medieval europe. who? who? europeans! the ones the romans called ‘barbarians’ romans...

Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe

Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe•Who?Who?•Europeans! The ones the Romans called ‘barbarians’ Europeans! The ones the Romans called ‘barbarians’ Romans Romans (“(“ItalianItalian”), ”), FranksFranks (“ (“FrenchFrench”), ”), GermanicsGermanics (“ (“GermanGerman”), ”), Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons (“(“EnglishEnglish”)”), , CeltsCelts (“ (“IrishIrish” or “” or “ScottishScottish”), ”), GothsGoths & & VikingsVikings (“(“ScandinavianScandinavian”) , ”) , SlavsSlavs (“ (“SlovakSlovak”) ”)

•What?What?•A 1000 year period a.k.a. the ‘Dark’ or ‘Middle’ A 1000 year period a.k.a. the ‘Dark’ or ‘Middle’ AgesAges•When?When?•476 - 1450 476 - 1450 (between the Roman Empire and the Renaissance)(between the Roman Empire and the Renaissance)

•Where?Where?•Continent of EuropeContinent of Europe•Why Why is it called ‘Dark’ or ‘Middle Ages’is it called ‘Dark’ or ‘Middle Ages’? ? •‘‘Dark’ because there was little Dark’ because there was little artart or or literatureliterature, only , only burning & burning & warwar‘‘Middle’ because it was between the Middle’ because it was between the Roman Empire Roman Empire & the & the RenaissanceRenaissance

Medieval Europe Word Sort

WorWordd

DefinitionDefinitionExampleExample

KingKing

1)1)

2)2)

3)3)

4)4)

5)5)

6)6)

7)7)

The highest The highest level of level of European European FeudalismFeudalism

Charlemag

Charlemag

nene

PlagPlagueueA widespread A widespread

sicknesssickness

The Black The Black

DeathDeath

HierarcHierarchyhy

KnighKnightt

An order of

An order of

powerpower

FeudalisFeudalismm

UniversUniversityity

Medieval European Medieval European

military forcemilitary force

LancelLancel

otot

PopPopee

A learning institution A learning institution developed in the developed in the middle agesmiddle ages

OxfordOxford

Leader of the Catholic Leader of the Catholic ChurchChurch

Pope Gregory Pope Gregory VIIIVIII

LawLawss

Rules to govern Rules to govern

citizenscitizens

Magna

Magna

CartaCarta

Medieval Europe Word Sort

WorWordd

DefinitionDefinitionExampleExampleKingKing1)1)

2)2)

3)3)

4)4)

5)5)

6)6)

7)7)

The highest The highest level of level of European European FeudalismFeudalism

CharlemagCharlemagnene

PlagPlagueue

A widespread A widespread sicknesssickness

The Black The Black DeathDeath

HierarcHierarchyhyKnightKnight

An order of An order of powerpower

FeudalisFeudalismm

UniversUniversityity

Medieval European Medieval European military forcemilitary force

LancelLancelotot

PopPopee

A learning institution A learning institution developed in the developed in the middle agesmiddle ages

OxfordOxford

Leader of the Catholic Leader of the Catholic ChurchChurch

Pope Gregory Pope Gregory VIIIVIII

LawLawss

Rules to govern Rules to govern citizenscitizens

Magna Magna CartaCarta

Europe Map

1) Label every country in Europe…

2) Label and put a * next to these Cities: London Paris Madrid Berlin Moscow Rome Athens Istanbul Barcelona

IcelandIceland

IrelandIrelandEnglandEngland

ScotlandScotlandDenmarkDenmark

Finl

and

Finl

and

RussiaRussia

FranceFrance

SpainSpain

Portugal

Portugal

ItalyItaly

GermanyGermany

Norway

Norway

Sw

eden

Sw

eden

PolandPolandUkraineUkraine

BelarusBelarus

LithuaniaLithuaniaLatviaLatvia

EstoniaEstonia

TurkeyTurkey

RomaniaRomaniaN

etherlands

Netherlands

Belgium

Belgium

SwitzSwitz.. AustriaAustria

Czech Rep.Czech Rep.SlovakiaSlovakia

HungaryHungary

GreeceGreece

BulgariaBulgaria

Serbia

Serbia

AlbaniaAlbania11

22

3344

5566* * Paris Paris

London *

London *

* * BarcelonaBarcelona* * Madrid

Madrid Rome

Rome **

* * AthensAthens

* * IstanbulIstanbul

Moscow *Moscow *

* Berlin

* Berlin

Atlantic Atlantic OceanOcean

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea

Black SeaBlack Sea

North SeaNorth Sea Arctic OceanArctic Ocean

d

.

.

.

.

. 1 = Macedonia1 = Macedonia2 = Montenegro2 = Montenegro3 = Bosnia 3 = Bosnia

4 = Croatia4 = Croatia5 = Slovenia5 = Slovenia6 = Moldova6 = Moldova

Europe MapEurope Map

Europe After the Fall of Rome

• Germanic invaders toppled Rome’s authority in the late 5th Century A.D. but no clear successor to centralized authority emerged– The Franks temporarily revived empire; the

high point of which was the reign of Charlemagne from 768-814

Disorder in the Middle Ages

• People fled to the country side to escape invaders. • Roads were no longer safe to travel. • No government to help them• People stopped using money almost completely• Western civilizations were too “primitive” to adopt to the

Roman way of life. They were inexperienced in education and did not master the Roman system of law and government. Ideas and progress slowed down

• Catholic Church and the Latin language were the only two things continued through the middle ages

• The “Black Death” swept through Europe (see video clip)

Who was Charlemagne?(Charles the Great)

• King of the Franks (768-814) and Emperor of the Romans (800-14). Strongest Germanic Tribe

• He led his Frankish armies to victory over numerous other peoples and established his rule in most of western and central Europe.

• On Christmas Day, in 800 after helping the Pope face unruly Roman Nobles, Charlemagne knelt to pray in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope Leo III then placed a crown upon his head, and the people assembled in the church acclaimed him the great, pacific emperor of the Romans. He was a bit concerned because he did not want the people to think that the POPE could CHOOSE an EMPEROR

• He was the best-known and most influential king in Europe in the Middle Ages.

Expansion

• The Franks were legendary fighters.

• Using the strength and loyalty of his army, combined with his own leadership abilities, Charlemagne soon defeated most of the other barbarian tribes in Western Europe.

• He expanded the Frankish Empire to include Germany, all of France, most of Italy, and even sections of northern Spain.

Regional States• After Charlemagne, his

successor Carolingians had no effective means of defending against Magyars, Muslims, Vikings, and other invaders

• In response, European nobles sought to protect their lands and maintain order in their own territories

• Political authority in early medieval Europe thus devolved into “Feudalism”

Viking long ship

Waves of Invaders• When Charlemagne died his Empire was divided

into 3 Kingdoms. • Muslims from N. Africa raided France and Italy• Magyars from Hungry invaded Eastern parts of

France and Italy• Vikings from Scandinavia Launched attacks

around Europe's coast

• All three groups brought huge destructions and suffering to the people of Europe

Vikings• Known as the Norsemen (northmen)

• From Scandinavia- now Norway, Sweden, and Denmark

• Little farmland relied on sea for trade and food

• Skilled sailors

• Carried Raids and explored and settled in Greenland and Iceland and even landed in N. America

Missionaries helped spread Christianity.

Monks and Nuns played a huge role in the communities.

Monks lived in monasteries and nuns lived in convents.

Monks were headed by abbots and nuns by abbesses

These monasteries provided schools and hospitals and became very wealthy and abbots played a huge role in politics. This caused some tension between kings and Popes (head of the Catholic church). Each wanting the more POWER!

Spread of Christianity

Henry IVA powerful German King from the 1000s (became king at the

age of 6 in 1056)

Gregory VIIA powerful pope from the 1000s who fought with King Henry VI for power

(Became pope in 1020)


If there is a power struggle between a pope & a king, who should have the authority?

Leaders of the Church had enormous power during the Middle Ages. Before King Henry & Pope Gregory, popes & kings typically shared power as the task of appointing clergy (bishops, cardinals, etc.) used to be shared by popes & kings. But with these two, things got ugly. Since King Henry was too young to react, Pope Gregory started to appoint clergy by himself. When Henry got older, he wrote Gregory a nasty letter, then Gregory ‘excommunicated’ Henry.

Quote from King Henry’s letter: “Henry, king not through usurpation but through the holy ordination of God, to Hildebrand, at present not pope but false monk.”

In street language: “Hildebrand, God picked me as a king, that’s why I’m here. And BTW you ain’t even a real pope!”

Another quote from Henry’s letter: “I, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all of my Bishops, say to you, come down, come down, and be damned throughout the ages.”

In street language: “Look monk-boy, me and all my boys just want to say forget you, you’re fired!”

Excommunication: official removal from the Catholic Church

Feudalism• Much of Western Europe was briefly

united under Charlemagne

• Local Lords divided their land among the vassals

• Knights served as stationary warriors protecting the manor

• Peasant farmers worked the land (fief)

http://medievaleurope.mrdonn.org/index.html

Structure of FeudalismKing:

1. King gave land to the highest nobles. Sometimes united lords to defend against invaders

Barons:

1. Governed only the people on his land

2. Bound to other lords by loyalty to the king

3. If powerful, acted independently of the king

4. Divided land among vassals

Structure of FeudalismVassals:1 Take an oath of service to receive land2. Divided land among knights or lesser noblesKnights/Lords:1. Lesser nobles 2. Served in war as mounted warriors3. Collected taxesSerfs/Peasants:1. Mostly peasant farmers2. Not slaves, but forced to stay on the land3. Tilled the land for the lords protection

Feudalism

• Feudalism activity

Best-selling books of ALL-TIMEBest-selling books of ALL-TIME• 15. Harry Potter & the Prisoner of Azkaban by J. K. Rowling (55 million copies)• 14. Harry Potter & the Order of the Phoenix by J. K. Rowling (55 million copies)• 13. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J. K. Rowling (55 million copies)• 12. The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger (60 million copies)• 11. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J. K. Rowling (60 million copies)• 10. The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown (65 million copies)• 9. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince by J. K. Rowling (65 million copies)• 8. The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien (100 million copies)• 7. And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie (100 million copies)• 6. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by J. K. Rowling (107 million copies)• 5. The Book of Mormon by Joseph Smith, Jr. (120 million copies)• 4. Xinhua Zidian (400 million copies)• 3. The Qur'an (800 million copies)• 2. Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong by Mao Zedong (900 million copies)• 1. The Bible 5.5 billon copies (5,500 millions)


Rembrandt’s Prodigal Son

Da Vinci’s The Last Supper

Michelangelo’s Creation of

Adam

Michelangelo’s The David

• Art• Jewelry• Architecture• Literature• History• Profanity• Songs• Laws• Politics• School• Holidays

The Middle Ages was a time when Christianity spread throughout Europe. What are some ways we can see the influence of Christianity in our world today?

We’re studying the topic RIGHT NOW!

Ash Wed., Good Fri., Easter, Christmas (holiday = ‘Holy’ day)


The Middle Ages was a time when Christianity spread throughout Europe. What are some ways we can see the influence of

Christianity in our world today?# topic explain

1 Art Many famous pieces or art are about Biblical figures and scenes

2 Jewelry Many wear cross-necklaces and other faith-themed jewelry

3 Architecture Churches, cathedrals, etc. are alive and well throughout the world

4 Bible Best-selling book of all-time (more than the next 20 books combined)

5 Other literature Books about faith, Bible commentary, inspiration, etc. abound

6 History Students study Bible and church history all through school

7 Profanity Many ‘curse’ words refer to God

8 Music Hymns about Jesus were popular for centuries, Christian music industry thrives today

9 Law Many laws reflect Biblical morals (e.g. 10 commandments)

10 Politics ‘religious issues’ are always hot-topics in politics

11 School Debates about ‘separation of church and state’, religion in school

12 Holidays Ash Wed., Good Fri., Easter, Christmas (holiday = ‘Holy’ day)


Augustine(354-430 AD) Anselm

(1033-1109 AD)Aquinas

(1225-1274 AD)

Magnus(1206-1280 AD)

476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD

Fall of Rome (476 AD)

Ancient Middle Ages (also called the Dark Ages or Medieval Times)

Modern

Renaissance (1400s AD)

Behind Peter, Paul, Timothy and others, Christianity Behind Peter, Paul, Timothy and others, Christianity spread under Roman persecution. Emperor Constantine soon spread under Roman persecution. Emperor Constantine soon embraced it as the official religion of the empire and Christians embraced it as the official religion of the empire and Christians thrived in both the Eastern Byzantine Empire and the Western thrived in both the Eastern Byzantine Empire and the Western Roman Empire, before and after the fall of Rome in 476 A.D. The Roman Empire, before and after the fall of Rome in 476 A.D. The perspective of Thomas Aquinas was common among Medieval perspective of Thomas Aquinas was common among Medieval European intellectuals, European intellectuals, ““Theology is the queen of all the sciences Theology is the queen of all the sciences and philosophy is her handmaiden.” Augustine, Anselm, Magnus and philosophy is her handmaiden.” Augustine, Anselm, Magnus and Aquinas were among many scholars who sought to describe and Aquinas were among many scholars who sought to describe attributes of God and defend Christian faith.attributes of God and defend Christian faith.


Strictly speaking, Strictly speaking, AugustineAugustine of Hippo is from of Hippo is from the Ancient Era, having lived in the Roman Empire the Ancient Era, having lived in the Roman Empire before the fall of Rome in 476 A.D. However, his before the fall of Rome in 476 A.D. However, his thinking influenced philosophy throughout the thinking influenced philosophy throughout the Middle Ages. St. Augustine is probably one of the Middle Ages. St. Augustine is probably one of the most celebrated figures in church history as both most celebrated figures in church history as both Catholic and Protestant Christians revere him for Catholic and Protestant Christians revere him for his groundbreaking work in the realms of Christian his groundbreaking work in the realms of Christian theology and philosophy. His is labeled as an theology and philosophy. His is labeled as an apologistapologist, or one who defends the faith., or one who defends the faith.



(1225-1274 AD)


476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD



Modern



Augustine was influenced by followers of Plato Augustine was influenced by followers of Plato called Neo-Platonists. Neo-Platonists (e.g. Plotinus) called Neo-Platonists. Neo-Platonists (e.g. Plotinus) believed in an infinite being, that we can find happiness believed in an infinite being, that we can find happiness through philosophy, and that our souls govern our bodies through philosophy, and that our souls govern our bodies in this life. When Augustine became a Christian, he in this life. When Augustine became a Christian, he encouraged people to worship the creator instead of encouraged people to worship the creator instead of creation. “If you find pleasure in bodily things, praise God creation. “If you find pleasure in bodily things, praise God for them and direct your love to the maker, so that you for them and direct your love to the maker, so that you don’t displease Him because of the things that please you.”don’t displease Him because of the things that please you.”



(1225-1274 AD)


476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD



Modern


Plato Plato

Plotinus Plotinus

AugustineAugustine


Augustine also advanced the Biblical concept of Augustine also advanced the Biblical concept of original original sinsin, meaning all humans are born cursed and sinners because of , meaning all humans are born cursed and sinners because of the original sin of Adam & Eve. Because of our depraved state the original sin of Adam & Eve. Because of our depraved state of rebellion and sin against God, Augustine proposed that we of rebellion and sin against God, Augustine proposed that we are only saved by God’s grace. This gospel message had been are only saved by God’s grace. This gospel message had been preached by Jesus, Paul and other early church leaders as well. preached by Jesus, Paul and other early church leaders as well. Augustine writings promoted the same message of a need for Augustine writings promoted the same message of a need for God’s grace, and for this reason he is often referred to as the God’s grace, and for this reason he is often referred to as the Doctor of GraceDoctor of Grace. .



(1225-1274 AD)


476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD



Modern



Augustine also argued that Augustine also argued that Christians are part of a global community Christians are part of a global community and a universal church. Even when the and a universal church. Even when the Roman Empire fell apart, Christians stayed Roman Empire fell apart, Christians stayed connected through the universal church, connected through the universal church, also called the body of Christ. The Latin also called the body of Christ. The Latin word for universal is word for universal is catholicoscatholicos, therefore, , therefore, this all-inclusive Christian church came to this all-inclusive Christian church came to be called the Catholic Church.be called the Catholic Church.



(1225-1274 AD)


476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD



Modern



As an apologist (defender of the faith), Augustine would As an apologist (defender of the faith), Augustine would demonstrate the logical necessity of a belief in absolute truth. A demonstrate the logical necessity of a belief in absolute truth. A dialogue with an opponent might go like this:dialogue with an opponent might go like this:

Opponent: “There are no absolute truth to be known for sure.”Opponent: “There are no absolute truth to be known for sure.”Augustine: “Is that true?”Augustine: “Is that true?”Opponent: “Yes.”Opponent: “Yes.”Augustine: “Are you sure you are absolutely right?”Augustine: “Are you sure you are absolutely right?”Opponent: “Of course.”Opponent: “Of course.”Augustine: “Either you are wrong, and there is truth. Or you are Augustine: “Either you are wrong, and there is truth. Or you are right. But either way, you are wrong.”right. But either way, you are wrong.”



(1225-1274 AD)


476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD



Modern



Augustine argued that we are living in Augustine argued that we are living in a space-time continuum, but that God is a space-time continuum, but that God is outside of time. To proved his point, he outside of time. To proved his point, he asked this question in order to demonstrate asked this question in order to demonstrate that there is no such thing as the present, “If that there is no such thing as the present, “If the present, so as to be time, must be so the present, so as to be time, must be so constituted that it passes into the past, how constituted that it passes into the past, how can we say that it is, since the cause of its can we say that it is, since the cause of its being is the fact that it will cease to be?”being is the fact that it will cease to be?”



(1225-1274 AD)


476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD



Modern



AnselmAnselm of Canterbury was an English church leader and of Canterbury was an English church leader and philosopher who was a major proponent of the philosopher who was a major proponent of the ontological ontological argumentargument, or the argument for a necessary being. Anselm said , or the argument for a necessary being. Anselm said that God, as a being of which no greater could be conceived, that God, as a being of which no greater could be conceived, must exist. Later theologians like Aquinas did not agree with must exist. Later theologians like Aquinas did not agree with Anselm’s logic, instead choosing to focus on different arguments Anselm’s logic, instead choosing to focus on different arguments for the existence of God.for the existence of God.



(1225-1274 AD)


476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD



Modern



AlbertAlbert MagnusMagnus is considered the is considered the greatest German theologian of the greatest German theologian of the Middle Ages. He was renown for his Middle Ages. He was renown for his work in classifying species, in music, work in classifying species, in music, and in alchemy and chemistry. The and in alchemy and chemistry. The idea of studying the creation because idea of studying the creation because it is important as God’s creation was it is important as God’s creation was the same concept that drove the the same concept that drove the thinkers of the Scientific Revolution thinkers of the Scientific Revolution three hundred years later.three hundred years later.



(1225-1274 AD)


476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD



Modern





(1225-1274 AD)


476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD



Modern


ThomasThomas Aquinas Aquinas was a Christian apologist who was a Christian apologist who made the case that a knowledge of God could be found made the case that a knowledge of God could be found in nature. Centuries earlier, Gnostics taught that nature in nature. Centuries earlier, Gnostics taught that nature was unclean, evil and in opposition to good and was unclean, evil and in opposition to good and heavenly things. Aquinas used scripture to teach that heavenly things. Aquinas used scripture to teach that the creation not only implies a creator, but also glorifies the creation not only implies a creator, but also glorifies the creator. He referred to this creation/creator the creator. He referred to this creation/creator dichotomy as dichotomy as nature and gracenature and grace. He also referred to the . He also referred to the creation as creation as general revelation general revelation from God, and referred to from God, and referred to the Bible as the Bible as special revelation special revelation from God.from God.

general general revelation revelation

special special revelation revelation



(1033-1109 AD)


476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD



Modern


Aquinas was in sync with the Apostle Paul, who said that, Aquinas was in sync with the Apostle Paul, who said that, “since the foundation of the word, God’s invisible qualities are “since the foundation of the word, God’s invisible qualities are clearly seen, being understood from the things that are made, so clearly seen, being understood from the things that are made, so people are without excuse.” Aquinas was also known for people are without excuse.” Aquinas was also known for developing classic arguments for God’s existence, including:developing classic arguments for God’s existence, including:

Motion: something must cause the motion of things; a ‘first mover’ (God) that is unmoved Causation: nothing causes itself, infinite chains of causes are impossible, there was a 1st CauseExistence of necessary: if there was a time when nothing existed, then nothing would ever have existed. But things exist, so something (or someone) has always existedGradation: since some things are better than others, there must be a perfect standard to compare everything to, namely God Order in nature: things of the world follow natural laws; there are goals and designs in creation

Aquinas(1225-1274 AD)




(1225-1274 AD)


476AD 750AD 1000AD 1250AD 1400sAD



Modern


These Aquinas God-proofs were foundational for later These Aquinas God-proofs were foundational for later arguments for the existence of God; namely the:arguments for the existence of God; namely the:

The The Teleological ArgumentTeleological Argument…………………….(design in nature)…………………….(design in nature)

The The Cosmological ArgumentCosmological Argument…………..(origins of the universe)…………..(origins of the universe)

The The Ontological ArgumentOntological Argument…………(God as a necessary being)…………(God as a necessary being)

The The Moral ArgumentMoral Argument…...(good & evil as evidence of God’s law)…...(good & evil as evidence of God’s law)

The The Historical ArgumentHistorical Argument……..…..(evidence of the resurrection)……..…..(evidence of the resurrection)


Monastery - A dwelling where monks lived and where they read, studied, preserved and copied the Bible

Convent – A dwelling where nuns lived and where they read, studied, preserved and copied the Bible

Monastery in the country of GeorgiaMonastery in the country of Georgia

Monastic activities:Monastic activities:

Reading the BibleReading the Bible

Chores (firewood, cooking, Chores (firewood, cooking, cleaning, yard-work, hunting, etc.)cleaning, yard-work, hunting, etc.)

Memorizing the BibleMemorizing the Bible

Copying the BibleCopying the Bible

Reading the BibleReading the Bible

FastingFasting

Reading & memorizing the BibleReading & memorizing the Bible

Writing about the BibleWriting about the Bible

Reading and reciting the BibleReading and reciting the Bible


Monastery in Armenia…St. George Monastery in Israel

Monastery in Montenegro

Monastery in Mexico

Monastery in Europe


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