medications administration (with pictures)
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MEDICAL ADMINISTRATION
The giving of, dispensing of, or application of medicines, drugs, or remedies to
believe or cure an illness
ADMINISTRATION BUCCAL
The delivery of a medication by application to the buccal mucosa
ADMINISTARTION INHALATION
The delivery of a medication by breathing it
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ADMINISTRATION INTRANASAL
Drug administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route for a local or systematic
effect
ADMINISTRATION ORAL
The delivery of a medication by oral cavity
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ADMINISTRATION RECTAL
The delivery of a medication through the rectum
ADMINISTRATION SUBLINGUAL
The delivery of a medication by placing it under the ventral surface of the tongue
for dissolution and absorption through the mucous membrane
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ADMINISTRATION TOPICAL
The delivery of a medication by application to the skin or mucous membrane
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ADMINISTRATION CONSIDERATIONS
Many practical aspects of drug administration influence the effectiveness of
prescribed therapy, such as:
Drug Form
Some tablets and capsules are too large to be swallowed easily by patients who
are seriously ill. For these patients, request an oral solution or elixir of the drug.
Remember, however, that a liquid form is more easily and completely absorbed
than a tablet, so it produces higher blood levels than a tablet.
Administration Route
Routes of administration aren’t therapeutically interchangeable. For example,
phenytoin is readily absorbed orally but slowly and erratically absorbed when
given I.M. In contrast, vancomycin must be given parenterally because oral
administration yields inadequate blood vessels for treating systematic infections.
However, it can be given orally to treat antibiotic-associated pseudo-
membranous colitis because it concentrates in stool.
Timing
Sometimes giving an oral drug during or shortly after a meal decreases the
amount of drug absorbed. This decrease isn’t clinically significant with most
drugs may in fact be helpful with irritating drugs, such as aspirin or ibuprofen.
However, many penicillins and tetracyclines shouldn’t be scheduled for
administration at mealtimes because certain foods can inactivate them. If you’re
in doubt about the effect of food on a certain drug, consult a pharmacist.
Storage
Storing a drug improperly can alter its potency. Most drugs should be stored in
tightly capped containers and protected from direct sunlight and extremes of
temperature and humidity, which can cause them to deteriorate. Some may
require special storage conditions such as refrigeration.
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MEDICATIONS ADMINISTRATION
Routes of administration
Topical Route
Otic administration
Opthalmic administration
Gastric route
Rectal and vaginal route
Intradermal route
Subcutaneous route
Intramascular Route
Intravenous route
DOSAGE CONSIDERATIONS
Half life:
Drug form:
Administration route:
Timing:
Storage:
Drug Action:
Drug Receptor Interaction:
Outcome of drug action:
Major Administration Routes and Drug Forms
The table below shows the major administration and the drug form available for each.
Route Form Route Form
Oral (solid) Capsule Vaginal FoamPowder GelTablet Solutions
SuppositoryOral (liquid) Elixir Tablet
EmulsionSolution Topical AerosolSuspension (ear, eye, nose, skin) CreamSyrup Lotion
OintmentParenteral Solution Paste
PatchRectal Solution Powder
Suppository
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FORMS OF MEDICATION PREPARATIONS
ORAL
Tablets : compressed or moldedsubstances
Troches, lozenges and pastilles : designed to dissolve in the mouth
Caplets : gelatin-coated tablets thatdissolve in the stomach
Time-release capsules : encasedsubstances that are further enclosed insmaller casings that deliver a drug doseover an extended period of time
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Capsules : substances encased in eitherhard or a soft soluble container or gelatinshell that dissolves in the stomach
Enteric-coated : coated tablets thatdissolve in the intestines, rather than thestomach, to decrease gastric irritability;never crushed
Powder and granules : finely groundsubstances, usually mixed with water or
juice
Sustained-release : compoundedsubstances designed to release a drugslowly to maintain a steady bloodmedication level
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TOPICAL
Powder : lightly dusted on skin Ointments : semisolid substances for
topical use
Transdermal patches : contain medication
that is absorbed through the skin cover anextended period of time
Liniments : substances mixed with an
alcohol, oil or soapy emollient
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Pastes : semisolid substances, thickerthan an ointment, absorbed slowly throughthe skin
Suppositories : gelatinous substancesdesigned to dissolve when inserted in therectum or vagina
INHALANTS
Inhalations : drug administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route for a local orsystematic effect
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SOLUTIONS
Solutions : contain one or more soluble
chemical substances dissolved in water
Gargles : aqueous solutions
Enemas : aqueous solutions for rectalinstillation
Syrups : substances dissolved in a sugarliquid
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Emulsion : a 2-phase system in which oneliquid is dispersed in the form of smalldroplets throughout another liquid
Douches : aqueous solutions that functionas a cleansing or antiseptic agent that maybe dispensed in the form of powder fordissolving in warm water
Mouthwashes : aqueous solutions thatmay contain alcohol, glycerin, andsynthetic sweeteners and surface-activeflavoring and coloring agents
Elixirs : nonaqueous solutions that containwater, varying alcohol content and glycerinor other sweeteners
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Nasal solutions : aqueous solutions in theform of drops or sprays
Optic or otic solutions : aqueoussolutions that are instilled as drops
Suspensions : particle or powder substances that must be dissolved in a liquid beforeadministration