Med

icin

e So

urce

Tes

t 2W

ere

Hip

pocr

ates

’ ide

as a

bout

med

icin

e im

port

ant?

Back

grou

nd:

The

anci

ent G

reek

s ha

d m

any

idea

s ab

out t

he c

ause

s an

d tr

eatm

ents

of i

llnes

ses.

The

G

reek

doc

tor,

Hip

pocr

ates

, who

live

d so

meti

me

betw

een

460B

C an

d 37

7BC,

dev

elop

ed

theo

ries

abou

t why

peo

ple

felt

ill a

nd th

e so

rts

of tr

eatm

ent t

hat w

ould

wor

k be

st fo

r th

em. H

ippo

crat

es a

nd h

is fo

llow

ers

trai

ned

man

y do

ctor

s w

ho fo

llow

ed H

ippo

crati

c m

etho

ds. B

ut a

t the

sam

e tim

e, th

e G

reek

s w

ere

taki

ng th

eir s

ick

frie

nds

and

rela

tives

to

Ascl

epio

ns, w

here

they

bel

ieve

d As

clep

ius,

the

god

of h

ealin

g, w

ould

cur

e th

em. D

oes

this

mea

n th

at H

ippo

crat

es’ i

deas

wer

e no

t im

port

ant?

S

Sour

ce A

A m

an c

ame

here

with

an

absc

ess

in h

is st

omac

h. W

hen

asle

ep in

the

Tem

ple

of

Ascl

epiu

s, h

e ha

d a

drea

m. I

t see

med

to h

im th

at th

e go

d or

dere

d hi

s se

rvan

ts to

ho

ld h

im ti

ghtly

so

that

he

coul

d cu

t ope

n hi

s st

omac

h. T

he m

an tr

ied

to g

et a

way

, bu

t the

y gr

ippe

d hi

m a

nd b

ound

him

. Asc

lepi

us c

ut h

is b

elly

ope

n, re

mov

ed th

e ab

sces

s an

d , a

fter h

avin

g sti

tche

d h

im u

p ag

ain,

rele

ased

him

fro

his

bond

s. H

e th

en

wal

ked

out,

but t

he fl

oor w

as c

over

ed in

blo

od.

Ambr

osia

of A

then

s be

cam

e bl

ind

in o

ne e

ye. S

he h

ad a

lway

s la

ughe

d at

Asc

lepi

us’s

cure

s, b

ut o

ne n

ight

she

dre

amed

he

was

stan

ding

bes

ide

her.

He

prom

ised

to m

ake

her e

ye b

etter

if s

he g

ave

a si

lver

pig

to th

e As

clep

ion

as a

mem

oria

l to

her

igno

ranc

e. S

he a

gree

d an

d he

cut

into

her

dis

ease

d ey

ebal

l and

pou

red

in s

ome

med

icin

e. W

hen

she

wok

e in

the

mor

ning

, she

was

cur

ed.

Som

e of

the

insc

riptio

ns fo

und

carv

ed in

to th

e w

all o

f the

Asc

lepi

on a

t Epi

daur

us.

They

reco

rd c

ures

sai

d to

hav

e ha

ppen

ed in

the

Ascl

epio

n.

Sour

ce B

. A G

reek

ca

rvin

g sh

owin

g th

e G

reek

god

Asc

lepi

us

curin

g a

boy

Sour

ce C

Firs

t we

had

to b

athe

Plu

tus

in th

e se

a. T

hen

we

wen

t int

o th

e te

mpl

e w

here

we

plac

ed o

ur o

fferin

gs to

the

gods

on

the

alta

r. Th

ere

wer

e m

any

sick

peo

ple

pres

ent

with

man

y in

ds o

f illn

esse

s. S

oon

the

tem

ple

prie

st p

ut o

ut th

e lig

ht a

nd to

ld u

s al

l to

go to

sle

ep a

nd n

ot to

spe

ak, n

o m

atter

wha

t we

nois

es w

e he

ard.

The

gos

sat

dow

n by

Plu

tus.

Firs

t he

wip

ed th

e pa

tient

’s he

ad, t

hen

with

a p

iece

of c

loth

of c

lean

line

n he

wip

ed p

lutu

s’ e

yelid

s a

num

ber o

f tim

es. N

ext,

Pana

cea,

the

gods

dau

ghte

r, co

vere

d hi

s fa

ce a

nd h

ead

with

a s

carle

t clo

th. T

he g

od w

hist

led

and

two

huge

sna

kes

appe

ared

and

cre

pt u

nder

the

clot

h an

d lic

ked

Plut

us’ e

yelid

s. T

hen

Plut

us s

at u

p. H

e co

uld

see

agai

n, b

ut th

e go

d, h

is d

augh

ters

and

the

serp

ents

had

dis

appe

ared

.

From

‘Plu

tus,’

a p

lay

by A

risto

phan

es w

ritten

aro

und

400B

C. P

lutu

s ha

d go

ne to

the

Ascl

epio

n to

be

cure

d of

blin

dnes

s.

Sour

ce D

Who

ever

inte

nds

to u

nder

stan

d m

edic

ine

mus

t lea

rn a

ll th

at is

to b

e w

ritten

her

e.Fi

rst,

he m

ust c

onsi

der t

he e

ffect

s on

the

body

of e

ach

of th

e se

ason

s of

the

year

an

d th

e d

iffer

ence

s be

twee

n th

em. H

e m

ust t

ake

note

of t

he w

inds

, col

d or

war

m. I

n th

e sa

me

way

, he

mus

t obs

erve

how

men

live

wha

t the

y lik

e, w

hat t

hey

eat a

nd w

hat

they

drin

k w

heth

er o

r not

they

take

phy

sica

l exe

rcis

e or

are

idle

and

fat.

All t

his

a do

ctor

mus

t kno

w, i

n or

der t

o un

ders

tand

illn

esse

s an

d be

in a

pos

ition

whe

re h

e ca

n pr

escr

ibe

suita

ble

trea

tmen

ts fo

r the

m.

From

‘On

Airs

, Wat

er a

nd P

lace

s’ w

ritten

by

Hip

pocr

ates

.

Sour

ce E

In w

inte

r, pe

ople

sho

uld

eat a

s m

uch

as p

ossi

ble

and

drin

k as

litt

le a

s Po

ssib

le-w

ine,

bre

ad, r

oast

mea

t and

few

veg

etab

les.

Thi

s w

ill k

eep

The

body

hot

and

dry

. In

sum

mer

they

sho

uld

drin

k m

ore

and

eat

less

-wat

ered

win

e, b

arle

y ca

kes

and

boile

d m

eat-

so th

at th

e bo

dy w

ill st

ay c

old

and

moi

st. W

alki

ng s

houl

d be

fast

in w

inte

r and

slo

w in

sum

mer

.

From

‘A p

rogr

amm

e fo

r Hea

lth’,

one

of th

e bo

oks

in th

e H

ippo

crati

c Co

llecti

on.

Sour

ce F.

Aft

er a

wak

enin

g, h

e sh

ould

not

aris

e at

onc

e bu

t wai

t unti

l he

heav

ines

s of

sle

ep

had

gone

. Afte

r aris

ing

he s

houl

d ru

b hi

s w

hole

bod

y w

ith o

il. T

hen

he s

houl

d w

ash

his

face

and

eye

s w

ith p

ure

wat

er. H

e sh

ould

rub

his

teet

h in

side

and

out

side

with

th

e fin

gers

usi

ng fi

ne p

eppe

rmin

t pow

der t

o ge

t rid

of r

emna

nts

of fo

od. H

e sh

ould

cl

ean

nose

and

ear

s in

side

, pre

fera

bly

with

wel

l per

fum

ed o

il. H

e sh

ould

rub

and

anoi

nt h

is h

ead

ever

y da

y. L

ong

wal

ks s

houl

d be

fore

mea

ls c

lear

out

the

body

, pr

epar

e it

for r

ecei

ving

food

and

giv

e it

mor

e po

wer

for d

iges

ting.

From

a b

ook

ny a

Gre

ek d

octo

r, D

iocl

es, a

follo

wer

of H

ippo

crat

es. H

e liv

ed in

At

hens

at a

roun

d 39

0 BC

Sour

ce G

I sw

ear b

y Ap

ollo

, the

phy

sici

an a

nd A

scle

pius

and

Hyg

eia

and

Pana

cea

and

the

gods

and

god

dess

es, t

hat I

will

fulfi

l thi

s oa

th.

•I w

ill u

se m

y po

wer

to h

elp

the

sick

to te

bes

t of m

y ab

ility

, I w

ill n

ot h

arm

any

m

an.

•I w

ill n

ot g

ive

a de

adly

dru

g to

any

one.

Nei

ther

will

I he

lp a

wom

an to

hav

e an

ab

ortio

n.•

I will

not

use

the

knife

, but

will

leav

e th

is to

thos

e m

en w

ho d

o th

is w

ork.

•W

hene

ver I

go

into

a h

ouse

, I w

ill g

o to

hel

p th

e si

ck a

nd n

ever

with

the

inte

ntion

of d

oing

har

m.

•W

hate

ver I

may

s o

r hea

r, in

the

cour

se o

f tre

ating

pati

ents

, I w

ill k

eep

secr

et.

Part

of t

he H

ippo

crati

c oa

th, s

wor

n by

all

doct

ors

trai

ned

in H

ippo

crat

es

met

hods

.

Med

icin

e So

urce

Tes

t 2W

ere

Hip

pocr

ates

’ ide

as a

bout

med

icin

e im

port

ant?

Que

stion

s:

1.St

udy

Sour

ce A

Wha

t can

we

lear

n ab

out m

edic

ine

in a

ncie

nt G

reec

e fr

om th

is s

ourc

e?U

se th

e so

urce

and

you

r kno

wle

dge

to e

xpla

in y

our a

nsw

er.

(5)

2.St

udy

sour

ce s

A a

nd B

.So

urce

A a

nd B

agr

ee a

bout

Asc

lepi

us. D

oes

this

mea

n th

ey c

an b

e tr

uste

d?U

se th

e so

urce

s an

d yo

ur k

now

ledg

e to

exp

lain

you

r ans

wer

.(6

)

3. S

tudy

sou

rce

CPl

ays

are

writt

en to

ent

erta

in p

eopl

e. D

os th

is m

ean

that

the

sour

ce is

of n

o us

e to

hi

stor

ians

? (7

)U

se th

e so

urce

and

you

r ow

n kn

owle

dge

to e

xpla

in y

our a

nsw

er.

4. S

tudy

sou

rce

DW

hy d

o yo

u th

ink

Hip

pocr

ates

wro

te th

is?

Use

the

sour

ce a

nd y

our k

now

ledg

e to

exp

lain

you

r ans

wer

.(7

)

5.St

udy

sour

ce E

and

FW

ould

all

Gre

eks

be a

ble

to b

enefi

t fro

m H

ippo

crati

c m

edic

ine?

Use

the

sour

ce a

nd y

our k

now

ledg

e to

exp

lain

you

r ans

wer

. (7

)

6.St

udy

sour

ce G

.Ar

e yo

u su

rpris

ed th

at th

e H

ippo

crati

c oa

th re

fers

to th

e go

ds?

Use

the

sour

ce a

nd y

our k

now

ledg

e to

exp

lain

you

r ans

wer

(8

)

7.St

udy

all t

he s

ourc

es.

‘Hip

pocr

ates

’ ide

as a

bout

med

icin

e w

ere

not a

ll im

port

ant b

ecau

se th

e G

reek

s ca

rrie

d on

bel

ievi

ng th

at th

e go

ds c

ause

d an

d cu

red

illne

sses

’H

ow fa

r do

the

sour

ces

supp

ort t

his

stat

emen

t?U

se th

e so

urce

s an

d yo

ur k

now

ledg

e to

exp

lain

you

r ans

wer

s.(1

0)