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Page 1: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Medieval Europe

Page 2: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Meso.

Egypt

Greece

India

China

Islam

Western Europe

Indus Valley

Vedic Jaina Gutpas Kerala

Sumeria AkkadiaBablyon

AssyriaPersia

Old Kingdom

Middle Kingdom

New Kingdom

Minoan Mycenaean ClassicalHellenistic

3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 0 1000 CE 2000 CE

ArchaicByzantine

Roman

Shang ZhouQinHan9 Chapt.

WarringStates

3K,JinN/S DynSui, Tang

Yuan MingQing

Song

House ofWisdom

Omar

Al Tusi

Ptolemies

Hello! Rest of Course

Ancient Middle Modern

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500 1000 14001100 1200 1300600 700 800 900

Boethius

Cassiodo

ris

Isadoreof Seville

Gerbert

Gerard of Cremona

Fibonacci

Jordanusde Nemore

OxfordCambridgeBolognaParis

BradwardineOresme

Levi ben GersonAdelard

of Bath

Thomas Aquinas

Charlemagne The Crusades    Black Death

House ofWisdom, Al‐Khwarizmi Khayyam Al Tusi Al Kashi

Brahmagupta BhaskaraAryabhata

Li ZhiZhu ShijieQin JiushaoYang Hui

Page 4: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Medieval Times

• Early Middle Ages – Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe was a large geographical region divided into smaller and culturally diverse political units that were never totally dominated by any one authority.

– Feudalism– No traveling – No new math to get excited about– Gregorian Chants!

Page 5: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Boethius (480 – 524)

• Boethius became an orphan when he was seven years old.

• He was extremely well educated. 

• Boethius was a philosopher, poet, mathematician, statesman, and (perhaps) martyr.

Page 6: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Boethius (480 – 524)

• He is best known as a translator of and commentator on Greek writings on logic and mathematics (Plato, Aristotle, Nichomachus).

• His mathematics texts were the best available and were used for many centuries at a time when mathematical achievement in Europe was at a low point. 

• Boethius’ Arithmetic taught medieval scholars about Pythagorean number theory.

Page 7: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Boethius (480 – 524)

• His writings and translations were the main works on logic in Europe becoming known collectively as Logica vetus.

• One of the first musical works to be printed was Boethius's De institutione musica, written in the early sixth century.

• It was for medieval authors, from around the ninth century on, the authoritative document on Greek music‐theoretical thought and systems. For example, Franchino Gaffurio in Theorica musica (1492) acknowledged Boethius as the authoritative source on music theory.

Page 8: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Medieval Times

• (Middle) Middle Ages (750 ‐ 1000 CE)• The Church became the standard bearer of civilization and education

• The Papacy became the most important secular power.

• Monasteries became places where ancient learning was preserved. 

• Carolingian Empire (Charlemagne)

Page 9: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Names from Carolingian Empire

• Pippin III• Carloman• Charles the Great – Charlemagne

– Alcuin

• Louis the Pious• Charles the Bald• Charles the Fat

Page 10: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Medieval Times

• High Middle Ages (1000‐ 1300 CE)• The Church was the unifying institution• The Crusades• Church developed universities

– Universities of Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge were founded

• Scholasticism (Thomas Aquinas)

Page 11: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Medieval Times

• Crusades – Brought Europe into contact with the Arabic world and the Greek writings which had been preserved, as well as the work of the Arabic mathematicians and astronomers.

• Scholasticism – incorporated the Greek philosophies into the Church.   Thomas Aquinas particularly liked Aristotle. 

Page 12: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1272)• St. Thomas Aquinas was 

an Italian philosopher and theologian, Doctor of the Church, known as the Angelic Doctor.

• He is the greatest figure of scholasticism ‐philosophical study as practiced by Christian thinkers in medieval universities.

Page 13: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1272)

• He is one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church, and founder of the system declared by Pope Leo XIII to be the official Catholic philosophy.

• St. Thomas Aquinas held that reason and faith constitute two harmonious realms in which the truths of faith complement those of reason; both are gifts of God, but reason has an autonomy of its own.

Page 14: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Leonardo of Pisa (1170‐1250)• Also known as Fibbonaci

(from filius Bonaccia, “son of Bonnaccio”) 

• The greatest mathematician of the middle ages.  

• He traveled widely in the Mediterranean with his father while young. 

• Studied under a Muslim teacher.

Page 15: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Fibonacci

• Published Liber abaci (Book of the abacus) in 1202.  But it isn’t about abaci.  

• Summarizes Arabic arithmetic knowledge, and explains the merits of the “Hindu‐Arabic” number system, the “nine Indian figures” together with a 0, or zephirum*, in Arabic.  

* Root of both zero and cipher.

Page 16: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber abaci

• After summarizing arithmetic knowledge, lays out a series of problems, including commercial transactions, exchanges of currency, etc.

• Uses fractions, but curiously does not use decimal fractions.  Instead, he uses common fractions, sexagesimal fractions, and unit fractions, particularly sums of unit fractions in the Egyptian style.  

Page 17: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber abaci

• Has tables to convert common fractions to unit fractions, e.g. ,  (the +’s are implied by juxtaposition here).  

• He also used another strange notation for fractions:  

∙ ∙ ∙.

• This led to the following kinds of headache‐inducing reading:

Page 18: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber abaci

• If  of a rotulus is worth  of a bizantium, 

then 

of a bizantium is worth 

of a rotulus.  

• I hope that clears up the rotulus – bizantiumquestion.  

Page 19: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber abaci

• There were some interesting problems included as well:– Seven old women went to Rome; each woman had seven mules; each mule carried seven sacks; each sack contained seven loaves; and with each loaf there were seven knives; each knife was put up in seven sheathes. . . .  

– Ahmes would have been proud.  

Page 20: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber abaci

• The most famous problem in the book:– A certain man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a wall. How many pairs of rabbits can be produced from that pair in a year if it is supposed that every month each pair begets a new pair which from the second month on becomes productive?

• The solution gives rise to the celebrated Fibonacci sequence.

Page 21: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber abaci• Other types of problems in the third section of Liber abaci include:– A spider climbs so many feet up a wall each day and slips back a fixed number each night; how many days does it take him to climb the wall?

– A hound whose speed increases arithmetically chases a hare whose speed also increases arithmetically. How far do they travel before the hound catches the hare?

– Calculate the amount of money two people have after a certain amount changes hands and the proportional increase and decrease are given. 

Page 22: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber abaci

• There are also problems involving perfect numbers, the Chinese remainder theorem and problems involving the summing of arithmetic and geometric series. 

• In the fourth section, he deals with irrational numbers both with rational approximations and with geometric constructions. 

Page 23: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Fibonacci

• Also wrote other books, including • Practica geometriae, • Flos, and • Liber quadratorum.

Page 24: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Practica geometriae• Contains a large collection of geometry problems arranged into eight chapters with theorems based on Euclid's Elements and On Divisions.

• Includes practical information for surveyors, including a chapter on how to calculate the height of tall objects using similar triangles. 

• Included is the calculation of the sides of the pentagon and the decagon from the diameter of circumscribed and inscribed circles, as well as the inverse calculation. 

Page 25: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Flos

• Johannes of Palermo, a member of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II's court, presented a number of problems as challenges to Fibonacci. 

• Fibonacci solved three of them and put his solutions in Flos.

Page 26: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Flos

• One of these problems Johannes of Palermo took from Omar Khayyam's algebra book where it is solved by means of the intersection a circle and a hyperbola. 

• It is to give an accurate approximation to a root of 10x + 2x2 + x3 = 20.

• Fibonacci proves that the root of the equation is neither an integer nor a fraction, nor the square root of a fraction. 

Page 27: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Flos

• Without explaining his methods, Fibonacci then gives the approximate solution in sexagesimal notation as 1;22,7,42,33,4,40.

• This converts to the decimal 1.3688081075 which is correct to nine decimal places, a remarkable achievement. 

Page 28: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber Quadratorum

• Liber quadratorum, written in 1225, is Fibonacci's most impressive piece of work, although not the work for which he is most famous. 

• The book's name means the book of squares and it is a number theory book which, among other things, examines methods to find Pythogorean triples.

Page 29: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber Quadratorum

• In Liber Quadratorum Fibonacci also gave examples of cubic equations whose solutions could not be rational numbers.  

Page 30: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber Quadratorum

• Example:  Find rational numbers x, u, vsatisfying:  .

• Fibonacci’s solution involved finding three squares that form an arithmetic sequence, say  

so d is the 

common difference. Then let  .

• One example would be Then  .

Page 31: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber Quadratorum

• Finally, Fibonacci proved that all Pythagorean triples a, b, c with  can be obtained by letting 

, for s and tpositive integers.

• It was known in Euclid’s time that this method would always general Pythagorean triples; Fibonacci showed that it in fact produced allPythagorean triples.  

Page 32: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Liber Quadratorum

• You can now create Pythagorean Triples to amaze your friends and confuse your enemies:

Page 33: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

s t a b c1 2 4 3 51 4 8 15 171 5 10 24 261 6 12 35 372 3 12 5 132 4 16 12 202 5 20 21 292 6 24 32 403 4 24 7 253 5 30 16 343 6 36 27 453 7 42 40 584 5 40 9 414 6 48 20 52

18 174 6264 29952 30600

Page 34: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Fibonacci Sequence

• Although Fibonacci is justifiably famous for this sequence, his Liber abaci was not its first appearance.  The earliest known appearance of this sequence was in the work of the Sanskrit grammarian Pingala, sometime between 450 and 200 BCE.

• He was studying the number of meters of a given overall length could be made with the Long (L) and short (S) vowels used in syllables (with the long vowel twice as long as the short).

Page 35: Medieval Europe - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300W2012/PDFs/PPTs/Medieval Eu… · Medieval Times • Early Middle Ages –Dark ages (c.450–750): – Medieval Europe

Pingala

• To get a meter of length n, you could add a short syllable S to a meter of length n‐1, or a long syllable L to a meter of length n‐2.  Adding these two gave you the total meters of length n¸ and since it started out with:

SSS, L

SSS, LS, SL,it is easy to see that the recurrence relations produced what we know as the Fibonacci sequence.