Medical Terminology Chapter Medical Terminology Chapter

33: : Bacteria, Blood cells and Bacteria, Blood cells and Disorders of the bloodDisorders of the blood

Blood Cells and Their Blood Cells and Their FunctionFunctionI. ErythrocytesI. Erythrocytes (also called Red (also called Red

Blood Cells)Blood Cells)– These cells are made in the bone These cells are made in the bone

marrow and are necessary to carry marrow and are necessary to carry oxygen to the cells of the body.oxygen to the cells of the body.

– Oxygen is used up by the body cells Oxygen is used up by the body cells in the process of converting food to in the process of converting food to energy (which is called?) and energy (which is called?) and carbon dioxide (a waste product of carbon dioxide (a waste product of the cell) is then carried to the lung the cell) is then carried to the lung for exhalation.for exhalation.

– Hemoglobin (Hemo=blood; Hemoglobin (Hemo=blood; globin=protein) is a protein within globin=protein) is a protein within the RBC that carries (binds with) the RBC that carries (binds with) oxygen through the blood stream.oxygen through the blood stream.

II. Leukocytes:II. Leukocytes: (also called white blood cells)(also called white blood cells) There are several types of White blood cells that fall There are several types of White blood cells that fall into two categoriesinto two categories:: 1. 1. Granulocytes (3 types):Granulocytes (3 types): Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and BasophilsBasophils 2. 2. Agranulocytes (2 types):Agranulocytes (2 types): Lymphocytes and Monocytes Lymphocytes and Monocytes

A. A. GranulocytesGranulocytes:: (contain granules that (contain granules that stain dark in the cytoplasm) stain dark in the cytoplasm)

1.Neutrophils1.Neutrophils:: (polymorphonuclear) Contains (polymorphonuclear) Contains granules in cytoplasm. The nucleus is granules in cytoplasm. The nucleus is frequently multi-lobed with lobes connected frequently multi-lobed with lobes connected by thin strands of nuclear material. These cells by thin strands of nuclear material. These cells are capable of phagocytizing (eat or are capable of phagocytizing (eat or engulf/swallowing) foreign cells, bacteria, and engulf/swallowing) foreign cells, bacteria, and viruses.viruses.

•When taking a Differential WBC Count of When taking a Differential WBC Count of normal blood, this type of cell would be the normal blood, this type of cell would be the most numerous. Normally, neutrophils account most numerous. Normally, neutrophils account for approx 60% of all leukocytes. If the count for approx 60% of all leukocytes. If the count exceeds this amount, the cause is usually due exceeds this amount, the cause is usually due to infection.to infection.

Leukocytes Cont…Leukocytes Cont…2.2.Eosinophil:Eosinophil: Has large granules (A) which appear Has large granules (A) which appear

pink (or eosin/o= rosy) in a stained preparation. pink (or eosin/o= rosy) in a stained preparation. The nucleus often has two lobes connected by a The nucleus often has two lobes connected by a band of nuclear material. The granules contain band of nuclear material. The granules contain digestive enzymes that are particularly effective digestive enzymes that are particularly effective against parasitic worms in their larval form. against parasitic worms in their larval form. These cells also phagocytize antigen-antibody These cells also phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes; and are thought to be active and complexes; and are thought to be active and elevate in allergic conditions such as asthma and elevate in allergic conditions such as asthma and food or insect allergies. These cells make up food or insect allergies. These cells make up approx 3% of the leukocytes.approx 3% of the leukocytes.

3. 3. BasophilsBasophils: These granules are large, stain deep : These granules are large, stain deep blue to purple, and generally so numerous they blue to purple, and generally so numerous they mask the nucleus. These granules contain mask the nucleus. These granules contain histamines (that cause vasodilation) and heparin histamines (that cause vasodilation) and heparin (which is an anticoagulant).(which is an anticoagulant).In a Differential WBC Count they represent less In a Differential WBC Count they represent less than 1% of all leukocytes. If the count showed an than 1% of all leukocytes. If the count showed an abnormally increase in number; hemolytic abnormally increase in number; hemolytic anemia or chicken pox may be the cause. anemia or chicken pox may be the cause.

Leukocytes cont…Leukocytes cont…B.B. Agranulocytes: Agranulocytes: Do not contain Do not contain

granules in the cytoplasm; and are granules in the cytoplasm; and are produced in the lymph nodes and spleen)produced in the lymph nodes and spleen)

1.MONOCYTE1.MONOCYTEThis cell is the largest of the leukocytes and is This cell is the largest of the leukocytes and is agranular. The nucleus is most often "U" or agranular. The nucleus is most often "U" or kidney bean shaped; the cytoplasm is light blue kidney bean shaped; the cytoplasm is light blue with no granules. These cells leave the blood with no granules. These cells leave the blood stream and enter tissues to become stream and enter tissues to become macrophages. As a monocyte or macrophage, macrophages. As a monocyte or macrophage, these cells are phagocytic and defend the body these cells are phagocytic and defend the body against viruses and bacteria.against viruses and bacteria.

– These cells account for 4-9% of all leukocytes.These cells account for 4-9% of all leukocytes.

Leukocyte cont…Leukocyte cont…2. LYMPHOCYTE2. LYMPHOCYTE : :

The lymphocyte is an agranular cell (Notice The lymphocyte is an agranular cell (Notice that the nucleus almost fills the cell leaving a that the nucleus almost fills the cell leaving a very thin rim of cytoplasm.) This cell is much very thin rim of cytoplasm.) This cell is much smaller than the three granulocytes. The smaller than the three granulocytes. The lymphocytes play an important role in our lymphocytes play an important role in our immune response. The immune response. The T-lymphocytesT-lymphocytes act act against virus infected cells and tumor cells. against virus infected cells and tumor cells. The The B-lymphocytesB-lymphocytes produce antibodies. produce antibodies.

•This is the 2nd most numerous leukocyte, This is the 2nd most numerous leukocyte, accounting for 32% of the cells in a accounting for 32% of the cells in a Differential WBC Count. When these cells Differential WBC Count. When these cells exceed the normal amount, one would exceed the normal amount, one would suspect infectious mononucleosis or a chronic suspect infectious mononucleosis or a chronic infection. Patients with AIDS keep a careful infection. Patients with AIDS keep a careful watch on their T-cell levels as an indicator of watch on their T-cell levels as an indicator of the AIDS virus' activity.the AIDS virus' activity.

Blood Cells cont…Blood Cells cont…

III. Platelets (also called Thrombocytes)III. Platelets (also called Thrombocytes): : are cell fragments, and are seen are cell fragments, and are seen next to the "t's" in the picture below. next to the "t's" in the picture below. Platelets are important for proper Platelets are important for proper blood clotting (also called blood clotting (also called coagulation).coagulation).

• Each cubic millimeter of blood should Each cubic millimeter of blood should contain 250,000 to 500,000 of these. contain 250,000 to 500,000 of these. If the number is too high, If the number is too high, spontaneous clotting may occur. If the spontaneous clotting may occur. If the number is too low, clotting may not number is too low, clotting may not occur when necessary.occur when necessary.

What is Anemia? What is Anemia? • AnemiaAnemia refers to a medical condition in which there is a refers to a medical condition in which there is a

reduction in the number of erythrocytes, or the amount reduction in the number of erythrocytes, or the amount of hemoglobin in the circulating blood. of hemoglobin in the circulating blood.

• There are many different kinds of Anemia's:There are many different kinds of Anemia's:Vitamin B-12-Vitamin B-12- Your body needs vitamin B12 to make red blood cells. In Your body needs vitamin B12 to make red blood cells. In

order to provide vitamin B12 to your cells you must eat enough order to provide vitamin B12 to your cells you must eat enough foods that contain vitamin B12, such as meat, poultry, shellfish, foods that contain vitamin B12, such as meat, poultry, shellfish, eggs, and dairy products.eggs, and dairy products.

HemolyticHemolytic- Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which there are not - Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which there are not enough red blood cells in the blood, due to the premature enough red blood cells in the blood, due to the premature destruction of red blood cells.destruction of red blood cells.

PerniciousPernicious- Pernicious anemia is a decrease in red blood cells that - Pernicious anemia is a decrease in red blood cells that

occurs when the body cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 from the occurs when the body cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the proper gastrointestinal tract. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the proper development of red blood cells.development of red blood cells.

Sickle cell-Sickle cell- Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of

hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin S distorts the shape of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin S distorts the shape of red blood cells, especially when exposed to low oxygen levels. The red blood cells, especially when exposed to low oxygen levels. The distorted red blood cells are shaped like crescents or sickles. These distorted red blood cells are shaped like crescents or sickles. These fragile, sickle-shaped cells deliver less oxygen to the body's tissues, fragile, sickle-shaped cells deliver less oxygen to the body's tissues, clog more easily in small blood vessels, and break into pieces that clog more easily in small blood vessels, and break into pieces that disrupt healthy blood flow. Sickle cell anemia is inherited from both disrupt healthy blood flow. Sickle cell anemia is inherited from both parents. parents.

Anemia cont…Anemia cont…Aplastic anemiaAplastic anemia is a failure of the bone marrow to is a failure of the bone marrow to

make enough blood cells. All blood cell types are make enough blood cells. All blood cell types are affected. Aplastic anemia is generally caused by affected. Aplastic anemia is generally caused by injury to blood stem cells. Normal blood stem cells injury to blood stem cells. Normal blood stem cells divide and turn into all blood cell types, mainly divide and turn into all blood cell types, mainly white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. When blood stem cells are injured, there is a When blood stem cells are injured, there is a reduction in all blood cell types.reduction in all blood cell types.

This condition can be caused by:This condition can be caused by:• Certain drugsCertain drugs

• Chemotherapy Chemotherapy

• Disorders present at birth (congenital disorders)Disorders present at birth (congenital disorders)

• Drug therapy to suppress the immune systemDrug therapy to suppress the immune system

• PregnancyPregnancy

• Radiation therapyRadiation therapy

• Toxins such as benzene or arsenicToxins such as benzene or arsenic

Ischemia:Ischemia:• Is an inadequate blood supply (or circulation) to a local Is an inadequate blood supply (or circulation) to a local

area of the body due to blockage of the blood vessels area of the body due to blockage of the blood vessels to the area. It is generally caused by vasoconstriction to the area. It is generally caused by vasoconstriction (narrowing of vessels), thrombosis (clots), embolism (narrowing of vessels), thrombosis (clots), embolism (fat, air or bacterial clumps) or injury to a vessel. Many (fat, air or bacterial clumps) or injury to a vessel. Many people have ischemic episodes without knowing it. people have ischemic episodes without knowing it.

• Some causes are:Some causes are: • Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia • Compression of blood vessels Compression of blood vessels • Ventricular Tachycardia Ventricular Tachycardia • Plaque build-up in arteries (atherosclerosis) Plaque build-up in arteries (atherosclerosis) • Blood clots Blood clots • Extremely low blood pressure as caused by heart attack Extremely low blood pressure as caused by heart attack • Congenital Heart DefectsCongenital Heart Defects

Types of BacteriaTypes of Bacteria• Streptococcus:Streptococcus: is a berry shaped bacterium that grows in is a berry shaped bacterium that grows in

twisted chains. One group of strep can cause conditions such as twisted chains. One group of strep can cause conditions such as Strep throat, tonsillitis, and kidney disorders; and another types Strep throat, tonsillitis, and kidney disorders; and another types causes infections of the teeth, sinuses, and valves in the heart.causes infections of the teeth, sinuses, and valves in the heart.

• Staphylococci:Staphylococci: are spherical (round) bacteria that grow in are spherical (round) bacteria that grow in bunches (like grapes) This bacteria can cause lesions that are bunches (like grapes) This bacteria can cause lesions that are externalexternal such as: skin abscesses, boils, and styes; or such as: skin abscesses, boils, and styes; or internallyinternally causing abscesses in the bone and kidney. A causing abscesses in the bone and kidney. A White blood cell moves White blood cell moves through the walls of the blood vessels into the area of the infection and through the walls of the blood vessels into the area of the infection and collects within the damaged tissue. During this process, pus forms. Pus is collects within the damaged tissue. During this process, pus forms. Pus is the buildup of fluid, living and dead white blood cells, dead tissue, and the buildup of fluid, living and dead white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacteria or other foreign substances.bacteria or other foreign substances.

• DiplococciDiplococci:: are spherical bacteria arranged in pairs. This bacteria is are spherical bacteria arranged in pairs. This bacteria is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults and a STD the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults and a STD called gonorrhea (gonococci) in the reproductive system.called gonorrhea (gonococci) in the reproductive system.

Leukocytosis:Leukocytosis:• Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an

elevated number of white cells in the blood. elevated number of white cells in the blood.

What causes leukocytosis?What causes leukocytosis?• Infection:Infection: An infection may be caused by germs called bacteria, An infection may be caused by germs called bacteria,

virus or a parasite. virus or a parasite.

• Inflammation:Inflammation: (swelling, pain, and redness) an example is (swelling, pain, and redness) an example is Arthritis; which is an inflammation of the joints.Arthritis; which is an inflammation of the joints.

• Tissue damage:Tissue damage: You may get leukocytosis from burns and some You may get leukocytosis from burns and some diseases that cause tissue damage such as cancer and diseases that cause tissue damage such as cancer and heart heart diseasedisease..

• Immune reactions:Immune reactions: Leukocytosis may occur when your immune Leukocytosis may occur when your immune system reacts too strongly to a foreign substance. system reacts too strongly to a foreign substance.

• Bone marrow problems:Bone marrow problems: You may get leukocytosis if your bone You may get leukocytosis if your bone marrow makes too many WBCs.marrow makes too many WBCs.

• Medicine:Medicine: Some medicines may cause leukocytosis. Some medicines may cause leukocytosis.

• Stress:Stress: You may get leukocytosis if you have a lot of emotional You may get leukocytosis if you have a lot of emotional and physical stressand physical stress. .

SpleenomegalySpleenomegaly• The spleenThe spleen is a small organ located just below your rib cage on is a small organ located just below your rib cage on

your left side. your left side. It filters blood and removes old and damaged red blood It filters blood and removes old and damaged red blood cells, bacteria, and other particles as they pass through the blood vessels cells, bacteria, and other particles as they pass through the blood vessels within the spleen. within the spleen.

• It produces lymphocytes and assists the immune system. It also disposes It produces lymphocytes and assists the immune system. It also disposes of dying RBC’s and manufactures WBC’sof dying RBC’s and manufactures WBC’s (lymphocytes) to fight (lymphocytes) to fight disease. Normally, your spleen is about the size of a fist, but a disease. Normally, your spleen is about the size of a fist, but a number of conditions can cause spleenomegaly; such number of conditions can cause spleenomegaly; such Various Various Infections (including Bacterial, viral and Parasitic infections), Infections (including Bacterial, viral and Parasitic infections), Diseases of the liver, Blood diseases, and Cancer Diseases of the liver, Blood diseases, and Cancer

Tonsillitis:Tonsillitis:• Tonsils are made of soft glandular tissue and are part of Tonsils are made of soft glandular tissue and are part of

the immune system. They are the two bumps or the immune system. They are the two bumps or mounds of tissue located in the back of the throat, and mounds of tissue located in the back of the throat, and are made up of what is called lymphoid tissue. are made up of what is called lymphoid tissue.

• Lymphoid tissue produces lymphocytes; white blood Lymphoid tissue produces lymphocytes; white blood cells that help to filter and fight bacteria and viruses cells that help to filter and fight bacteria and viruses which you may ingest or breathe in. Antibodies and which you may ingest or breathe in. Antibodies and immune cells in the tonsils help to kill germs and help immune cells in the tonsils help to kill germs and help to prevent throat and lung infections. to prevent throat and lung infections.

• Streptococcal infections can sometimes cause them to Streptococcal infections can sometimes cause them to become infected and inflamed become infected and inflamed

AmniocentesisAmniocentesis• Amniocentesis is a procedure that is carried out during Amniocentesis is a procedure that is carried out during

pregnancy, usually to diagnose various chromosome or pregnancy, usually to diagnose various chromosome or genetic conditions in the unborn, developing baby. A genetic conditions in the unborn, developing baby. A sample of the amniotic fluid inside your uterus (womb) sample of the amniotic fluid inside your uterus (womb) that is surrounding the baby is taken using a fine that is surrounding the baby is taken using a fine needle. Tests are done on the fluid in the laboratory. needle. Tests are done on the fluid in the laboratory. Amniocentesis is offered after 12 completed weeks of Amniocentesis is offered after 12 completed weeks of pregnancy (usually between 15-18 weeks). The most pregnancy (usually between 15-18 weeks). The most common reason for a pregnant woman to be offered common reason for a pregnant woman to be offered amniocentesis is to see if their developing baby has a amniocentesis is to see if their developing baby has a chromosome disorder such as Down's syndrome. There chromosome disorder such as Down's syndrome. There is a small risk of complications with amniocentesis, is a small risk of complications with amniocentesis, including miscarriage. including miscarriage.

What is a Hernia????????What is a Hernia????????• A Hernia occurs when the contents of a body cavity bulge out of the A Hernia occurs when the contents of a body cavity bulge out of the

area where they are normally contained. In this condition, a weak area where they are normally contained. In this condition, a weak spot or opening in a body wall, often due to laxity of the muscles, spot or opening in a body wall, often due to laxity of the muscles, allows part of the organ to protrude. allows part of the organ to protrude.

Hiatal herniaHiatal hernia is a condition in which the upper portion of the is a condition in which the upper portion of the stomach protrudes into the chest cavity through an opening of stomach protrudes into the chest cavity through an opening of

the the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus Inguinal hernia:Inguinal hernia: occurs when part of the intestines or tissues occurs when part of the intestines or tissues

pushes pushes through a weak spot in through a weak spot in your groin muscle. This causes a your groin muscle. This causes a bulge in the groin bulge in the groin region or scrotum region or scrotum

Rectocele:Rectocele: also called a vaginal hernia. This is a bulge of the also called a vaginal hernia. This is a bulge of the front wall front wall of the rectum into the vagina. The rectum is the last of the rectum into the vagina. The rectum is the last part of the large part of the large bowel (colon) where stool is stored for a short bowel (colon) where stool is stored for a short time. time. In women, the In women, the rectum is just behind the vagina.rectum is just behind the vagina.

OmphaloceleOmphalocele (or (or Umbilical Hernia)Umbilical Hernia):: due to an imperfect closure due to an imperfect closure or or weakness of the umbilical ring in infants . It appears as a skin-weakness of the umbilical ring in infants . It appears as a skin-covered covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining.or straining.

CystoceleCystocele: : occurs when the wall between a woman’s bladder occurs when the wall between a woman’s bladder and and her vagina weakens and allows the bladder to droop into the her vagina weakens and allows the bladder to droop into the

vagina. This may cause problems with emptying the bladder; vagina. This may cause problems with emptying the bladder; and most and most often a result from muscle straining while giving birth. often a result from muscle straining while giving birth.

What is Achondroplasia? What is Achondroplasia?

• Achondroplasia is a genetic (inherited) condition Achondroplasia is a genetic (inherited) condition that results in abnormally short stature and is the that results in abnormally short stature and is the most common cause of short stature with most common cause of short stature with disproportionately short limbs. The average height disproportionately short limbs. The average height of an adult with achondroplasia is 131 cm (52 of an adult with achondroplasia is 131 cm (52 inches, or 4 foot 4 inches) in males and 124 cm (49 inches, or 4 foot 4 inches) in males and 124 cm (49 inches, or 4 foot 1 inch) in females.inches, or 4 foot 1 inch) in females.

• Although achondroplasia literally means "without Although achondroplasia literally means "without cartilage formation, the defect is not in forming cartilage formation, the defect is not in forming cartilage but in converting it to bone, particularly in cartilage but in converting it to bone, particularly in the long bones.the long bones.

• Achondroplasia is one of the oldest known birth Achondroplasia is one of the oldest known birth defects. The frequency is an average figure defects. The frequency is an average figure worldwide is approximately 1 in 25,000 births.worldwide is approximately 1 in 25,000 births.

BlepharoptosisBlepharoptosis

• Blepharoptosis, also referred to as Blepharoptosis, also referred to as ptosis, is defined as an abnormal ptosis, is defined as an abnormal low-lying upper eyelid margin with low-lying upper eyelid margin with the eye in primary gaze.the eye in primary gaze.

LaparoscopyLaparoscopy

• Laparoscopy is a surgery that uses a Laparoscopy is a surgery that uses a thin, lighted tube put through a cut thin, lighted tube put through a cut (incision) in the belly to look at the (incision) in the belly to look at the abdominal organs (peritoneal cavity) abdominal organs (peritoneal cavity) or the female pelvic organs. or the female pelvic organs. Laparoscopy is used to find problems Laparoscopy is used to find problems such as cysts, adhesions, fibroids, such as cysts, adhesions, fibroids, and infection. Tissue samples can and infection. Tissue samples can also be taken for biopsy through the also be taken for biopsy through the tube/instrument (laparoscope). tube/instrument (laparoscope).