medical terminology - cathy ramos - scienceapplication of medical terminology in relation to...
TRANSCRIPT
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Medical Terminology
Anatomical Position, Directional Terms and Movements
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What we will cover... Content Objectives
• Students will be able to gain a better understanding and
application of medical terminology in relation to Anatomical
Planes, Directions and Movements.
Language Objectives
• Students will be able to define basic anatomical terms and apply
those terms when dissecting.
• Students will be able to compare and contrast the differences
between directional terms and terms associated with movement.
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Anatomical Terms Worksheet
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History • During the Renaissance (“Rebirth”) the study of
human life and medicine began to flourish. • Scientist, Doctors and Artist would experiment and
practice on the dead and incarcerated. • Cadavers were positioned flat on their backs, thus
making it easier to draw and reference from that position.
• Many artist such as Leonardo da Vinci began to study, draw and diagram the human body.
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Anatomical Position
• Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward
• Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described
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Positions and Directions
Terms of position and direction describe the
position of one body part relative to another,
usually along one of the three major body planes
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Positions and Directions
Superior • Refers to a structure being
closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body
Inferior • Refers to a structure being
closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body
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Positions and Directions
Anterior
• Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body
Posterior
• Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body
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Positions and Directions
Medial • Refers to a structure
being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body
Lateral • Refers to a structure
being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body
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Positions and Directions
Distal (Reference to the extremities only)
• Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb
Proximal (Reference to the extremities only)
• Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb
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Distal / Proximal Cont.
• When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots.
Proximal
Distal
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Positions and Directions
Superficial
• Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure
Deep
• Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure
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Positions and Directions
Ventral
• Towards the front or belly – You Vent out or your nose and mouth.
Dorsal
• Towards the back – Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin.
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Positions and Directions Prone • Lying face down
– Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home.
Supine • Lying face up
– Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth.
Unilateral • Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral • Pertaining to both sides of the body
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Anatomical Planes
• Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures
• Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views
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Anatomical Planes
Sagittal plane
– The plane dividing the body into right and left portions
– Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves
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Anatomical Planes
Frontal plane
– The plane dividing the body into front and back portions
– Also called the Coronal plane
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Anatomical Planes
Transverse plane
– The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
– Also called the Horizontal plane
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Gummy
Bear
Dissection
LAB
1. Cadaver Bear
2. Dissecting Tray
3. Scalpel
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Movements – Flexion – Extension – Hyperextension – Adduction – Abduction – Prontaion – Supination – Retraction – Protraction – Elevation – Depression – Rotation – Circumduction – External Rotation – Internal Rotation – Inversion – Eversion – Dorsiflexion – Plantarflexion – Radial Deviation – Ulnar Deviation – Opposition
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Movements Flexion • Bending a joint or decreasing the
angle between two bones – In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints
Extension • Straightening a joint or increasing
the angle between two bones – In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints
Hyperextension • Excessive extension of the parts
at a joint beyond anatomical position.
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Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension
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Movements
Adduction
• Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
Abduction
• Moving a body part away from the midline of the body
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Movements Pronation • Turning the arm or foot
downward • (palm or sole of the foot -
down) • Prone
Supination • Turning the arm or foot
upward • (palm or sole of the foot -
up) • Supine
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Movements Retraction • Moving a part backward
Protraction • Moving a part forward
Elevation • Raising a part
Depression • Lowering a part
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Movements Rotation • Turning on a single axis
Circumduction • Tri-planar, circular motion
at the hip or shoulder
Internal rotation • Rotation of the hip or
shoulder toward the midline
External rotation • Rotation of the hip or
shoulder away from the midline
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Movements Lateral Flexion • Side-bending left or
right
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Movements of the Foot
Inversion • Turning the sole of the foot
inward
Eversion • Turning the sole of the foot
outward
Dorsiflexion • Ankle movement bringing the
foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion • Ankle movement pointing the
foot downward
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Movements of the Wrist & Thumb
Radial Deviation • Movement of the wrist towards
the radius or lateral side.
Ulnar Deviation • Movement of the wrist towards
the ulna or medial side.
Opposition • Movement of the thumb across
the palm of the hand.
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Additional Range of Motion
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1. Hip __________________________
2. Hip __________________________
3. Hip __________________________
Knee ________________________
Ankle ________________________
4. Wrist _________________________
(a) __________________________
(b) __________________________
5. Hip __________________________
Knee ________________________
Ankle ________________________
6. Forearm (a) ___________________
Forearm (b) ___________________
7. Shoulder ______________________
8. Shoulder ______________________
9. Jaw __________________________
10. Shoulder ______________________
Range of Motion
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Range of Motion 1. Hip _Abduction_________________
2. Hip _Adduction_________________
3. Hip _Flexion___________________
Knee _Extension________________
Ankle _Plantarflexion____________
4. Wrist _Extension________________
(a) _Hyperextension_____________
(b) _Flexion____________________
5. Hip _Flexion___________________
Knee _Flexion__________________
Ankle _Dorsiflexion______________
6. Forearm (a) _Supination__________
Forearm (b) _Pronation__________
7. Shoulder _Circumduction_________
8. Shoulder _Elevation_____________
9. Jaw _Protraction________________
10. Shoulder _Rotation______________
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Regional Terms
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Word Association Activity
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Lesson 2– Body Cavities
• Body cavities are spaces within the body that contain vital organs.
• The two major cavities in the body are the dorsal and ventral cavities.
▫ The dorsal cavity is a long, continuous cavity located on the back of the body.
▫ The ventral cavity is located on the front side of the body.
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Lesson 2– Dorsal Cavity
• The dorsal cavity is divided into two sections:
▫ The cranial cavity contains the brain.
▫ The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord.
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Lesson 2– Ventral Cavity
• The ventral cavity is divided into three sections:
▫ The thoracic cavity contains the trachea, esophagus, bronchi, lungs, heart, and major blood vessels. It is also known as the chest cavity.
▫ The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.
▫ The pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.
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Lesson 2– Small Body Cavities
• The orbital cavity contains the eye structures.
• The nasal cavity contains the parts that form the nose.
• The oral cavity, or buccal cavity, contains the teeth and the tongue in the mouth.
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Lesson 2– Abdominal Regions: Quadrants
• Because the abdominal cavity is so large, it helps to divide it into regions.
• One method of division results in quadrants, or four regions:
▫ Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
▫ Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
▫ Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
▫ Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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Lesson 2– Abdominal Regions: Nine Regions • Another method of dividing the
abdominal cavity results in nine regions:
▫ Epigastric – above the stomach
▫ Umbilical – near the umbilicus
▫ Hypogastric – below the stomach
▫ Left Hypochondriac – below the ribs, left side
▫ Right Hypochondriac – below the ribs, right side
▫ Left Lumbar – near the waist, left side
▫ Right Lumbar – near the waist, right side
▫ Left Iliac – near the hips, left side
▫ Right Iliac – near the hips, right side