medical terminology dr. michael p. gillespie. categories of medical terms descriptive –...
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Medical TerminologyDr. Michael P. Gillespie
Categories of Medical Terms
• Descriptive – descriptive medical terms describes the shape, size, color, function etc. of the anatomical structure.
• Eponyms – literally “putting a name upon” - are used to honor someone who first discovered or described an anatomical structure, diagnosed a disease, or developed a medical instrument or procedure.
– Eponyms give no useful information about what the item is or where it is located.
Objectives• Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.
– Do not simply memorize terms.– Break words up into their component parts.
• Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body.– The medical terms will be easier to understand if you know their context in
health and disease processes.
• Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.– Some medical terms are pronounced alike, but spelled differently (i.e. ilium and
ileum).– Some medical terms are similar and a mispronunciation can lead to a
misunderstanding (i.e. urethra and ureter).
Elements of medical terms
• Root – the root is the foundation of the word. All medical words have
one or more roots.
• Prefix – word beginning. Usually identifies some subdivision or part of
the central meaning.
• Suffix – word ending. Modifies the central meaning.
• Combining vowel – usuallu an “o”. Links the root to a suffix or another
root.
• Combining form – combination of the root plus the combining vowel.
3 General Rules
• 1. Read the meaning of the medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across.
• 2. Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”.
• 3. Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology, not “gastrentology”.
Common prefixes and suffixes
• Itis = inflammation (tonsillitis, appendicitis, hepatitis)
• Osis = abnormal condition (cyanosis)• Ectomy = to cut out [remove]
(appendectomy, tonsillectomy)• Otomy = to cut into (tracheotomy)• Ostomy = to make a [mouth] (colostomy)• A / an = without / none (anemia,
areflexia)
Common prefixes and suffixes
• Micro = small (microscopic)
• Macro = large (macroscopic)
• Mega / megaly = enlarged (megacolon, organomegaly)
• Scopy / scopic = to look / observe (colonoscopy)
• Graphy / graph = recording an image (mammography)
• Gram = the image (mammogram)
• Ology / ologist = study / specialize in (cardiologist, rheumatology)
Word Roots for organsRoot Meaning Example
Stomato Mouth Stomatitis
Dento Teeth Dentist
Glosso / linguo Tongue Glossitis, lingual gland
Gingivo Gums Gingivitis
Encephalo Brain Encephalitis
Gastro Stomach Gastritis
Entero Intestine Gastroenteritis
Colo Large intestine Colitis, megacolon
Word Roots for organsRoot Meaning Example
Procto Anus / rectum Proctitis, proctologist
Hepato Liver Hepatitis, hepatomegaly
Nephro / rene Kidney Nephrosis, renal
Orchiso Testis Orchiditis
Oophoro Ovary Oophorectomy
Hystero / metro Uterus Hysterectomy, endometritis
Salpingo Uterine tubes Hysterosalpingogram
Dermo Skin Dermatitis
Word Roots for organsRoot Meaning Example
Masto / mammo Breast Mammography, mastectomy
Osteo Bones Osteoporosis
Cardio Heart Electrocardiogram
Cysto Bladder Cystitis
Rhino Nose Rhinitis
Phlebo / veno Veins Phlebitis, phlebotomy
Pneumo / pulmo Lung Pneumonitis, pulmonologist
Hemo / emia Blood Hematologist, anemia
Colors
Structural Organization of the Body
• CELL—the fundamental unit of all living things
Study Section 1
• metabolism• anabolism• catabolism• cell membrane• chromosomes• cytoplasm• DNA
• endoplasmic reticulum
• genes• Karyotype• mitochondria• nucleus
Body Cavities• Body cavities are the
spaces within the body that contain internal organs (viscera).
Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities
Abdominopelvic Regions
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Anatomical Divisions of the Back
Positional and Directional Terms
Positional and Directional Terms
Chapter 5Digestive System
21
Introduction: Ingestion and Digestion
• Ingestion—Food material taken into mouth
• Digestion—Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract.– Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of
complex nutrients. • Proteins → amino acids• Sugars → glucose• Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides
Introduction:Absorption
• Digested food passes into bloodstream through lining cells of small intestine.
• Nutrients travel to all cells of the body
• Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.
Small IntestineVilli in the lining of the small intestine
Large Intestine
Parts of the large intestine
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Chapter 7 Urinary System
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28
Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)
Organs of the Urinary System in a Male
Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)
Female Urinary System
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries
Arterioles carry blood to capillaries
Glomeruli filter blood
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
• Glomerulus and a renal tubule
combine to form a unit called a nephron.
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis
Illustration shows section of kidney
Chapter 8Female Reproductive System
34
Introduction
Gametes (ovum and sperm cell)
Gametes are produced in the gonads.
Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.
Introduction
FertilizationAn ovum leaves the ovaries and travels
through the fallopian tube.Fertilization takes place if sperm cells.
are present and unite with the ovum. Fertilized egg implants then divides to
form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).
Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view.
Organs of the Organs of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive System
Organs of the Female Reproduction System
Organs of the female reproductive system anterior view
Organs of the Female Reproductive System
● The Breast
sagittal view
Menstruation and Pregnancy
A, Implantation in the uterusA, Implantation in the uterusB, EmbryoB, Embryo’’s relationship to the placentas relationship to the placenta
COMBINING FORMS
• amni/o amnion
• cervic/o cervix, neck
• chori/o chorion
• chorion/ochorion
• colp/o vagina
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and PrefixesSuffixes, and Prefixes
COMBINING FORMS
culd/o cul-de-sacepisi/o vulvagalact/o milkgynec/o woman, femalehyster/o uterus, womb
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and PrefixesSuffixes, and Prefixes
COMBINING FORMS
• lact/o milk• mamm/o breast• mast/o breast• men/o menses, menstruation• metr/o uterus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and PrefixesSuffixes, and Prefixes
COMBINING FORMS
• my/o muscle• myom/o muscle tumor• nat/i birth• obstetr/o midwife• o/o egg
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and PrefixesSuffixes, and Prefixes
COMBINING FORMS
• oophor/oovary• ov/o egg• ovari/o ovary• ovul/o egg• perine/o perineum
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and PrefixesSuffixes, and Prefixes
COMBINING FORMS
• phor/o to bear• salping/o fallopian tubes• uter/o uterus• vagin/o vagina• vulv/o vulva
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and PrefixesSuffixes, and Prefixes
SUFFIXES
• -arche beginning• -cyesis pregnancy• -gravida pregnancy• -parous to bear, bring forth
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and PrefixesSuffixes, and Prefixes
SUFFIXES
• -rrhea discharge• -salpinx uterine tube• -tocia labor, birth• -version act of turning
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and PrefixesSuffixes, and Prefixes
PREFIXES
• dys- painful• endo- within• in- in• intra- within• multi- many
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and PrefixesSuffixes, and Prefixes
PREFIXES
• nulli- no, not, none• pre- before• primi- first• retro- backward
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and PrefixesSuffixes, and Prefixes
Chapter 9Male Reproductive System
51
Anatomy
Anatomy
Internal structure of the testis and the epididymis
Terminology
andr/o malebalan/o peniscry/o coldcrypt/o hiddenepididym/o epididymisgon/o seedhydr/o water, fluidorch/o, orchi/o, testis, testicle orchid/o
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology
pen/o penisprostat/o prostate glandsemin/i semen, seedsperm/o spermatozoa, sementerat/o monstertest/o testis, testiclevaric/o varicose veinsvas/o vessel ductzo/o animal life
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
TerminologySUFFIXES
• -genesis formation
• -one hormone
• -pexy fixation, put in place
• -stomy new opening
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Pathologic Conditions
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem
Anatomy of the Heart
Conduction System of the Heart
Combining Forms and Terminology
angi/o vesselaort/o aortaarter/o arteryarteri/o arteryather/o yellowish plaqueatri/o atrium
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms and Terminology
brachi/o armcardi/o heartcholesterol/o cholesterolcoron/o heartcyan/o bluemyx/o mucus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms and Terminology
• ox/o oxygen• pericardi/o pericardium• phleb/o vein• sphygm/o pulse• steth/o chest• thromb/o clot
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms and Terminology
• valvul/o valve• valv/o valve• vas/o vessel• vascul/o vessel• ven/o, ven/i vein• ventricul/o ventricle
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular System and BloodSystem and Blood
Cell Types and Function
Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport nutrients and oxygen
Leukocytes: white blood cells
Thrombocytes: platelets; clot blood
Combining Forms and Terminology
bas/o basechrom/o colorcoagul/o clottingcyt/o celleosin/o red, dawn, rosyerythr/o red
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology
• granul/o granules• hem/o blood• hemat/o blood• hemoglobin/o hemoglobin• is/o same, equal• kary/o nucleus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms and Terminology
leuk/o whitemon/o one, singlemorph/o shape, formmyel/o bone marrowneutr/o neutralnucle/o nucleus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology
phag/o eat, swallowpoikil/o varied, irregularsider/o ironspher/o globe, roundthromb/o clot
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Suffixes
-apheresis -blast -cyte -cytosis -emia -globin -globulin -lytic
• -oid• -osis• -penia• -phage• -philia• -phoresis• -poiesis• -stasis
Chapter 14Chapter 14Lymphatic and Immune SystemsLymphatic and Immune Systems
72
Location of Lymph Nodes
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
• Destroys old red blood cells Destroys old red blood cells
• Filters microorganisms Filters microorganisms and other foreign material and other foreign material out out of the bloodof the blood
• Activates lymphocytes Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (B during blood filtration (B cells produce antibodies)cells produce antibodies)
• Stores blood, especially Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) erythrocytes (RBCs)
and and plateletsplatelets
Thymus Gland• Provides immunity in Provides immunity in
fetal life and in early fetal life and in early years of growth. years of growth.
• Makes cells Makes cells immunocompetent in immunocompetent in early life early life
• Early removal from an Early removal from an animal impairs its ability animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and to make antibodies and produce cells to fight produce cells to fight antigens antigens
Immune System
Natural immunity: genetic predisposition
• Phagocytosis• Macrophages• Natural killer cells
COMBINING FORMS
immun/o protectionlymph/o lymphlymphaden/o lymph nodesplen/o spleenthym/o thymus glandtox/o poison
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Prefixes, Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminologyand Terminology
PREFIXES
ana- again, anew
inter- between
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Prefixes, Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminologyand Terminology
Chapter 12 Respiratory System
80
Respiratory Anatomy
Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches
Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung
Lungs: Lobes are not mirror imagesHilum: Blood vessels, nerves,
lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit
Anatomy of Respiration
Vocabulary
adenoidsalveolus (alveoli)apex of the lungbase of the lungbrochiolesbronchus (bronchi)carbon dioxide
Vocabulary
• cilia• diaphragm• epiglottis• expiration• glottis• hilum• inspiration• larynx
Vocabulary
• lobe• mediastinum• nares• oxygen• palatine tonsil• paranasal sinus• parietal pleura
Vocabulary
• pharynx• pleura• pleural cavity• pulmonary parenchyma• respiration• trachea• visceral pleura
Combining Formsand Terminology
adenoid/o adenoidsalveol/o alveolus, air sacbronch/o bronchial tubebronchi/o bronchusbronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchus
capn/o carbon dioxide
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Formsand Terminology
coni/o dustcyan/o blueepiglott/o epiglottislaryng/o larynx, voice boxlob/o lobe of the lungmediastin/o mediastinum
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Formsand Terminology
nas/o noseorth/o straight, uprightox/o oxygenpector/o chestpharyng/o pharynx, throatphon/o voice
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Formsand Terminology
phren/o diaphragmpleur/o pleurapneum/o air, lungpneumon/o lungpulmon/o lungrhin/o nose
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Formsand Terminology
sinus/o sinus cavityspir/o breathingtel/o completethorac/o chesttonsill/o tonsilstrache/o trachea, windpipe
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology
SUFFIXES
-ema condition -osmia smell-pnea breathing-ptysis spitting-sphyxia pulse-thorax pleural cavity, chest
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Chapter 15 Musculoskeletal System
93
Bone Formation
Ossification: replacement of cartilage with bone
Cells:osteoblast: produce immature bony
tissue that replaces cartilageosteocyte: nourishes and maintains
boneosteoclast: reabsorb or digest bone
(remodels bone)
Bone Structure
(A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure
(B) composition of compact (cortical) bone
Bone Structure
Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage in the joint: cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly
Compact bone: contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)
Cancellous (spongy/trabecular bone): spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation
Bone Marrow
• Yellow marrow: chiefly fat• Red marrow: rich with blood vessels
and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development; in later life replaced with yellow marrow
• Ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones
Bone Processes and Depressions
Processes: serve as attachments for muscles and tendons
Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels
Bone Processes and Depressions
Vertebral Column and Vertebrae
Terminology — BonesGENERAL TERMSCOMBINING FORMS
calc/o calciumcalci/o calciumkyph/o posterior curvature in
thoracic regionlamin/o laminalord/o curvelumb/o loins, lower back
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology — BonesGENERAL TERMSCOMBINING FORMS
myel/o bone marroworth/o straightoste/o bonescoli/o crookedspondyl/o vertebravertebr/o vertebra
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology — BonesGENERAL TERMSSUFFIXES
-blast embryonic cell-clast to break-listhesis slipping-malacia softening-physis to grow-porosis pore, passage-tome instrument to cut
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology — BonesTERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONESCOMBINING FORMS
acetabul/o acetabulum (hip socket)calcane/o calcaneus (heal)carp/o carpals (wrist bones)clavicul/o clavicle (collar bone)cost/o ribscrani/o cranium (skull)
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology — BonesTERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONESCOMBINING FORMS
femor/o femur (thigh bones)
fibul/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
humer/o humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
ischi/o ischium (part of pelvic bone)
malleol/o malleolus
Combining Form Combining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology — BonesTERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONESCOMBINING FORMS
mandibul/o mandible (lower jaw bone)maxill/o maxilla (upper jaw bone)metacarp/o metacarpals (hand bones)metatars/o metatarsals (foot bones)olecran/o olecranon (elbow)patell/o patella (kneecap)
pelv/i pelvis
Combining Form Combining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology — BonesTERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONESCOMBINING FORMS
perone/o fibulaphalang/o phalanges (finger, toe
bones)
pub/o pubisradi/o radiusscapul/o scapula (shoulder blade)
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology — BonesTERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONESCOMBINING FORMS
stern/o sternum (breastbone)
tars/o tarsalstibi/o tibia (shin bone)
uln/o ulna (lower arm bone)
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Joints
Joint (articulation): coming together of two or more bonesSuture joints: immovable (skull)Synovial joints: freely movable (ball
and socket types, e.g., hip or shoulder), (hinge type, for example, elbow, knee, ankle)
Synovial Joints
Joint capsule surrounds bone.Ligaments band bones together.Bones are covered by articular
cartilage.Synovial membrane lies under
capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid.
Bursae
Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place
Common sites: between tendons (connective tissue connecting
muscle to bone) and bonesbetween ligaments (binding bone to bone) and
bonesbetween skin and bones (with prominent bony
anatomy)
Terminology — JointsCOMBINING FORMS
ankyl/o stiff
arthr/o joint
articul/o joint
burs/o bursa
chondr/o cartilage
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology — JointsCOMBINING FORMS
• ligament/o ligament
• rheumat/o watery flow
• synov/o synovial membrane
• ten/o tendon
• tendin/o tendon
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology — JointsSUFFIXES
-desis to bind, tie together-stenosis narrowing
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Muscles
• Three types of muscles: striated, smooth, cardiac• Striated: under voluntary control—they move all
the bones as well as face and eyes• Smooth: control is involuntary—they move
internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands)
• Cardiac: not consciously controlled and found exclusively in the heart
COMBINING FORMS
fasci/o faciafibr/o fibrousleiomy/osmooth musclemy/o muscle
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology Terminology — Muscles Muscles
COMBINING FORMS
myocardi/o heart musclemyos/o muscleplant/o sole of the footrhabdomy/o skeletal muscle
connected to bones
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology Terminology — Muscles Muscles
SUFFIXES
-asthenia lack of strength-trophy development,
nourishment
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology – MusclesTerminology – Muscles
PREFIXES
• ab- away from• ad- toward• dorsi- back• poly- many, much
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
Terminology – MusclesTerminology – Muscles
Chapter 16Skin
Structure of the Skin
Epidermis: outermost, thin cellular membrane
Dermis: next layer; dense fibrous, connective tissue
Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis): thick, fat-containing tissue
Structure of the Skin
Acessory Organs of the Skin
HAIR: cells filled with the hard protein;keratin
Hair follicles: shafts that hold the hairFive million hairs on body; 100,000 on headMelanocytes at the root form the colorGrow .5 inch (1.3 cm) per monthCutting does not affect growth
Accessory Organs of Skin
NAILS: hard keratin plates covering toes and fingers
lunulacuticleparonychium
Accessory Organs of Skin
GLANDS: sebaceous and sweat Sebaceous glands secrete oily
sebum into hair follicle to lubricate. Sweat glands secrete into pores to
moisten and cool. Both are subject to bacterial growth.
Accessory Organs of Skin
Sebaceous gland, eccrine sweat gland, and apocrine sweat gland.
Combining Forms
COMBINING FORMS
adip/o fatalbin/o whitecaus/o burn, burningcauter/o heat, burncutane/o skinderm/o/ skin
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms
COMBINING FORMS
• dermat/o skin• diaphor/o profuse sweating• erythem/o redness• erythemat/o redness• hidr/o sweat• ichthy/o scaly, dry
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms
COMBINING FORMS
kerat/o hard, horny tissueleuk/o whitelip/o fatmelan/o blackmyc/o fungusonych/o nail
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms
COMBINING FORMS
• phyt/o plant• pil/o hair, hair follicle• py/o pus• rhythid/o wrinkle• seb/o sebum• squam/o scalelike
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms
COMBINING FORMS
steat/o fattrich/o hairungu/o nailxanth/o yellowxer/o dry
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Colors
Chapter 18Endocrine System
133
Introduction Endocrine System
Glands release hormones.Hormones regulate the many and
varied functions of an organism.Hormones bind to receptors.Receptors are recognition sites in
the various target tissues on which hormones act.
Introduction Endocrine System
ENDOCRINE glands—Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream
EXOCRINE glands—Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body
Endocrine Glands thyroid glandparathyroid glands (four glands)adrenal glands (one pair)pancreas (islets of Langerhans)pituitary glandovaries (one pair) testes (one pair)pineal gland thymus gland
The Endocrine System
GLANDS
• aden/o gland• adren/o adrenal glands• adrenal/o adrenal glands• gonad/o sex glands (ovaries,
testes)
• pancreat/o pancreas• parathyroid/o parathyroid
gland
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
GLANDS
• pituitar/o pituitary gland; hypophysis
• thyr/o thyroid gland• thyroid/o thyroid gland
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
RELATED FORMS
• andr/o male• calc/o, calici/o calcium• cortic/o cortex, outer
region• crin/o secrete• dips/o thirst• estr/o female• gluc/o, glyc/o sugar
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
GLANDS
• home/o sameness• hormon/o hormone• kal/I potassium (an electrolyte)• lact/o milk• myx/o mucus• natr/o sodium (an electrolyte)
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
GLANDS
• phys/o growing• somat/o body• ster/o solid structure• toc/o childbirth• toxic/o position• ur/o urine
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
SUFFIXES
• -agon assemble, gather together
• -emia blood condition• -in, -ine a substance• -tropin stimulating the function
of• -uria urine condition
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
PREFIXES
• eu- good, normal• hyper- excessive, above• hypo- deficient, below• oxy- rapid, sharp, acid• pan- all• tetra- four• tri three
PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
Chapter 19Cancer Medicine (Oncology)
Introduction
Cancer: characterized by unrestrained and excessive growth of cells
Malignant tumors: compress, invade and destroy surrounding tissues
Neoplasms (Tumors):Neoplasms (Tumors): growths that growths that arise from normal tissuearise from normal tissue
Characteristics of Tumors
MalignantMultiply rapidly Invasive and
infiltrativeUndifferentiatedMetastasize
Benign • Grow slowly• Encapsulated• Differentiated • Don’t spread
What Causes Cancer?
Carcinogenesis: transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one
Damage to genetic material
• Genes • Nucleotides• Mutation• Apoptosis
DNA functionDNA function MitosisMitosis Protein synthesisProtein synthesis
Combining FormsCombining Forms
alveol/ocac/ocarcin/ocauter/ochem/ocry/ocyst/ofibr/o
follicul/ofung/imedull/omucos/omut/amutagen/oonc/opapill/o
pharmac/oplas/ople/opolyp/oprot/oradi/osarc/oscirrh/oxer/o
Suffixes Prefixes-blastoma-genesis
-oma-plasia-plasm
-suppression-therapy
ana-apo-
brachy-epi-
meta-tele-