medical-surgical: fluids & electrolytes
DESCRIPTION
Medical-Surgical: Fluids and Electrolytes ReviewPhilippine Integrated Nurse Licensure ExaminationTRANSCRIPT
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Fluids and ElectrolytesFluids and ElectrolytesReviewReview
Philippine Integrated Nurse Licensure Examination
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Sample QuestionSample Question
The nurse is caring for a client with Congestive Heart Failure. On assessment, the nurse finds the client complaining of dyspnea and that rales are heard on auscultation. The nurse suspects fluid volume excess. Which additional sign would the nurse expect if fluid volume excess is present?
A. Flat neck and hand veinsB. Weight lossC. Increased central venous pressureD. Hypotension
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Key to Success!Key to Success!
Confidence +Adequate test Preparation and review +Effective test taking strategy +Good study habits +Working Knowledge of Basic Nursing concepts = Success
in passing PINLE
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Fluids and Electrolytes OutlineFluids and Electrolytes Outline
FluidsElectrolytesAcids and Bases
3 concepts
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Important ConceptsImportant Concepts
Remember the ABCSafety of the patientMaslow’s Hierarchy of needsUtilize the NURSING PROCESS
◦A-D-P-I-E
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Summary of SubtopicsSummary of Subtopics
Basic DefinitionBody Proportions and DistributionsSourcesDynamicsRegulation by 3 systems- renal, endocrine & GITBalance ImbalancesApplication of the Nursing Process in the discussion
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THE BODY FLUIDSTHE BODY FLUIDS
A solution of solvent and solutesOur body is made up of fluids and solidsAbout 50-60% of the body weight is WATERIn a 70 Kg adult male: 60% X 70= 40-42 LitersNote that 1 kg body weight= 1 liter of waterThe body has two major compartments:
1 Intracellular2. Extracellular
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The Proportion of Body FluidsThe Proportion of Body Fluids
Intracellular Intracellular fluid fluid
40%40%
InterstitialInterstitial
15%15%
IntravasculaIntravascularr
5%5%Transcellular Transcellular
1-2%1-2%
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The Intracellular FluidThe Intracellular Fluid
Found inside the cell surrounded by a membrane.
This is compartment with the highest percentageof water in adults.
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The Extracellular FluidThe Extracellular Fluid
Fluid found outside the cells
1. INTERSTITIAL FLUIDFound in between the cells
2. INTRAVASCULAR FLUIDFound inside the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
3. TRANSCELLULAR FLUIDFound inside body cavities like pleura, peritoneum, CSF
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Sample questionSample question
1. A client with CHF is assessed by the nurse. Upon reviewing the chart, it is determined that his weight increased by 4.5 pounds. The nurse estimates that client has gained how many liters of fluid? A. 3 B. 1 C. 2 D. 0.5
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Sources of Fluids:Sources of Fluids: Fluid Input Fluid Input
1. Exogenous sourcesFluid intake- water from foodstuffsIVFMedicationsBlood products2. Endogenous sourcesBy products of metabolismsecretions
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Fluid LossesFluid Losses
Routes of Fluid outputUrineFecal lossesSweatInsensible losses though the skin and lungs as
water vapor
Sensible losses
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Sample questionSample question
2. A nurse reads a doctor’s progress notes in the client’s chart which states “insensible fluid loss approximately 800 ml.” The nurse understands that this fluid loss may occur through:
A. The Gastrointestinal tract B. Urinary output C. Wound drainage D. The skin
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Sample questionSample question
A nurse is administering IVF as ordered to a patient who sustained second-degree burns. In evaluating the adequacy of fluid resuscitation, the nurse understands that the most reliable indicator for fluid adequacy is the:
A. Blood pressure
B. Mental status C. Urine output D. Peripheral pulses
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Sample questionSample question
The nurse receives the following endorsements. She is certain that which patient is at most risk for the development of fluid volume deficit?
A. The client who came from the OR after a hemorroidectomy.
B. The client who has Renal failure undergoing dialysis.
C. The client with AIDS taking corticosteroids. D. The client with Rheumatic fever taking
diuretics.
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Fluid DynamicsFluid Dynamics
The movement of fluids (solutes and solvents) inthe body compartment
DiffusionOsmosisFiltrationActive transport
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The Concept of TONICITYThe Concept of TONICITY
This is the concentration of solutes in a solution.A solution with high solute concentration is considered as
HYPERTONIC.A solution with low solute concentration is considered as
HYPOTONIC.A solution having the same tonicity as that of body fluid or
plasma is considered ISOTONIC.
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Helpful HintsHelpful Hints
In a HYPERTONIC solution, fluid will go out from the cell, the cell will shrink.
In a HYPOTONIC solution, fluid will enter the cell, the cell will swell.
In an ISOTONIC solution, there will be no movement of fluid.
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DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION
The movement of SOLUTES or particles in a solution from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
If a sugar is placed in plain water, the glucose molecules will dissolve and diffuse distribute in the solution.
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OSMOSISOSMOSIS
The force that draws water or solvent from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane.
The pressure that draws water inside the vessel which is more concentrated is called Osmotic pressure.
A special type of osmotic pressure is exerted by the proteins in the plasma. It is called ONCOTIC PRESSSURE.
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Sample questionSample question
The nurse is caring for a psychiatric patient who ingested high-sodium containing foods. She suspects hypernatremia in this patient and expect to note:
A. Hyperactive deep tendon reflex
B. Chovstek’s Sign C. Dry skin and sticky mucous membrane D. Decreased muscle tone
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FILTRATIONFILTRATION
The movement of both solute and solvent by hydrostatic pressure, ie, from an area of a higher pressure to an area of a lower pressure.
An example of this process is urine formation.Increased hydrostatic pressure is one mechanism producing
edema.
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Active transportActive transport
This is the movement of solutes across a membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration with utilization of energy.
Example is the Sodium-Potassium pump- a primarily active transport process.
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Sample questionSample question
The nurse reviews the laboratory report of a patient with fluid volume deficit. Which of the following laboratory findings will support this condition?
A. WBC count of 9,000
B. Creatinine of 1 mg/dl C. Sodium of 140 mEq/L D. Hematocrit of 58%
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Sample questionSample question
The client is taking a high dose of Furosemide. To determine the progress of the therapy, the nurse performs which of the following important action?
A. Monitor urinary pH
B. Check the temperature periodically C. Weight the patient daily D. Obtain a serial serum Sodium level
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Regulation of Body fluid balanceRegulation of Body fluid balance
1. The KidneyRegulates primarily fluid output by urine formationReleases RENINRegulates sodium and water balance
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Regulation of Body fluid balanceRegulation of Body fluid balance
2. Endocrine regulationRegulates primarily fluid intake by thirst mechanismADH increase water reabsorption on collecting ductAldosterone increases Sodium retention in the distal
nephronANF Promotes Sodium excretion and inhibits thirst
mechanism
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Regulation of Body fluid balanceRegulation of Body fluid balance
3. Gastro-intestinal regulationThe GIT digests food and absorbs water Only about 200 ml of water is excreted in the fecal material
per day
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The ELECTROLYTESThe ELECTROLYTES
Electrolytes are charged ions capable of conductingelectricity and are solutes in all compartment.
ANIONS are Negatively charged ions: Bicarbonate, chloride, PO4-
CATIONS are positively charged ions: Sodium, Potassium, magnesium, calcium.
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Helpful mnemonicsHelpful mnemonics
PI-SOPotassium is insidePhosphate is insideSodium is outsideChloride is outside
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Regulation of Electrolyte BalanceRegulation of Electrolyte Balance
1. Renal regulationOccurs by the process of glomerular filtration, tubular
reabsorption and tubular secretion.Urine formation
◦If there is little water in the body, it is conserved.◦If there is water excess, it will be eliminated.
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Regulation of Electrolyte BalanceRegulation of Electrolyte Balance
2. Endocrinal regulationHormones play a role in electrolyte regulationAldosterone promotes Sodium retention and Potassium
excretionANF promotes Sodium excretionParathormone promotes Calcium retention and
Phosphate excretionCalcitonin promotes Calcium excretion and Phosphate
excretion
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THE CATIONSTHE CATIONS
SODIUMPOTASSIUMCALCIUMMAGNESIUM
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SODIUMSODIUMThe MOST ABUNDANT cation in the ECFNormal range is 135-145 mEq/LMajor contributor of plasma osmolarityFUNCTIONS1. participates in the Na-K pump2. assists in maintaining blood volume3. assists in nerve transmission and muscle contractionAldosterone increases sodium retention ANF increases sodium excretion
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POTASSIUMPOTASSIUM
MOST ABUNDANT cation in the ICFNormal range is 3.5-5.0 mEq/LMajor electrolyte maintaining ICVF balanceFUNCTIONS1. maintains ICF Osmolality2. nerve conduction and muscle contraction3. metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteinsAldosterone promotes renal excretion of K+Acidosis promotes exchange of K+ for H+
in the cell
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CALCIUMCALCIUMMajority of calcium is in the bones and teethNormal serum range 8.5-10 mg/dLFUNCTIONS1. formation and mineralization of bones/teeth2. muscular contraction and relaxation3. cardiac function4. blood clotting5. enzyme activation
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CALCIUMCALCIUM
Regulation:GIT absorbs Ca+ in the intestine with the help of Vit. DKidney Ca+ is filtered in the glomerulus and reabsorbed
in the tubulesPTH increases Ca+ by bone resorption, Ca+ retention
and activation of Vitamin DCalcitonin released when Ca+ is high, it decreases Ca+
by excretion in the kidney
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MAGNESIUMMAGNESIUM
Second to K+ in the ICFNormal range is 1.3-2.1 mEq/LFUNCTIONS1. intracellular production and utilization of ATP2. protein and DNA synthesis3. neuromuscular irritability
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THE ANIONSTHE ANIONS
CHLORIDEPHOSPHATESBICARBONATES
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CHLORIDECHLORIDE
The MAJOR Anion in the ECFNormal range is 95-108 mEq/LFUNCTIONS1. major component of gastric juice aside from H+2. together with Na+, regulates plasma osmolality3. participates in the chloride shift4. acts as chemical buffer
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PHOSPHATESPHOSPHATES
The MAJOR Anion in the ICFNormal range is 2.5-4.5 mg/LFUNCTIONS1. component of bones2. needed to generate ATP3. components of DNA and RNAPTH decreases PO4 in blood by renal excretionCalcitonin increases renal excretion of PO4
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BICARBONATESBICARBONATES
Present both in ICF and ECFNormal range- 22-26 mEq/LFUNCTION1. regulates acid-base balance2. component of the bicarbonate-carbonic acid
buffer system
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IMBALANCE: EXCESSIMBALANCE: EXCESS
1. HYPERNATREMIAMore than 145 mEq/LFluid moves out of cell crenationEtiology:↑ sodium intake, IVF, water loss in excess
of water, diarrheaS/SX: dry, sticky tongue, thirst
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IMBALANCE: EXCESSIMBALANCE: EXCESS
2. HYPERKALEMIAK+ more than 5.0 mEq/LEtiology: IVF with K+, acidosis, Hyper-alimentation
and K+ replacementECG: peaked T waves and wide QRS
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IMBALANCE: EXCESSIMBALANCE: EXCESS
3. HYPERCALCEMIASerum calcium more than 10.5 mg/dLEtiology: Overuse of calcium supplements, excessive Vit. D,
malignancy, prolonged immobilization, thiazide diureticECG: Shortened QT interval
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IMBALANCE: EXCESSIMBALANCE: EXCESS
4. HYPERMAGNESEMIASerum magnesium more than 2.1 mEq/LEtiology: use of Mg antacids, Renal failure, Mg medicationsS/SX: depressed tendon reflexes, oliguria, ↓RR
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IMBALANCE: EXCESSIMBALANCE: EXCESS
5. HYPERCHLOREMIASerum chloride more than 108 mEq/LEtiology: sodium chloride excess
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IMBALANCE: EXCESSIMBALANCE: EXCESS
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIASerum PO4 more than 4.5 mg/dLEtiology: Tissue trauma, chemotherapy. PO4 containing
medications, osteoporosis
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IMBALANCE : DEFICIENCYIMBALANCE : DEFICIENCY
1. HYPONATREMIANa level is less than 135 mEq/LWater is drawn into the cell cell swellingEtiology: prolonged diuretic therapy, excessive burns,
excessive sweating, SIADH, plain water consumptionS/SX: nausea, vomiting, seizures
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IMBALANCE : DEFICIENCYIMBALANCE : DEFICIENCY
2. HYPOKALEMIAK+ level less than 3.5 mEq/LEtiology: use of diuretic, vomiting and diarrheaECG: flattened , depressed T waves, presence of “U” waves
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IMBALANCE : DEFICIENCYIMBALANCE : DEFICIENCY
3. HYPOCALCEMIACalcium level of less than 8.5 mg/dLEtiology: removal of parathyroid gland during thyroid
surgery, vit. D deficiency, Furosemide, infusion of citrated blood
s/sx: Tetany, (+) Chovstek’s (+) Trousseaus’sECG: prolonged QT interval
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ACID-BASE CONCEPTSACID-BASE CONCEPTS
Acid- substance that can donate or releasehydrogen ions◦Carbonic acid, Hydrochloric acid
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ACID-BASE CONCEPTSACID-BASE CONCEPTS
Base- substance that can accept hydrogen ions◦Bicarbonate
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ACID-BASE CONCEPTSACID-BASE CONCEPTS
Buffer- substance that can accept or donate hydrogen◦Hemoglobin buffer◦Bicarbonate : carbonic acid buffer◦Phosphate buffer
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ACID-BASE CONCEPTSACID-BASE CONCEPTS
Acid- substance that can donate or release hydrogen ions◦Carbonic acid, Hydrochloric acid
Base- substance that can accept hydrogen ions◦Bicarbonate
Buffer- substance that can accept or donate hydrogen◦Hemoglobin buffer◦Bicarbonate : carbonic acid buffer◦Phosphate buffer
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Helpful HintsHelpful Hints
Carbon dioxide is considered to be ACID because of its relationship with carbonic acid
pH measures the degree of acidity and alkalinity. It is inversely related to Hydrogen. Normal ph 7.35-7.45
Decreased pH- ACIDIC-increased Hydrogen—pH below 7.35
Increased pH- ALKALOSIS-decreased hydrogen—pH above 7.45
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RememberRemember
a high hydrogen acidic pH is lowa low hydrogen alkalosis pH is high
a high CO2may mean acidica low CO2 may mean alkalosis
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Dynamics of Acid and basesDynamics of Acid and bases
Acids and bases are constantly produced in the body.They must be constantly regulated.CO2 and HCO3 are crucial in the balance.A ratio of 20:1 is maintained (HCO3:H2CO3)Respiratory and renal system are active in regulation.
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Ways to balance the acids and basesWays to balance the acids and bases
ExcretionAcid can be excreted, and Hydrogen can be excreted in
ACIDOTIC condition.Bicarbonate can be excreted in ALKALOTIC condition.
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Ways to balance the acids and basesWays to balance the acids and bases
ProductionBicarbonate can be produced in ACIDOTIC condition.Hydrogen can be produced in ALKALOTIC condition.
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Ways to balance the acids and basesWays to balance the acids and bases
The respiratory system compensates for metabolic problemsCO2 (acid) can be exhaled from the body
to normalize the pH in ACIDOSIS.CO2 (acid) can be retained in the body to
normalize the pH in ALKALOSIS.
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Ways to balance the acids and basesWays to balance the acids and bases
The kidney can compensate for problems in therespiratory systemThe Kidney reabsorbs and generates Bicarbonate
(alkaline) in ACIDOSIS.The Kidney can excrete H+ excess (Acidosis) to
normalize the pH in ACIDOSIS.
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Ways to balance the acids and basesWays to balance the acids and bases
The kidney can excrete bicarbonate (alkali) inconditions of ALKALOSIS.
The kidney can retain H+ (acid) in conditionsof ALKALOSIS.
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Ways to balance the acids and basesWays to balance the acids and bases
Chemical buffers can also participate in thebalance of acid-base
1. Carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer2. Phosphate buffer3. protein buffer- ICF and hemoglobin
The action is immediate but very limited