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืืืืืช ืืขืืงืจื ืืื ืื ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืื ืกืช ื ืขืื โข.3572 ืืค/2061ืืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ืืืกืคืจื ืค/
โข---------------------------------ืืืืฉื ืืื"ืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืกืื ืืโขืืืื ืื ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืโข19.5.2003ื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืชืฉืก"ื โ โขโข
526, ืขื' 27 ืืื ื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื, ื ืืกื ืืืฉ [1].191, ืขื' 1, ืชืืก' 1065ืข"ืจ ] 2[โข
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ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื. ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืคืืื ืืงื ืืืกโข
ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืคืชื ืืืฆืขืื ืืืืคืืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืคืืืืืช )ืืืื ืงื ืกืืช, ืืืืจืืช ืืืคื ืื ืืืืคืื ืืืืื) ืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืืืงืช ืืืืืืช ืงืื ืืช ืฉื ืงื ืืืก ืืฉืืืืฉ ืขืฆืื, ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช
ืืื ืืงืืงื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืจืคืืื ืืงื ืืืก.ืืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืืชืืืจืช ืืืืืขืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืืจืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืงื ืืืก, ืื ืขืฉืืช ืขืืืืช โข
ื ืขืจืืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืืืืื, ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืื ืืฆืจืืื ืจืคืืืืื. ืืืืฉืื ืืคืืจืืืช ืชืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืฉืืืืง 1999ื ืืกืืืื ืืืขืืื ืขื ืชืืฆืืืช ืงื ืืืก ืืื
ืืงื ืืืก ืืืชื-ืืจืงืืช ืืืืื ื ืืงืืืข ืชืืงืื ื ืืงืืงื ืฉืืืคืฉืจื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืืื ื ืขืจืืื ื ืืกืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืืจืฉืช ื ืคืืฆื ืืืืคืจืขืืช ืืจืืื ืืืืืฉืคืืืื ืืืืืขืืื. ืื ื
ืืืจ ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืชืืฆืืืช 2001ื ืืืจืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงื ืืืก. ืืฉื ืช ืืฉืืืขืืช ืจืฆืื ืื ืืกืืืื, ืืืงืืขื ืชืืงืื ื ืืงืืงื ืฉืืืคืฉืจื ืืชื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืืคืื ืืชืจืืคืืช
C ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืจื B ืืืขืืจ ืืงื ืืืก ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืจื 2003ืืืืืกืกืืช ืขื ืงื ืืืก. ืืฉื ืช )ืคืืืชื ืืืชืจ), ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืคืช ืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืืืงื ืฉื ืงื ืืืก
[2]ืืืืืืืช ืงืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืขืฆืื, ืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืคืืื ืืงื ืืืก ืื ืืืชืจ.โข
European Monitoring Centre for Drugsืืชืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืืคื ืื ืืชืืจ ืกืืื ืืืืชืืืจืืช ืืกืืื )] 1[and Drug Addiction :(http://eldd.emcdda.eu.int/home.shtml :ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืงืื 2005 ืืื ืืืจ 17, ืชืืจืื ืื ืืกื .
ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืกืคืง ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืื ืืืืข ืืฉืืืืชื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืกืืื, ืืืชืืืจืืช ืืื , ืืชืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื: "European Legal Database on Drugs, "Medicinal Cannabis and Derivativesืืืฉืืืืชืืื. ืืื:
http://eldd.emcdda.org/satabases/eldd_comparative_analyses.cfm :2004 ืืื ืืืจ 13, ืชืืจืื ืื ืืกื.ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืื, "ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืก ืืฆืจืืื ืจืคืืืืื: ืืืืง ืืืจืื ืืคืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืื ืืช", ืืชืจ ืืจืฉืืช: ] 2[โข
http://www.antidrugs.org.il/ :2005 ืืื ืืืจ 13, ืชืืจืื ืื ืืกื.
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ืืืื ื) )ืืคืจืง The Office of Medicinal Cannabis )ืืืฉืจื ืืงื ืืืก ืจืคืืืโข
ืืืืฃ ืืืืฉืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืืืฆืืจ ืงื ืืืก ) ืืื ืืืฉืจืืื: . ืืืฉืจื ืืกืคืง ืงื ืืืก ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฆืืจืื ืจืคืืื ืืืืงืจ
ืืืชื-ืืจืงืืช ืืืืชื-ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืืขืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืื ืชืืฆืจื ืืงื ืืืก.
ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืฉ ืื ืืงื ืืืก ืืื ื ืืจืคื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืกืืืข ืืืงืืช โขืืืฉืจื ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืฉืืืืฉ ืจืคืืื ืืงื ืืืก ืืฆืจืืื ืกืืืคืืืืื.
: ืืงืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืืืชืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืจืฉืช ื ืคืืฆื; ืืงืืช ืืจืคืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื, ืืคืืชืช ืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืช, ืืืืจืช ืชืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืฉืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ืกืจืื ืืืืืืก; ืืงืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืขืจืืช
ืืขืฆืืื; ืืคืืชืช ืืืงืื ืืฆื ืืกืืืืื ืืชืกืืื ืช ืืืจื.ืฉืชื ืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืงื ืืืก ืืฆืจืืื ืจืคืืืืื. ืืืฉืจื โข
ืืคืงื ืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืจืืืฉ ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช, ืืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืคืื ืขื ืืืืจืช ืืงื ืืืก. ืืงื ืืืก ื ืืืจ ืืืชื-ืืจืงืืช ืจืืืืื, ืืืื
ืืจืืืฉ ืืืชื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืจืคืืื ืืฉ ืืืฆืืืื ืืืจืฉื ืจืืคื.
http://www.cannabisbureau.nlืืชืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืงื ืืืก ืจืคืืื ืืืืื ื:
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Holland: Cannabis pharmacyHolland: Cannabis pharmacyThe pharmacy Hanzeplein in Groningen is the first Dutch cannabis pharmacy. It sells medical cannabis grown by the company Bedrocan at 6 Euros per gram. Thus, the price is similar to that in coffee-shops and cheaper than usually in pharmacies. This is a pilot project in cooperation with the Stichting Medicinale Cannabis and the Office for Medicinal Cannabis of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports. Patients need a prescription from their doctor. Website of the pharmacy: www.hanzeplein.nl (Source: Dagblad van het Noorden of 7 November 2006(
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ืงื ืื) ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืงื ืื Office of Cannabis Medical Access )ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉื ืจืคืืืืช ืืงื ืืืกโข
(Health Canada (ืชืงื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืชืืจื ืืืฉื ืืงื ืืืก ืืฆืจืืื ืจืคืืืืื . ืืืืื 30 ืงืืืื ืชืืงืฃ ื-]The Marihuana Medical Access Regulations(]2ืืจืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืื ื )
. ืืชืงื ืืช ืงืืืขืืช ืืกืืจืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืงืฉืืช ืืงื ืืืก ืืืฉืจ ืืืืคืื 2001ืืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืกืคืืง. ืืชืงื ืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ืฉืืื ืชืืชืจ ืืืฉื ืืงื ืืืก ืืฆืจืืื ืจืคืืืืื.
:ืืชืงื ืืช ืงืืืขืืช ืฉืืืฉ ืงืืืืจืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืงืฉื ืืืืืืง ืืงื ืืืก ืืฆืืจื ืจืคืืืโข ืืืืฉืื; 12ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืคื ืฉืืฆืคื ืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืชืื โขืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช )ืืจืฉืช ื ืคืืฆื, ืคืืืขืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืจื, ืกืจืื, ืืืืืก, ืืืงืช ืคืจืงืื โข
ืืืืจื ืืืคืืืคืกืื) ืืกืืืืื ืืกืืืคืืืืื ืืืคืืจืืื ืืชืงื ืืช;ืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืกืืืคืืืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืืืื ืงืฉื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืื ืืงืืืืจืืืช ืืงืืืืืช, ืื ืืืคืื โข
ืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืื ืื ืืงื ืืช ืืกืืืคืืืืื ืืืืืจืื.ืขื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืงืืืืจืืืช ืืืืฆืื ืืืฉืืจ ืจืคืืื ืฉืืคืื ืื ืืืืคืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืื ื ืืกื ืื ื ืฉืงืื. โข
ืืื ืืืคืื, ืขื-ืคื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื 30ืืืื ืืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืง ืืื ืจืืข ื ืชืื ืืืืช ืงื ืืืก ืืืกืคืืงื ื-ืืืืฉื ืฉืงืืข ืื ืจืืคืื.
ืืฆืืื ืื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืงื ืื ืืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืจื ืคืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ื ืืกืื ืืจืื ืฉื โขืงื ืืืก. ืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืจืคืืื ืืงื ืืืก ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืงื ืืืก ืืขืฆืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืจืืืฉ
. ืงื ืืืก ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืจื ืืืืืชโข
, ืชืืจืื ืื ืืกื: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/ocma/index.htmืืชืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืงื ืื: ] 1[.2005 ืืื ืืืจ 16
) ืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืืื ื ืืืคืืข ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืจ ื"ืงื ืืืก" ืืืืง Marihuanaืืชืงื ืืช ืืฉืืฉ ืืืื ื "ืืจืืืืื ื" )] 2[โข).The Controlled Drugs and Substances Actืืกืืื ืืืืืืจืื ืฉืืคืืงืื )
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Canada: Poll on medical use
In a nationwide survey, 93 per cent of Canadians indicated they accept the idea of people legally smoking cannabis for health reasons. Nearly three in four (70 per cent( not only accept the practice but also personally approve of the behavior. (Source: Vancouver Sun of 2 November 2006(
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Who is eligible to use medical marijuana?The Health Canada regulations spell out three categories of people who can apply to possess marijuana for medical purposes.
Category 1: For applicants who have terminal illnesses with a prognosis of a life span of less than 12 months. A medical practitioner must provide a medical declaration that states, among other things, that all conventional treatments have been tried or considered.
Category 2: For applicants who suffer from specific symptoms associated with certain serious medical conditions, namely:
โข Multiple Sclerosis: severe pain and/or persistent muscle spasmsโข Spinal Cord Injury: severe pain and/or persistent muscle spasmsโข Spinal Cord Disease: severe pain and/or persistent muscle spasmsโข Cancer: severe pain, cachexia, anorexia, weight loss, and/or severe nausea;โข AIDS/HIV infection: severe pain, cachexia, anorexia, weight loss, and/or severe
nausea;โข and .Severe forms of Arthritis: severe pain and chronic pain. .โข Epilepsy: seizuresCategory 3: For applicants who have symptoms associated with a serious medical
condition, other than those described in Categories 1 and 2, where among other things conventional treatments have failed to relieve symptoms of the medical condition or its treatment. Declarations from two medical specialists must accompany the application.
Applicants must provide a declaration from a medical specialist to support their application. The declaration must confirm, among other things, that conventional treatments for symptoms have been tried or considered and were found to be medically inappropriate.
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Island Harvestโข Marijuana We grow organically, and our cannabis is certified free of any herbicides, pesticides, insecticides, chemicals and unwanted toxins.We're proud of our quality medical cannabis. Our product, growing and handling procedures are routinely inspected by third party inspectors to verify that we maintain strict quality control.We adhere to the B.C. Certified Organic Management Standards.Please contact us if you would like more information on Island Harvest certified organic marijuana.
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ืืงื ืืืก ืืืื ืืืื ืืช: ืกืงืืจืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืคืืื
ืืจืฆืืช-ืืืจืืช Controlled. ืืืง ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืคืืงืื )ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช-ืืืจืืช ืืืกืจ ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืก ืืืืง ืืคืืจืืืโข
Substances Act([1] ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืงื ืืืก ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืจืคืืื ืงืืื, ืืฉืืฉ ืกืื ืชืื, ืืืชืจืช ืืฉืืืืฉ THCืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืขื ืืื. ืืืืื, ืืชืจืืคื "ืืจืื ืื", ืืืืืื [2]ืจืคืืื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืกืจืื ืฉืขืืจื ืืืคืื ืืืืืชืจืคื.
ืืืืื ืื ืื , ื.ื) ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืคืืื ืืงื ืืืก2006 ื ืืื ืืกืืฃ 11ืืืื ืืืื ืืช (ืืขืืืช ืืืช, โข ืืืืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืื ืงื ืืืก, ืืืืงืชื [3]ืืืจืช. ืืฉ ืฉืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืชืจืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืคืืื:
ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืฉืืจ ืจืคืืื ืืชืืื; ืืคืืชืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืขื ืขืืืจืืช ืกืืื ืฉื ืขืืจื ืืื ืืืืืืช; ื ืืืื ืืจืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืคืงืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืกื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉ ืืืืจื ืืืจืช ืฉื [4]ืืชืืคืขืืช ืืจืคืืืืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืก ืืืชืจ ืืฉื ืืืืช ืืงื ืืืก ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืง .
ืืืืืฉ ืื ืืคื ืืืืง ืืคืืจืืื ืืื ืืกืืก ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืก ืืฆืืจื ืจืคืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืจ ืื, โข[5]ืืืื ืืืงื ืืืืื ืืช ื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืง ืืคืืจืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืืืจืื ืืืืคืช ืืืืง.
โข
[1] 21 U.S.C 801-812ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืื, "ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืก ืืฆืจืืื ืจืคืืืืื: ืืืืง ืืืจืื ืืคืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืช ] 2[โข
.2005 ืืื ืืืจ 13, ืชืืจืื ืื ืืกื: /http://www.antidrugs.org.ilืืฉืื ืืช", ืืชืจ ืืจืฉืืช: , ืชืืจืื http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/pop/StatePrograms.htmlืืชืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื: ] 3[โข
.2004 ืืืฆืืืจ 26ืื ืืกื: , ืชืืจืื ืื ืืกื: http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/pop/StateGuide.htmlืืชืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื:] 4[โข
.2004 ืืืฆืืืจ 26ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืื, "ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงื ืืืก ืืฆืจืืื ืจืคืืืืื: ืืืืง ืืืจืื ืืคืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืช ] 5[โข
.2005 ืืื ืืืจ 13, ืชืืจืื ืื ืืกื: /http://www.antidrugs.org.ilืืฉืื ืืช", ืืชืจ ืืจืฉืืช:
46
US National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine report (1999(
After conducting a nearly two-year review of the medical literature, investigators at the National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine affirmed:
"Scientific data indicate the potential therapeutic value of cannabinoid drugs ... for pain relief, control of nausea and vomiting, and appetite stimulation...
"Except for the harms associated with smoking, the adverse effects of marijuana use are within the range tolerated for other medicationsโ.
Nevertheless, the authors noted cannabis inhalation "would be advantageous" in the treatment of some diseases, and that marijuana's short- term medical benefits outweigh any smoking-related harms for some patients.
47
Map of states that legalized the cultivation and use of medical cannabis
48
Executive Summary โขFavorable medical marijuana laws have been enacted in 36 states since 1978. However, most of
these laws are ineffectual, due to their reliance on the federal governmentโs directly providing orauthorizing a legal supply of medical marijuana. (Six of these laws have since expired or been
repealed(. โขCurrently, 30 states and the District of Columbia have laws on the books that recognize
marijuanaโs medical value: -Since 1996, 11 states have enacted laws that effectively allow patients to use medical marijuana despite
federal law. To be effective, a state law must remove criminal penalties for patients who use, possess,and grow medical marijuana with their doctorsโ approval or certification. A 12th state, Maryland,
has established an affirmative defense law that protects medical marijuana patients from jail, butnot arrest.
-Ten states solely have โTherapeutic Research Programโ laws that fail to give patients legal access tomedical marijuana because of federal obstructionism.
-Eight states and the District of Columbia solely have symbolic laws that recognize marijuanaโs medicalvalue but fail to provide patients with protection from arrest.
โขEight of the 11 effective medical marijuana laws were enacted through the ballot initiative process โin Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.
In Hawaii, an effective law was passed by the legislature and signed by the governor in June2000 .In Vermont, an effective law was passed by the legislature and allowed to become law
without the governorโs signature in May 2004. And, most recently, Rhode Islandโs legislatureenacted a medical marijuana law in January 2006 โฆ overriding the governorโs veto.
United States
49
50
51
California's Proposition 215 was the first statewidemedical marijuana voter initiative adopted in the
USA. โข The text of the Prop 215 initiative follows:โข Section 1. Section 11362.5 is added to the California Health and Safety
Code, to read:โข 11362.5. (a( This section shall be known and may be cited as the
Compassionate Use Act of 1996. (b( (1( The people of the State of California hereby find and declare that the purposes of the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 are as follows:
โข (A( To ensure that seriously ill Californians have the right to obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes where that medical use is deemed appropriate and has been recommended by a physician who has determined that the persons health would benefit from the use of marijuana in the treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine or any other illness for which marijuana provides relief.
โข (B) To ensure that patients and their primary caregivers who obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes upon the recommendation of a physician are not subject to criminal prosecution or sanction.
โข (C) To encourage the federal and state governments to implement a plan for the safe and affordable distribution of marijuana to all patients in medical need of marijuana.
52
In the past 10 years, California doctors have authorized cannabis use by at least 350,000 patients. What have they learned about its
adverse effects?
โข by Fred Gardner, Counterpunch, November 19th, 2006
โข According to a survey of 19 doctors associated with the Society of Cannabis Clinicians, side-effects are relatively rare, mild, and transient. There have been no deaths, no major adverse events attributed to cannabis -with one exception involving a claim by an establishment psychiatrist that cannabis induced and exacerbated psychosis in an 18-year old whom she had on a regimen of Lexapro and Zyprexa.***********************************************************************************
โข FEDERAL: Little-Known Program Distributes Cannabis to Patients โข Despite the federal governmentโs insistence that there are no medical uses
for cannabis, for more than two decades it has been providing free cannabis to a small group of patients through an Investigational New Drug program. The program was shut to new patients in the 1980s when the HIV/AIDS epidemic caused a flood of new applicants.
โข California Medical Survey: The Adverse Effects of Marijuana
53
54
55
Sunday, October 29 2006 @ 08:30 PM ESTItaly/Switzerland: Governments plan legal use of cannabis for medicinal purposes IACM via BBSNews
2006-10-29 -- The Italian government has decided that in the future cannabis may be used for the treatment of pain. The parliament has still to hold a vote on this issue. The measure has "nothing to do with joints" Health Minister Livia Turco stated. The reform can only become into effect after the House of Representatives and the Senate have approved it.
The opposition is divided on this question. While the right-wing nationalists accused the government to legalize a soft drug, Chiara Moroni of the party "Forza Italia" of opposition leader Silvio Berlusconi supported the decision of the cabinet. The lawmaker in Switzerland also made a first step to the possibility of a legal use of cannabis products for medical purposes.
The Health Committee of the parliament (Nationalrat( has decided with clear majority to suggest to the parliament to change the narcotics law accordingly, said the physician Felix Gutzwiller, president of the parliamentary party FDP and member of the Health Committee, on 24 October in the news of the Swiss television. He therefore assumes that "there will be also a majority in the Nationalrat for the legalization of cannabis as a medicine."
More at: Here and here. (Sources: Swiss television of 24 October 2006, Netzzeitung of 20 October
2006(
56
Tuesday, June 8, 1999 UK U.K. Politics Drug czar backs medical cannabis
The government's drug czar, Keith Hellawell, has told BBC News Online he supports the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes.
โข Keith Hellawell: "This country is leading research to see the effects of cannabis derivativesโ He also said it would not be "a tragedy" if one of his six grandchildren experimented with drugs.
โข Mr. Hellawell said the government was working hard to complete tests on cannabis, which could make it available to cancer patients and others.
โข "I support the use of cannabis on medical grounds," he said. "I also have a great deal of sympathy because I've met a lot of people who have got genuine illnesses and feel that this substances can help them." But the drug czar said cannabis could not be made available on prescription immediately as tests had to be completed first.
โข He added that it appeared the "active" element of cannabis, known as THC, may not be the component responsible for pain relief.
โข "We're leading in this country in supporting medical and clinical research to see the effects of cannabis derivatives in the treatment in a broad range of ailments," he said.
57
โข Turku man becomes Finland's first legal user of medicinal marijuana Aulis - a medical cannabis user, but no pothead by Tommi Nieminen, HELSINGIN SANOMAT December 20th, 2006
12the December 2005 CZECH REPUBLIC PUBLIC HEALTH CTK - Czech News Agency; The government plan to modify exiting laws to permit medically controlled administration of therapeutic cannabis. Source:
Vaclav Sebor, speaker of the Health Ministry
Medical Use of Marijuana Divides Italy
by Francesca Colombo, IPS News December 8th, 2006 MILAN, Dec 8 (Tierramรฉrica) - In Italy just 10 ill people have authorization to use marijuana as therapy against pain. But that number could grow in the coming months if parliament approves a law for using this usually illegal plant for medical purposes.
58
UN Office of Drug Control 2006 World Drug Report โข The 2006 World Drug Report devotes
special attention to cannabis, the world's most abused illicit drug. Cannabis was used by an estimated 162 million people at least once in 2004, equivalent to some four per cent of the global population age 15-64, and consumption continued to increase.
59
Consumer and producers
60
USE OF CANNABIS 2003-2004 (or latest year available) Source: World Drug Report 2006
61
Results of a standardized survey on the medical use of cannabis products in the German-speaking area[Article in German] Schnelle M, Grotenhermen F, Reif M, Gorter RW. Europaisches Institut fur onkologische und immunologische Forschung, Berlin, Deutschland
Schnelle M ,Grotenhermen F ,Reif M ,Gorter RW.
The plant Cannabis sativa has a long history of medical use in the treatment of pain and spasms, the promotion of sleep, and the suppression of nausea and vomiting. However, in the early 70s cannabis was classified in the Narcotic Acts in countries all over the world as having no therapeutic benefit; therefore, it cannot be prescribed by physicians or dispensed by pharmacists. In the light of this contradictory situation an increasing number of patients practices a self-prescription with cannabis products for relieving a variety of symptoms. An anonymous standardized survey of the medical use of cannabis and cannabis products of patients in Germany, Austria and Switzerland was conducted by the Association for Cannabis as Medicine (Cologne, Germany). During about one year 170 subjects participated in this survey; questionnaires of 128 patients could be included into the evaluation. 68% of these participants were males, 32% females, with a total mean age of 37.5 (+/- 9.6( years. The most frequently mentioned indications for medicinal cannabis use were depression (12.0%), multiple sclerosis (10.8%), HIV-infection (9.0%), migraine (6.6%), asthma (6.0%), back pain (5.4%), hepatitis C (4. 8%), sleeping disorders (4.8%), epilepsy (3.6%), spasticity (3.6%), headache (3.6%), alcoholism (3.0%), glaucoma (3.0%), nausea (3.0%), disk prolapse (2.4%), and spinal cord injury (2.4%). The majority of patients used natural cannabis products such as marihuana, hashish and an alcoholic tincture; in just 5 cases dronabinol (Marinol) was taken by prescription. About half of the 128 participants of the survey (52.4%( had used cannabis as a recreational drug before the onset of their illness. To date 14.3% took cannabis orally, 49.2% by inhalation and in 36.5% of cases both application modes were used. 72.2% of the patients stated the symptoms of their illness to have 'much improved' after cannabis ingestion, 23.4% stated to have 'slightly improved', 4.8% experienced 'no
change' and 1.6% described that their symptoms got 'worse.'
62
Harm Reduct J. 2005; 2: 18. Published online 2005 October 4. doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-2-18. Copyright ยฉ 2005 Swift et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Survey of Australians using cannabis for medical purposesWendy Swift,
1 Peter Gates,1 and Paul Dillon1
1National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia
Corresponding author.Wendy Swift: [email protected]; Peter Gates: [email protected]; Paul Dillon :[email protected]
Received August 17, 2005; Accepted October 4, 2005.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0(, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.
BackgroundThe New South Wales State Government recently proposed a trial of the medical use of cannabis. Australians who currently use cannabis medicinally do so illegally and without assurances of quality control. Given the dearth of local information on this issue, this study explored the experiences of medical
cannabis users .MethodsAustralian adults who had used cannabis for medical purposes were recruited using media stories. A total of 147 respondents were screened by phone and anonymous questionnaires were mailed, to be returned by
postage paid envelope .ResultsData were available for 128 participants. Long term and regular medical cannabis use was frequently reported for multiple medical conditions including chronic pain (57%), depression (56%), arthritis (35%), persistent nausea (27%) and weight loss (26%). Cannabis was perceived to provide "great relief" overall (86%), and substantial relief of specific symptoms such as pain, nausea and insomnia. It was also typically perceived as superior to other medications in terms of undesirable effects, and the extent of relief provided. However, nearly one half (41%( experienced conditions or symptoms that were not helped by its use. The most prevalent concerns related to its illegality. Participants reported strong support for their use from clinicians and family. There was almost universal interest (89%( in participating in a clinical trial of
medical cannabis, and strong support (79%( for investigating alternative delivery methods .ConclusionAustralian medical cannabis users are risking legal ramifications, but consistent with users elsewhere, claim moderate to substantial benefits from its use in the management of their medical condition. In addition to strong public support, medical
cannabis users show strong interest in clinical cannabis research, including the investigation of alternative delivery methods .
Abstract
BackgroundThe
New
South
Wal
es
State
Government recentl
y
proposed
a tri
al
of the
medi
cal
use
of
cannabi
s.
Australi
ans
who
currentl
y
use
cannabi
s
medi
ci
nall
y
do
so ill
egall
y
and
without
assurances
of
quality
control.
Gi
ven the
dearth
of l
ocal i
nfor
mati
on
on thi
s i
ssue, thi
s
study
expl
ored the
experi
ences
of
medi
cal
cannabi
s
users.
MethodsAustrali
an
adults
who
had
used
cannabi
s for
medi
cal
purposes
were recruited
usi
ng
medi
a
stori
es.
A total
of
147 respondents
were
screened
by
phone
and
anony
mous
questi
onnaires
were
ed, to
be returned
by
postage
pai
d
envel
ope. ResultsData
were
avail
abl
e for
128
parti
ci
pants.
Long ter
m
and regul
ar
medi
cal
cannabi
s
use
was frequentl
y reported for
multi
pl
e
medi
cal
conditi
ons i
ncl
udi
ng
chroni
c
pai
n (57
%(,
depressi
on (56
%(,
arthriti
s (35
%(,
persi
stent
nausea (27
%(
and
wei
ght l
oss (26
%(.
Cannabi
s
was
percei
ved to
provi
de "great reli
ef"
overall (86
%(,
and
substanti
al reli
ef
of
specifi
c
sy
mptoms
such
as
pai
n,
nausea
and i
nsomni
a. It
was
al
so typi
call
y
percei
ved
as
superi
or to
other
medi
cati
ons i
n ter
ms
of
undesirabl
e
effects,
and the
extent
of reli
ef
provi
ded.
However,
nearl
y
one
half (41
%(
experi
enced
conditi
ons
or
sy
mptoms that
were
not
hel
ped
by its
use.
The
most
preval
ent
concerns rel
ated to its ill
egality.
Parti
ci
pants reported
strong
support for their
use from
cli
ni
ci
ans
and fam
il
y.
There
was
al
most
uni
versal i
nterest (89
%( i
n
parti
ci
pati
ng i
n
a
cli
ni
cal tri
al
of
medi
cal
cannabi
s,
and
strong
support (79
%( for i
nvesti
gati
ng
alternati
ve
deli
very
methods. Concl
usi
onAustrali
an
medi
cal
cannabi
s
users
are ri
ski
ng l
egal ram
ifi
cati
ons,
but
consi
stent
with
users
el
sewhere,
cl
ai
m
moderate to
substanti
al
benefits from
its
use i
n the
management
of their
medi
cal
conditi
on. In
additi
on to
strong
publi
c
support,
medi
cal
cannabi
s
users
show
strong i
nterest i
n
cli
ni
cal
cannabi
s research, i
ncl
udi
ng the i
nvesti
gati
on
of
alternati
ve
deli
very
methods.
63
Indian-Pakistan subcontinentโข cannabis is "still used extensively in the Ayruvedic, Unani and Tibbi systems of
medicine of the Indian-Pakistani subcontinent" ("The Cannabis Problem, 1962: 27(. The Pharmacopoeias of India mention cannabis use in the recent past. Two preparations of cannabis, a liquid extract and a tincture, are listed in the 1954 and 1966 Pharmacopoeias of India which contain descriptions of cannabis and its extract and how it is made (Chopra & Chopra, 1957: 9(.
โข A more recent source makes reference to the fact that "in contemporary India and Pakistan, there continues to be widespread indigenous medical, 'quasi-medical,' and illicit use of both opium and cannabis" (Chopra & Chopra, 1957: 12-13(. Bouquet notes that hemp resin is occasionally used in the native medicines of the countries where it is collected. He points especially to India where, "the medical systems . . . make much use of cannabis as a sedative, hypnotic, analgesic, anti-spasmodic and anti-hemorrhoidal" (Bulletin on Narcotics, 1962:27(.
โข Although the Chinese and Indian cultures knew about the properties of this drug from very early times, this information did not become general in the Near and Middle East until after the fifth century A.D., when travelers, traders and adventurers began to carry knowledge of the drug westward to Persia and Arabia.
โข Historians claim that cannabis was first employed in these countries as an antiseptic and analgesic. Other medical uses were later developed and spread throughout the Middle East, Africa, and Eastern Europe.
64
ืชืืื ืืืืืืช ืื"ืจ ืืืืื ืืจืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืขื ืื ืขื ืืจืืื ืืืืจืื
ืื ืก ืืฉืื ืื ืืขื ืื ืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืฉืืคืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืงืืืื ืื ืืฉื
ืืืฉืจืื