MEDRAP II

RAB/89/005-RER/87/009

FIELD DOCUMENT

92/19

United Nations Development Programme

Food and Agricultura Organisation of the United Nations

SEMINAR ON TRAINING SUB-NETWORK SECOND SESSION

Tirana, December 7–8 1992

Edited by MEDRAP II Regional Center Tunis - Tunisia

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Preparation of this Document

This document is one of a series of documents prepared during the course of the Project identified in the title page. The conclusions and recommendations given were considered appropriate at the time it was prepared. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the Project.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the food and Agriculture organisation of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The opinions expressed by the Authors in this document are not necessarily those of FAO or the Governments of the participating countries.

Abstract

The Seminar on Training Sub-Network, held in Tirana on December 7–8, 1992, constituted the second opportunity to further identify the needs and capabilities for the establishment of a sub-network on the subject.

According to the recommendations formulated at the first meeting on Training held in Montpellier, the status of training needs and capabilities in the member countries was reviewed and discussed. It was noted the shortage of specialised institutions in aquaculture training. Regional training priorities of technicians and scientists in the areas of research, production and management were identified.

Three constraints were mentioned as areas of weakness which can obstruct the development of the training network in aquaculture:

- There was a need to conceive separate courses for countries speaking different languages.

- The lack of homogeneity due to the difference in levels of aquaculture development should be taken into consideration.

- As bilateral cooperation is non existent, the establishment of a network would be the best way to enhance the exchange the exchange of information.

The seminar considered the proposals on the futures structure of MEDRAP II activities.

Thus and as training is considered as a vital component of each activity, and no separate training and/or research networks are necessary, it was recommended to implement two networks on Technology of Aquaculture and on Socio-Economic and legal Aspects of Aquaculture.

Acknowledgements

The Editor would like to thank the organisms of the meeting, namely the National coordinator, Mr. Aleksander Flloko for his effort and collaboration in organising the meeting.

Thanks are also due to the participants and the individual experts from international Organisms such as CIHEAM, SZARVAS, GHENT University and STIRLING University, for their valuable contribution and assistance in making this workshop fruitful.

The Editor would like also to thank the Representatives of FAO of their continuous support to the Project.

Note from the reviser

The revision and publication of this document could only be done a long time after the closure of the project. This has led to some difficulties in finalising the documents and implementing corrections, because authors and contributors as well as some of the original material or files were no longer available.

Therefore contributions from participants and session papers annexed to most of the document were left in their original form. no language corrections were introduced, the content was not modified and left under their respective authors' responsibility.

Considering the above, we hope that the reader will understand that a standard of publication could not be maintained on a level as high as we would have liked it to be.

Contents AGENDA 1

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 4

FINAL REPORT 6

• Introduction 7

• Seminar report and recommendations 8

ANNEXES 10

Annex 1 : Evaluation of the actual status of capabilities and needs in aquaculture training within MEDRAP II member countries.

• Analytical and synthetic on capabilities and needs in training aquaculture field within MEDRAP II members By M. Belkhir (MEDRAP) 12

• Aquaculture training needs and capabilities in Portugal By M. T. Dinis 41

• Potentialities in Morocco for aquaculture training By M. Shaffe 48

• Professional aquaculture training in Tunisia By O. Zoghlami 54

• On the aquaculture training in Egypt By M. El Safty 58

• Training possibilities and needs in Croatia By l. Katavic 62

• Further information on aquaculture training in Turkey. By G. Memisoglu 64

• Aquaculture training needs in Albania. By A. Flloko 66

• Aquaculture training needs and capabilities in Cyprus. By D. Stephanou 68

• Report on fish position in Syria. By A. Shebat 71

• Aquaculture training needs in Lebanon. By K. Hratch 74

Annex 2 : Evaluation of training capabilities in some specialized institutions within associated and european countries

• Proposal for a Mediterranean cooperative project within the future framework of MEDRAP activities. By A. Benovic (For Mr. Pavasovic) 77

• Training capabilities in CIHEAM 86

By M. Valls

• Short training courses in the fish culture research institute Szarvas. By Mr. L. Varadi 93

• Training capabilities in aquaculture at Ghent University. By P. Lavens 101

• Training capacity of the institute of aquaculture - Stirling University. By A. Stewart 112

Annex 3 : Further information and recommendations related to post MEDRAP cooperation

• Mediterranean cooperation in aquaculture : Realities and Perspectives By H. Akrout 119

ADOPTED AGENDA MONDAY 7 DECEMBER 1992

- Opening session - Designation of Officials

9:00

- Adoption of the agenda 10:00 Coffee break

First working session 10:30–13:00 Evaluation of the actual status of capabilities and needs in aquaculture training within the MEDRAP II member countries.

Analytic and synthesis report based on inquiries made next to MEDRAP II member countries

10:30 -

By Mr M. Belkhir - Succint reports presented by each National Coordinator or his

delegate. These reports should bring light on:

• the availability of the existing training institutions to receive

probationers and /or to train technicians from other member countries?

• the chronic insufficiencies and/or the structural technical and scientific limits of the aquaculture training sector;

11:00

• the existing linkage between private and public sectors in training field (logistic, financial and technical assistance, etc…).

12:15 - General discussions and conclusions. 13:00 Lunch

Second working session Evaluation of the training capabilities in thespecialized institutions in associated and other european countries :

- Introduction By Mr. Miguel VALLS (CIHEAM) - Stirling University contribution By Mr. Alan Stewart - GHENT University contribution By Mr. Patrick LAVENS (BELIGIUM)

15:00–19:30

- Discussion 16:15 Coffee break

- Contribution of ZSARVAS Institute By Mr. Lazslo VARADI (HUNGARY) - Contribution of CIHEAM

16:30

By Mr. Valls (SPAIN)

- Contribution of PAP/RAC By Mr. KATAVIC (CROATIA)

18:00 - General discussion and conclusion TUESDAY 8 DECEMBER 1992

Third working session 9:00–13:00 Identification of a regional strategy inaquaculture training field : constitution of training network : Introduction By Project Coordinator - Identification or priorities: • Training of specialists: • marine hatcheries management;

• aquaculture farms management (Planification of Aquaculture, Feeding Technics and Food Technologies)

• Aquaculture and environment • Others… • Training on the field of Technicians and specialised workers in each concerned country. - Identification of centre for the Regional Coordination of the Network.

- Identification of centres to assure recycling and training of technicians at a Regional or Sub-regional level.

- Establishment of working programme 93

9:00

- Creation of a training Network mechanism of functionning and financial schema.

13:00 Lunch 17:00–19:30 - Closing session

• Presentation of final report 17:00 • Discussion and adoption of final report

19:30 - Adjournment of the Seminar.

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ALBANIA

Mr. ALEXANDER FLLOKO Mr. CELA Phone :355 42 28621

ALGERIA

Mr. NADIR FELLILISSA Phone :213-2-71213940 C/O Mr. KADARI

MALTA

Mr. CARMELLO AGIUS Phone :356 82 863

CYPRUS

Mrs. STEPHANOU DAPHNEE Sub-regional Coordinator Phone :357-2-303526

SYRIA

Mr. AWAD SHEBAT Phone :C/O UNDP Damascus

EGYPT

Mr. MOHAMED ABD-EL-RAHMAN EL SAFTY Phone :20-22-471 713

MOROCCO

Mr. ABDELLATIF BERRAHO Phone :212 2 222 090 Mr. MEERANSA SYED SHAFFEE Phone :212-7-775838

TURKEY

Mr. GAGLAR MEMISOGLU Phone :90-614-62491

PORTUGAL

Mrs. MARIA TERESA DINIS Phone :351-89817166/7761

LEBANON

Mr. KOUYOUMJIAN HRATCH Mr. FRANCIS ABOU ASSI C/O UNDP Beiruth

CROATIA

Mr. ADAM BENOVIC Mr. IVAN KATAVIC Phone :38 58 46 688

TUNISIA

Mr. OTHMAN ZOGHLAMI DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA PECHE ET DE L'AQUACULTURE Phone :216-1-891993

LECTURERS

Mr. MIGUEL VALLS CIHEAM-Phone: 34-76-576013

Mr. PATRICK LAVENS GHENT UNIVERSITY - BELGIUM Phone: 32–91–643754

Mr. JOHN ALAN STEWART STIRLING UNIVERSITY - UK Phone :786 678 70

Mr. LAZSLO VARADI FISH & RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HUNGARY Phone :366 712 311

FAO/ROME

Mr. RUDY ZIESLER Mr. U. BARG

MEDRAP II Mr. HASSAN AKROUT Phone :216-1-784979

Mr. MODIEDDINE BELKHIR Mr. OTHMEN BEJI Mrs. NEILA KAFFEL Phone: 216-1-790119

Final Report

Introduction The seminar on Training Sub-network, held in Tirana, Albania, 7–8 december 1992, was constituting a second opportunity to go further in the constitution of that network and the implementation of its mecanism; the first seminar related to the subject was held in Montpellier, France 11–14 September 1992.

The main conclusion (part I) was that the training could not be separated from research network but should be considered as a vital component of each activity to be undertaken in the framework of research networks. furthermore, there is cause to point out that the several contributions given by the participants and which were included in the present report (part II, annex 2) brought herewith a complementary information to those presented, already, at the first seminar, in Montpellier.

Actual status of training needs and capabilities within MEDRAP members were shown among the synthetic and analytical report presented by M. Belkhir (Part II, annex 1). Needless to remind that data were collected from each national coordinators of MEDRAP member countries.

Lastly Mr. H. Akrout, the project Coordinator introduced the suggested institutional framework for future cooperative aquaculture activities in the Mediterranean region (Part II, annex 3). He linked the training to the research activities and pointed out that sub-coordinating mecanisms could be Forecasted as follow :

- CIHEAM, will be assisting in research and training related the technical and economic aspects of aquaculture.

- MAP/PAP/ RAC, will be assisting in research and training related to the environmental aspects of aquaculture.

- SIPAM, will be playing an important role in developping the data base with regards to the information and documentation.

Final Report The session was opened by Mr. A. Flloko, Director General of the Fisheries Directorate and MEDRAP National Coordinator of Albania, who welcomed the participants, and wished them success in their deliberations.

Mr. H. Akrout, MEDRAP II project Coordinator, after thanking the Albanian host and all participants, expressed the hope that this seminar will also meet the needs of the member countries; and be part of MEDRAP II development strategy.

The officials of the seminar were elected as follows :

- Chairman : Mr. Roland Cela (Albania) - Vice-Chairlady : Mrs. Stephanou Daphnee (Cyprus) - Vice-Chairman : Mr. Othman Zoghlami (Tunisia) - Rapporteurs : Mr. Ivan Katavic (Croatia) : Mrs. Maria Teresa Dinis (Portugal) : Mr. Abderrahmene El Safty (Egypt)

The agenda was adopted as proposed.

Evaluation of Capabilities and Needs in Aquaculture Training

The report that was presented by Mr. Belkhir should be revised and completed with updated information with the assistance of sub-regional coordinators who will collect and submit the relevant information to the author to be included in the revised text, within two months.

Representatives of each country gave a summary of their respective needs and training capabilities (annex 1).

The meeting recognises the special needs of the countries : Lebanon, Syria, Albania and Bulgaria, and targets them for special attention to ensure their active participation.

Specialised Institutions on Training

Information on training capabilities in several specialised institutions was presented by the following (annex 2) :

Mr. Miguel Valls (CIHEAM - Spain) Mr. Patrick Lavens (GENT University - Belgium) Mr. Laszlo Varadi (Szarvas Institute - Hungary) Mr. Alan Stewart (Stirling University - UK) Mr. Ivan Katavic (on behalf of PAR/RAC - Croatia)

The presentations were followed by a discussion session highlighting the important aspects that could be related to MEDRAP activities, particularly in relation to future projections.

Identification of a regional Strategy

Mr. H. Akrout, Coordinator of MEDRAP II Project, presented a tentative proposal for future structures of MEDRAP as conceived by the Coordination Centre with the contribution of an international consultant, to be discussed, adopted and submitted to the Steering Committee meeting for consideration.

The major conclusions were the following:

a) Research and Training are complementary and as such no separate training and /or research networks are necessary at present.

b) Training is a vital component of each activity, and accordingly, the recommendations of the project Coordinator as presented in annex 3, were accepted together with the presented implementation schedule.

c) During phase II, MEDRAP continues to act as the coordinator of activities as proposed in annex 3. However, the following modifications are to be introduced:

• The draft project documents of each Network, will be elaborated by the MEDRAP project Coordinator, and the relevant institutions concerned (CIHEAM, PAP/RAC).

• Final elaboration of the project and identification of funding sources is to be provided by the MEDRAP Project Coordinator and institutions concerned (CIHEAM PAP/RAC).

• The final Project Document will be submitted for adoption by the governing bodies concerned.

• Furthermore, the final project Document will also be submitted to other relevant organisations such as the FAO, that have shown an interest and could presumably assume a general coordination role.

d) Training component of MEDRAP II activities for 1993, was accepted as presented by the project coordinator.

Before adjourning, the project coordinator read to the meeting the text of a letter which he had just received from the CEC Fisheries Directorate General through FAO Headquarters reaffirming their interest in the Project and in principle favourably considering their support to continuity of MEDRAP.

Meeting adjourned 8 December 1992 at 18.00.

Annexes

Annex 1

Evaluation of the Actual Status of Capabilities and Needs in Aquaculture Training within

the MEDRAP II Member Countries

CAPABILITIES AND NEEDS IN TRAINING AQUACULTURE FIELD

WITHIN MEDRAP II MEMBER COUNTRIES BY

Mohieddine BELKHIR

SUMMARY

PREFACE I - General Introduction II - Scope on Education and Training in Aquaculture within MEDRAP II member

countries III - Human Resources Needs in Aquaculture within MEDRAP II member countries IV - Fields of particular importance and main training priorities in MEDRAP II

member countries V - Capabilities in aquaculture training in MEDRAP II member countries VI - Constraints and areas of weakness

PREFACE

This paper attempts to make a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the capabilities and needs related to the aquaculture training within the MEDRAP II member countries.

Data presented herewith has been collected from each National Coordinator according to the recommendation formulated at the first meeting on the constitution of aquaculture training sub-network, held on September 11–14th, 1991, in Montpellier - France.

There is cause to point out that shortage of specialized institutions in aquaculture training and also less accurate information caused this study to be confined mainly to the human resources need.

Therefore, data should be completed, corrected and updated before publication.

I - General Introduction During the last decade, aquaculture sector has made rapid strides and progress as a result of the development and increasing number of marine and fresh water farming in most MEDRAP II member countries. Accordingly, increasing need in human resources competence, as well as in specialized institutions in aquaculture is stressed from year to year.

Meanwhile, due to the difference in levels of aquaculture development and related education, the capabilities and needs in aquaculture training are varying from country to country at regional scale and even at sub-regional one within MEDRAP II member countries, lack of homogeneity is therefore admitted in term of scope, training and cooperation.

II - Scope on Education and Training in Aquaculture within MEDRAP II Member Countries

Aquaculture education and training should not be kept apart, since there is no institution providing education and training only in aquaculture.

The lack of homogeneity and specialised institution prompted the establishment of conter measures, aiming the training at lower and higher levels of human resources, to be involved in aquaculture sector and ensuring its development and progress.

Consequently, aquaculture is rather associated to general or marine biology, to ecology, veterinary, fisheries and agriculture education. Most of the initial university institutions and vocational schools or colleges have been extending the scope of their education and training to the aquaculture concern.

The information reported on table (see annex) and which were synthesised and summarised from data presented by the National Coordinators confirm the above cited tendency and noted that most of university institutions, research centres, and professional schools located in MEDRAP member countries could offer several opportunities in training technicians and scientists as well and showed well standing progress in development of aquaculture activities except for Lebanon, Syria, Albania and Libya, where opportunities were rather limited, if not absent. Therefore, with regards to the degree of level in aquaculture development, these four countries are considered till now under privileged; they should, nevertheless, turn to account the experience and training capabilities existent in the other relatively more developed MEDRAP countries. Also, there is no significant difference between these countries since they could provide technical training and higher level education.

Indeed, the large number of technicians are trained at home country when vocational school and professional centres are existent and special attention is devoted mostly to aquaculture production systems and less for research sector to be rather absent for administration/management.

Senior aquaculturists are usually secured by the above cited academic institutes and have mainly a general or a marine biology background since most of these institutes are dealing with fisheries and agriculture sciences.

So, graduates in aquaculture will be needing a specific broad based training in one aspects of aquaculture sector related to the production, research and administration management.

Regarding the post-graduate, the problem is however, still persisting and specialised training is practically non existent in MEDRAP member countries. Though graduates who need accurate specialisation in specific topic in aquaculture should be assisted by specialists from either MEDRAP associated countries or outside Mediterranean basin countries.

Furthermore, in spite of lack in specialised institution which should continuously provide training in aquaculture, various opportunities can be offered for scientist but little for technicians, by aquaculture sectors. This can be shown among information reported on table (see annex) where basic education and training seem to be well secured in all member countries for scientists to equip as candidates the research aquaculture but less secured in case of production sector and rather not secured in case of administration/management, while technical training is not provided at all for technicians with regards to the administration in aquaculture, this opportunity remain dependent of presence of vocational schools and professional centres which are limited in number and not well distributed in MEDRAP member countries. This should enhance cooperation which is practically non existent in aquaculture field between MEDRAP countries from sub-region to sub-region still less between countries belonging to the same sub-region.

In the other hand, while there are several opportunities in technical training and graduates as well offered by most of MEDRAP member countries, these later are developing more cooperation in aquaculture field with MEDRAP associated countries (France, Italy, and Spain) and also with non Mediterranean other ones among which could be listed, Belgium, Holland, Hungary, England, Norway, USSR, USA and Japan.

A comparative study of information cited on table (see annex) can help in having general and specific survey on education and training which could be offered by the main institution concerned with aquaculture in the following MEDRAP sub-regions.

Algeria sub-regionUnder graduate education and training in aquaculture seem to be well offered when compared with the three other MEDRAP sub-regions. technical level can be usually secured at either the Institute of Fisheries technology and Aquaculture (ITPA), in Algeria or at Research and Vocational Centres, in Tunisia (Centre national d'Aquaculture de Monastir - and - Centre de Formation Professionnelle de Pêche de Monastir). Opportunities are also given in Portugal, in the agriculture school and the fishery one which are dealing respectively with fresh water and marine water cultures.

General higher education research and training on aquaculture are often included in associated field such as:

- the marine biology, in Algeria (Université d'Alger), in Tunisia (Université de Tunis, de Sfax - and - Institut National Agronomique de Tunis), in Portugal (Univerité d'Algarve et Vila Real);

- the agronomic and or veterinary, in Morocco (Institut National Agronomique et Vétérinaire-Hassan II - Rabat), in Portugal (Institute Supérieur d'Agronomie - Lisbon - and-Université des Sciences - Porto).

Basic activities are academic and opportunities are offered only for graduates post-graduates education and training could be secured in Morocco and in Tunisia ; but only when general aquaculture is associated with biological studies; while in Portugal specialisation in aquaculture seems to be well offered and could constitute good opportunities for MEDRAP member countries and particularly for those belonging to the

sub-regional itself, since cooperation remain Sufficient when existing. Because of lack in information, cooperation seems anyway to be concentrated with MEDRAP associated countries (France, Italy and Spain) and in non Mediterranean ones (Belgium, Holland, Japan) in case of Tunisia.

Libya sub-regionEgypt is the only country of that sub-region which can provide training and education for technicians as there is a secondary school dealing with technology applied to fisheries and aquaculture.

Higher level education (graduates only) is provided by university institutes among which can be listed:

- the university of Tripoli - Libya, with basic education in marine biology;

- two universities of Alexandria and of Canal de Suez in Egypt with basic education in respectively the marine biology - Fisheries and the aquaculture fisheries;

- the University of Malta which provide basic education on biology.

The main activities within the above cited universities are academic and research but could organise training on general subjects related to aquaculture opportunities are not available for post-graduates.

Cooperation is also non existent between countries of Libya sub-region except between Egypt and Libya where cooperation is limited in technical training secured by egyptian institutions.

While inside the Mediterranean basin the main hosting countries are France, Italy, Cyprus, Yugoslavia for Libya and France, Italy for Egypt, and France, Monaco, Mediterranean basin, cooperation is limited to England with Libya and to Belgium with Malta but very large scale in case of Egypt which is developing cooperation with Hungary, England, Norway, Polánd, China, Korea, Japan, USSR and USA.

Cyprus Sub-regionCyprus sub-region constitutes the most underprivileged one and technical training can not be offered as there are no vocational schools or centres concerned by aquaculture and or fisheries. Also, there are no opportunities for scientific training in specific topics related to aquaculture.

The main activities undertaken with the university of Beirut - Lebanon and the university of Lattaquie and the one of Damascus - Syria are academic and concern respectively general biology and marine biology.

In Cyprus, the Mediterranean institutes of management can provide basic education in management possibly applied to aquaculture and technical training could be secured in private a aquaculture sectors and public as well (information, in Cyprus capabilities should be completed and updated).

Cooperation is non existent at all between Cyprus, Lebanon, and Syria in term of aquaculture exchange information and assistance and due to underlow development of aquaculture activities in Lebanon and Syria, only Cyprus is undertaking cooperation with MEDRAP member and associated countries (Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, France, Italy) and also with non Mediterranean ones (England, Poland, Germany, USSR and USA).

Yugoslavia Sub-regionEducation and training for technician in aquaculture seem to have no opportunities offered at national level, may be because of lack of low level education institution, in Albania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. while Turkey could secure technical training since there are two vocational centres situated in Antalya; the one of them is of KEPES and deals with fresh water and the other one is of Beymalek and undertakes marine water education. Regarding the education and training of scientists, several opportunities can be offered for only graduates. Basic education is biology at the university of Tirana, and is biology applied to fisheries and/or aquaculture at the University of Zagreb, Belgrade in Yugoslavia and University of Bodrum, in Turkey.

Veterinary studies applied to aquaculture is given at the veterinary institutes of Zagreb, in Yugoslavia. Food technology related to aquaculture processing is undertaken at higher technical institutes of food technology in Bulgaria.

While there is no cooperation between countries belonging to Yugoslavia sub-region the later is developing cooperation with MEDRAP associated countries (France, Italy, Spain) and also with non Mediterranean ones (England, Norway, Holland, Hungary, Japan, USA).

III - Human Resources Needs in Aquaculture within MEDRAP II Member Countries MEDRAP II member countries agreed upon the necessity in training technicians and scientists in the main aquaculture activities which are the production, the research and the administration (management).

The core personnel required is summarised on tables (see annex); it has been identified by each of the members, except Malta, Lebanon and Syria, of which information on the matter has yet to be completed.

Human resources needs as described, amounted to 1959 trainees in the region for the three aquaculture sectors among which technicians accounted 1214 corresponding to a rate of 62 % when reported to total needs and scientists (graduated and post-graduates) accounted 745 to a total needs in the region. Also, there are considerable variations between the sub-regions and their needs when reported to the regional ones are ranging from 46 % in Libya sub-region, 38 % in Algeria sub-region, 15 % in Yugoslavia sub-region to 1 % in Cyprus sub-region.

Comparative survey of information may record that cumulated needs for production, research and administration sectors are not well distributes and varying from country to country as follows ;

Algeria Sub-regionTotal estimated needs accounts 749 among which 165 scientists and 584 technicians the largest needs are required by Tunisia (53 scientists and 242 technicians) and by Portugal (63 scientists and 272 technicians); it might be noted that Tunisia and Portugal require 70 % and 88 % of total trainees among respectively the scientists and the technicians in their sub-region while Morocco and Algeria show approximately similar requirements from the remaining needs.

Furthermore, Algeria sub-region seem to cumulate the larger number in term of technical needs when compared with the three other sub-regions. Special attention is well devoted to aquaculture production unities and research sector as well, particularly, for Tunisia

and Portugal, while a little interest is given to administration sector in Algeria and Morocco, it is negligeable for Portugal and non existent, for Tunisia.

Libya sub-regionTotal estimated needs are 903 distributed as follow, 388 scientists and 515 technicians for both Libya and Egypt requirements. Malta had not information.

The majority of human trainees is Egyptian; it is cumulating 94 % of total scientist (365) and 97 % of total technicians (500) that allows to indicate that Egypt should have increasing growth of productions systems and research and administration sectors as well. Also, apart this great difference between Libya and Egypt, both of then showed well distribution of needs with regards to each sectors of production, research and administration. In the other hand, there is reason to say that all information related to the subject should be specified when distributed in fresh or in marine water cultures since the later is less developed than the first one.

Cyprus sub-regionSince Lebanon and Syria had not information, estimated needs in Cyprus are the smallest ones when compared to all members requirements and cumulated for all aquaculture sector a number of 25 trainees among which 20 scientists and 5 technicians. That shows the less interest in technical trainees by relatively higher attention in having graduates and post-graduates in both production and research sector and also in administration one, except that post-graduates are not needed in the later sector.

Yugoslavia sub-regionTotal estimated needs accounted 282 cumulating 172 scientists and 110 technicians. The distribution of needs in rather proportional and no great differences can be seen in their variation which is ranging from 105, in Turkey, 82 in Albania, 57 in Yugoslavia to 38 in Bulgaria. Therefore, while graduates trainees are more needed in number than post-graduates trainees both of them show cumulated requirements higher than technicians in each of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkey except in Albania which requires more technical than scientific trainees.

When compared to above cited sub-regions, Yugoslavia sub-region seems to present more homogeneity in term of repartition of need per levels of core personnel and per types of aquaculture sector.

Generally, the majority of MEDRAP II member countries requires more skill labour and technicians with regard to production and research in aquaculture but keeps a broad overview and low interest with regard to the administration, while graduates are mostly needed with higher request than post-graduates both of them seem to play an important role in research rather than in production, still less, if not negligeable to absent in aquaculture administration. There may be reason to record a lack of sensitivity of administration useful purpose towards the aquaculture development and progress.

Furthermore, prompt comparative survey of human resources needs allows to establish a preliminary classification of members per each of the following aquaculture sectors:

Production sector

1- Egypt (310) - Tunisia (273) - Portugal (271)

2- Albania (46) - Morocco (40) - Turkey (35) - Yugoslavia (34)

3- Algeria (21) - Cyprus (16) - Libya (16) - Bulgaria (14)

Research sector

1- Egypt (250)

2- Portugal (60) - Turkey (55)

3- Albania (26) - Algeria (26) Tunisia (22) - Bulgaria (16) Yugoslavia (16) - Libya (16) - Morocco (12) - Cyprus (4)

Administration sector

1- Egypt (305)

2- Nil

3- Turkey (15) - Algeria (13) - Albania (10) - Bulgaria (8) - Yugoslavia (7) - Morocco (7) - Libya (6) - Cyprus (5) - Portugal (4) Tunisia (0)

Based on information described above, there might be to emphasize that Egypt's requirements in human resources are the greatest in the region but well distributed with regards to the production research and administration as well.

While both Tunisia and Portugal come in the second place after Egypt in term of needs per production sector, Portugal still remain the second with Turkey after Egypt in research sector, but keep negligeable interest to the administration and occupies the last position before Tunisia which shows no interest at all on the matter. All the majority of remaining countries indicate rather similar to weakness requirements in number in production and research as well, still less to no significant, in case of administration.

IV - Fields of particular Importance and Main Training Priorities Regional training priorities of technicians and scientists as well in the areas of research, production and administration/management, were identified from various project reports and reviewed by all countries at previous meeting held in Montpellier - France; fields of particular importance, when screamed at regional scale do lay emphasis on regional training needs with decreasing priorities as follows:

• Pathology, nutrition feed technology and hatchery technology with corresponding percent of countries conforming varying respectively from 64% to 57% and 50%.

• Farm management, aquaculture planning, aquaculture and environment, and production technology with percent of countries conforming of 36% each.

Since priority research topics can be regrouped into three main boxes, technology, environment and economic, and since training priorities with some exception are generally, in agreement with research priorities, specific training topics for both technical and graduated levels, could be tentatively identified from information presented by the National coordinators of MEDRAP II member countries as follows:

∗ Research training

Pathology - nutrition - reproductive physiology - aquaculture and environment

∗ Production training

Feeds and feeding - disease prevention diagnosis and treatment - hatchery technology - production technologies - farm management - product procession and quality control.

∗ Administration/management training

Development planning - preparation of strategy research and operational plans-project identification and evaluation-marketing - socio-economic and legal aspects

Needless to say that the propose program of training may appear ambitious. Activities should be commensurate with existing institutional capabilities and with financial resources as well.

V - Capabilities in Aquaculture Training in MEDRAP II Member countries Information related to institutional capabilities in aquaculture training and those concerning the number of trainees per topics with regard to the main sectors of production, research and administration in aquaculture within the MEDRAP II member countries are reported on tables (see annex). This information is still incomplete and accurate estimate could not be made with regards to the level of staff needed, to their global number and to the opportunities offered in training at regional scale as well.

Nevertheless, a preliminary survey of information presented by the five countries among which are listed Tunisia, Portugal, Egypt, Cyprus and Yugoslavia will note the following:

- training per topics will be focused on technicians and scientists (post-graduates) in Portugal and in Egypt but only on technicians in the case of Algeria, as reported on table (see annex).

The total number of trainees per all topics when considered together is varying from country to country as follows:

• 40 technicians for Algeria

• 30 scientists and 45 technicians for Portugal

• 200 scientist and 300 technicians for Egypt.

There is reason to emphasize that these trainees numbers are not in agreement with those presented previously as human resources needs by each country.

- Institutional capabilities are offering several opportunities with regards to training per topics. This can be summarised as follows:

• Hosting: all member countries can host training but not cover lodging and stay fees for trainees except Portugal, which can secure hosting and fees when training is organised at the University of Algarve. While number of trainees is unlimited to be hosted by Yugoslavia and Tunisia it is rather confined to fewer (1 to 40) in case of Egypt, Cyprus, Portugal.

• Duration and type of training: All members agree that the type of training should be short theoretical and mainly practical oriented courses. Duration proposed is varying from 1 to 4 week except in the case of Portugal which offers training of longer duration (1 to 36 months).

• Training topics: Which Egypt seems to be able to offer training opportunities on all topics listed (7) on table (see annex) Portugal can assist only, on five of them (fish pathology, hatchery techniques, nutrition, genetic, water quality control), Tunisia can provide training on hatchery techniques and water quality control, lastly Yugoslavia and Cyprus can offer training opportunities respectively in hatchery techniques and management.

• Language: English seems to be usually the preferred language to be used in training courses for scientists but difficulty in communication is emphasized in case of technicians who generally, should have training in mother language.

VI - Constraints and Areas of Weakness Several constraints and areas of weakness among which some are listed below can slow down the development of the training network in aquaculture field:

- Language: While there would be no difficulties in communication between scientists, usually, using English language, the later should the mother language when is used with specialised hand workers and technicians. Therefore, there is a need to emphasise the necessity of conceiving focal points for the aquaculture training and regrouping countries speaking the same language, particularly, in the case of technical training.

- Lack of homogeneity between MEDRAP II member countries which is due essentially to the difference in levels of the development of aquaculture sector, the farming production and of training and education in aquaculture.

- Cooperation: : bilateral relation with regards to aquaculture field is non existent between member countries at regional scale, still remaining less at the sub-regional one should MEDRAP II member countries expect MEDRAP Coordination to improve cooperation through such training sub-network. This approach remains compatible with MEDRAP's objective in assisting member countries to develop an aquaculture industry in accordance to their national plans.

- IN ANNEX -

TITLES OF TABLES RELATED TO THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS CITED

IN THE PRESENT REPORT

SCOPE ON EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN AQUACULTURE WITHIN MEDRAP II MEMBER COUNTRIES

- Table 1: Main Institutions concerned by aquaculture in Algeria sub-region

- Table 2: Main Institutions concerned by aquaculture in Libya sub-Region

- Table 3: Main Institutions concerned by aquaculture in Cyprus sub-Region

- Table 4: Main Institutions concerned by aquaculture in X-Yugoslavia Sub-region

- Table 5: Basic training institutions in MEDRAP Members

HUMAN RESOURCES NEEDS IN AQUACULUTRE WITHIN MEDRAP II MEMBER COUNTRIES

- Table 6: Comparative needs per production (p), Research (R) and Administration (A) between Members at sub-regional and regional scales

- Table 7: Needs per level of staff and sectors in aquaculture in Algeria sub-Region

- Table 8: Needs per level of staff and sectors in aquaculture in Libya sub-Region

- Table 9: Needs per level of staff and sectors in aquaculture in Cyprus sub-Region

- Table 10: Needs per level of staff and sectors in aquaculture in X-Yugoslavia sub-Region

FIELDS OF PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE AND MAIN TRAINING TOPICS IN MEDRAP MEMBER COUNTRIES

- Table 11: Scientists (S) and Technicians (T) needs per Training topics in aquaculture and per each country within the region (to be completed)

CAPABILITIES IN AQUACULTURE TRAINING IN MEDRAP II MEMBER COUNTRIES

- Table 12: List of Institutional capabilities per training topic, number of trainees to be hosted and type of training within the region (to be completed).

TABLE 1

Countries Institutions Basic Education Activities Diplômes Host Countries PG Specialisation Ac Res Tr PG G T Algeria 1- Institut de Technologie de Pêche

et d'Aquaculture (ITPA) Alger '+ '+ '+ '+

2- Université d'Alger biologie marine '+ '+ '+ '+ Moroco I- Iinstitut National Agronomique

Vétérinaire Hassen II - Rabat Agro ou Vétér '+ '+ '+ '+ '+

poss spécial '+ '+ 2- Institut Scientifique des Pêches Maritimes - Casablanca Biologie Marine '+ '+ '+ '+ '+ France Italy Belgium 1- Université de Tunis et Sfax Sciences Spain Holland 2- Institut National Agronomique

Tunis (INAT) TUNIS Halieutiques '+ '+ '+ '+ Japan

Tunisia 3- Institut National Scientific et Technique d'Océanographie et de

'+ '+

Pêche Salammbô (INSTOP) '+ '+ 4- Centre National Aquaculture de

Monastir '+

Technique et '+ 5- Centre de formation Profession

nelle de Monastir Technol Pêche et Aquaculture

1- Université des Sciences Lisbone -

(TCL) Aquaculture '+ '+ '+ '+

2- Université des sciences Porto (IZ) Pathologie '+ '+ '+ '+ Agronomie '+ '+ '+ '+ '+ 3- Institut supérieure d'Agronomi

Lisbone Aquaculture

Biologie Portugal 4- Université d'Algarve et de Vita

Real Biologie Marine '+ '+ '+ '+ '+

Aquaculture

5- Institut des Sciences Bio-médicales - Abel Salazer

Aquaculture '+ '+ '+ '+ '+

6- Ecole d'Agriculture eau douce SS '+ '+ Pêche d'aquaculture SS '+ 7- Ecole des Pêches

TABLE 2

Countries Basic Education Activities Diplômes Host Countries PG Institutions Specialisation Ac Res Tr PG G T Libya Biologie Marine '+ '+ '+ '+ France Italy England 1- Université de Tripoli Cyprus Yugoslavia Biologie marine '+ '+ '+ '+ France Italy Hungary 1- Université d'Alexandrie (Dep.

Oceanographie) et Pêche USA Engl

Biol appliquée '+ '+ '+ '+ USSR Norway 2- Faculté d'Agriculture Alexand aux Pêches et à Bolan Egypt l'Aquaculture chine Kore Technologie japon Pêche et Belgium 3- Université du Canal Suez

Ismalia Aquaculture

Technologie SS '+ 4- Ecole Secondaire Anfouchy Appliquée à la Alexandrie et de Ras et Ber Pêche et Aquaculture Malte Biologie '+ '+ '+ '+ France Monaco Belgium Université de Malte Yugoslavia Tunisia

TABLE 3

Countries Basic Education Activities Diplômes Host Countries PG Institutions Specialisation Ac Res T PG G T Cyprus Management '+ '+ '+ France Italy Engl USA 1- Méditerranean Institute of

management (MIM) N. Cosia possibly applicad to aquaculture

Yugoslavia Germany

Bulgaria Boland USSR Liban Biologie '+ '+ '+ '+ Université de Beyrouth biologie marine Syria Biologie marine '+ '+ '+ 1- Université de l'attaquié Biologie et peu 2- université de Damas de biologie mari '+ '+ '+

TABLE 4

Countries Basic Education Activities Diplômes Host Countries PG Institutions Specialisation Ac Res Tr PG G T Biology applied '+ '+ '+ '+ Yougoslavia 1- Université de Zagreb, Belgrade to aquaculture vétérinaire '+ '+ '+ '+ Spain England 2- Institut Vétérinaire Zagreb applicad to Aquaculture Albania Biology '+ '+ '+ '+ France Noway 1- Université de Tirana Italy Hungay Bulgaria 1- Université de Sofia, Ploudiv Food Technology '+ '+ '+ '+ Holland 2- Higher Technical Institut of

food Technology

Aquaculture '+ '+ '+ '+ Japon 1- Université d'lzmir Applied biology U.S.A 2- Université de Bodrum in Fisheries and Turkey Aquaculture Fresh water '+ '+ 3- Centre de formation appliquée

de KEPES - Antalya Marine '+ '+

4- Centre de formation appliquée Water Bey Malek - Antalya

TABLE 5

A M T P L E M C Ld S Y A B T S '++ '+ '++ '++ '- '++ '- '- '- '- '++ '- '- '++ Production T '++ '- '+ '++ '- '- '- '- '- '- '++ '- '- '++ S '++ '+ '++ '++ '+ '++ '+ '+ '+ '+ '++ '+ '- '++ Research T '+ '- '+ '++ '- '+ '- '- '- '- '++ '- '- '++ S '- '- '- '+ '- '+ '- '+ '- '- '- '- '- '- Administration T '- '- '- '- '- '- '- '- '- '- '- '- '- '-

Legend A : ALGERIA Y : YUGOSLAVIA M : MOROCCO A : BULAGARIA T : TUNISIA T : TURKEY P : PORTUGAL L : LIBYA M : MALTA S : SCIENTISTS T: TECHNICIANS C : CYPRUS ++ : SPECIALISED DEPARTMENT OR INSTITUTION L : LEBANON + : LIMITED SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES S : SYRIA - : LACK OF TRAINING AVAILABLE

TABLE 6 PG + G + T N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 P R A P + R + A P + R + A P + R + A ZI P R A P R A S/R E S/R E S/R P1 R1 A1 EP ER EAAlgeria 21 26 13 60 8 3 3 22 54 2 5 3 Marocco 40 12 7 59 8 3 38 7 10 29 4 2 2 Tunisia 273 22 0 295 40 15 45 18 - 25 4 - Portugal 271 60 4 335 44 17 45 50 17 25 12 1 S/R 1 605 120 24 749 Lybia 16 16 16 38 4 2 5 6 2 1 3 2 Egypte 310 250 305 865 96 44 46 95 94 98 29 51 80 Malte S/R2 326 266 311 903 Cyprus 16 4 5 25 100 1 100. 100. 100 2 1 1 Lebanon 1 Syria S/R 3 16 4 5 25 Yugoslavia 34 16 7 57 20 3 26 14 18 3 3 3 Albania 46 26 10 82 29 4 36 23 25 5 5 3 Bulgaria 14 16 8 38 13 2 15 11 14 20 1 3 2 Turkey 35 55 15 105 38 5 27 49 37 3 11 4 S/R 4 129 113 40 282 R(1+2+3+4) 1076. 503. 380 1959

Legend PG: post graduates G: graduates T : technicians P:production R:research A:administration N1:cumulated needs per country N2:needs per country reported to S/R needs N3:needs per country reported to the region needs N4:needs per S/R reported to region needs N5:needs per country reported to the correspondent S/R needs, per sector

N6:needs per country reported to the regional needs per sector

TABLE 7 Countries Production Research Administration

PG G T PG G T PG G T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Algeria N '- 3 18 6 8 12 '- 3 10 '- 6 '- 3 8 3 18 12 10 % 0 14 86 23 31 46 0 23 77 0 100 0 21 58 21 45 30 25

Marocco N 4 11 25 5 2 5 2 5 '- 4 5 2 11 2 5 25 5 '- % 10 28 62 42 16 42 29 71 0 36 46 18 61 11 28 83 17 0

Tunisia N 12 27 234 12 2 8 0 0 0 12 12 '- 27 2 '- 234 8 '- % 4 10 86 55 9 36 0 0 0 50 50 0 93 7 0 97 3 0

Portugal N - 14 257 15 30 15 '- 4 '- '- 15 '- 14 30 4 257 15 '- % 0 5 95 25 50 25 0 100 0 0 100 0 29 63 8 94 6 0

Sub Total N %

Legend for tables 7,8,9,10

N :needs per level of staff and by type of sector in aquaculture % :rates of N to the cumulated N per type of sector in aquaculture

TABLE 8

Countries Production Research Administration PG G T PG G T PG G T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Lybia N 2 8 6 2 8 6 1 2 3 2 2 1 8 8 2 6 6 3 % 12 50 38 12 50 38 17 35 50 40 40 20 44 44 12 40 40 20

Egypte N 10 150 150 50 50 150 5 100 200 10 50 5 150 50 100 150 150 200 % 4 48 48 20 20 60 2 33 65 15 77 8 50 17 33 30 30 40

Malte N %

Sub Total N %

TABLE 9

Countries Production Research Administration PG G T PG G T PG G T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Cyprus N 3 10 3 2 2 '- '- 3 2 3 2 - 10 2 3 3 - 2 % 19 62 19 50 50 - - 60 40 60 40 0 67 13 - 60 0 40

Lebanon N %

Syri a N %

Sub Tota l N %

TABLE 10

Countries Production Research Administration PG G T PG G T PG G T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Yugoslavia N 6 10 18 6 6 4 2 2 3 6 6 2 10 6 2 18 4 3 % 17 30 53 38 38 24 29 29 42 43 43 14 56 33 11 72 16 12

Albania N 6 10 30 6 10 10 2 4 4 6 6 2 10 10 4 30 10 4 % 13 22 65 24 38 38 20 40 40 43 43 14 42 42 16 68 23 9

Bulgaria N 4 6 4 4 4 8 2 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 8 4 % 29 42 29 25 25 50 25 25 50 40 40 20 50 33 17 25 50 25

Turkey N 5 20 10 10 30 15 5 10 - 5 10 5 20 30 10 10 15 - % 14 57 29 18 55 27 33 67 25 50 25 33 50 17 40 60 0

Sub Tot al N %

TABLE 11

Algeria Maroco Tunisia Portugal Lybia Egypt Malte Cyprus Libanan Syria Yougos Albania Bulg Turkey Mar Hat Manag '- 3T 5S 5T Aquacul Engineriny '- 4T 5S 5T 20S 30T Fish Pathology '- 5T 5S 5T 30S 45T Fish Farm Manag '- 6T 5S 10T 30S 45T Aquaculture Planning - 10T '- '- 20S 35T Fish Feed Tech Feed '- 6T 5S 10T 30S 45T Practices '- 2T '- '- Aquacul-Envir '- 2T '- Shrimp Culture '- 2T 5S 10T 40S 55T Prod quality-transf 30S 45T Duration 1w to 1M 1 to 3M

TABLE 12

Algeria Maroc Tunisia Portugal Lybia Egypte Malte Cyprus Leban Syria Yugosl Albania Bulgar Turkey A B C D E Host Count x x x x x x x x x Fish Pathol '- x x '- x '- x '- '- Hatch Tech x '- '- x '- x x x x Hatch Manag '- '- '- '- '- '- x x '- Nutrition '- '- '- x '- x x '- '- Genetic '- '- '- '- '- x x '- '- Wat qual cont x x '- '- '- x x '- '- Lagoon Manag '- '- '- '- '- '- x '- '- Train durat '- 12 3 1 36 3 4 W 1–2 w 2–3 w Fees Train '- '- '- '- '- x '- '- '- Numb Train 2 4 1 2 1 F 20 1–2 5 limit tr Numb 11 5 2 5 1 F 40 11 6 IL English lang x x x x '- x x x x French lang x x x x x x '- '- '- Arab lang x '- '- '- '- '- x '- '-

A : INIP,B : LNIV ,C : GUP, D:GATL, E:UA are institutions of Portugal, W : Week F : few IL : unlimited

AQUACULTURE TRAINING NEEDS AND CAPABILITIES IN PORTUGAL BY

MARIA TERESA DINIS

M E D R A P

TRAINING SUB-NETWORK

TRAINING IN AQUACULTURE

Aquaculture training needs in Portugal Maria Teresa DINIS

Universidade do Algarve Unidade de Ciências e Tecnologias dos Recursos Aquáticos Campus de Gambelas 8000 Faro PORTUGAL

AQUACULTURE TRAINING INSTITUTIONS IN PORTUGAL

SECONDARY LEVEL

• FORPESCAS Technicians

Specific courses in Training in Fisheries and Aquaculture Duration: 2 years

• ESCOLAS DE FORMAÇÃO PROFESSIONAL Technicians

General courses which includes some disciplines on the aquaculture area Duration: 2 years

• FSE/CEE Technicians

Intensive courses on Aquaculture supported by private enterprises with EC funds Duration: 4 to 8 weeks with a final stay on a private enterprise

• UNINOVA High level Technicians

Intensive courses on aquaculture Duration: 3 months

UNIVERSITY LEVEL

• UNIVERSITY OF LISBON/ Faculdade de Ciências Graduate

Natural resources and General Biology Duration: 4 years

• UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA/ Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Graduate

Environmental Engineering Duration: 5 Years

• UNIVERSIDADE DE AVEIRO Graduate

General Resources Duration: 4 Years

• UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA / Faculdade de Ciências Graduate

Biology Duration: 5 Years

• UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO

Institute de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar Graduate

Aquatic Sciences Duration: 4 Years

Faculdade de Ciências Graduates

Biology Duration: 4 Years

• UNIVERSIDADE TÉCHICA DE LISBOA/ Instituto Superior de Agronomia Graduate

Agriculture Engineering and fresh water aquaculture Duration: 4 Years

• INSTITUTTO POLITÉCNICO DE BEJA Graduate (BSc.)

Zootechnic Production Duration: 3 Years

• UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE Graduate and postgraduate (Msc. course)

Marine Biology and Fisheries Duration: 4 Years with special branch in aquaculture

Among the Universities which gives some general teaching in Aquaculture as an annual course, only the University of Algarve gives a 2 Years course in Aquaculture on Production systems and aquaculture technology.

The Master Degree on Coastal Management at the University of Algarve gives a special branch on Aquaculture

AQUACULTURE NEEDS

The total number of fishfarms in Portugal are 218 from which only 113 are operating and of these 32% are on their second or third Year of production (GEPP, 1992).

More than 50% of the occupied area by these farms are working under extensive methods with low technology and with employees without specific formation in aquaculture. However more and more the investitors are looking for better prepared employees due to the special needs of the business.

Taken into account these informations, we may purpose for Portugal the followings needs:

TECHNICIANS GRADUATE POST-GRADUATE Production 257 14 0 Research 15 30 15 Administration 4

FACILITIES

Most of the Secondary Courses for technicians have a final stay on a private firm or even on facilities belonging to research institutions. This is the case of the FORPESCAS Courses which gives a practical training on the National Institute of Fisheries facilities and also on private enterprises within agreement protocols.

At the university level, the University of Algarve and Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa degree includes a final report on a research or practical theme. This report has also an oral presentation and a discussion with a jury. At the Institute de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar the final report is volunteer.

The Masters degree at Algarve has the English Composition of this type of graduation, one year teaching and on year project.

This University has under construction a “Marine Science Centre” (CCMAR), a research Centre also for aquaculture of Mediterranean species.

SPECIES

The northern research institutions had been devoted till recently to the freshwater species, due to the climate of the regions where trout and salmon and been produced. Nowadays the turbot is already under research and teaching projects.

The University of Algarve since its foundation had been developing competence on marine species such as seabream, seabass, sole, clams and prawns. And the teaching and training courses most of the work is done on these these Species.

POTENTIALITIES IN MOROCO FOR AQUACULTURE TRAINING BY

M. SYED SHAFFEE

POTENTIALITIES IN MOROCO FOR AQUACULTURE TRAINING 1. INTRODUCTION

Morocco has two coastline, one along the Atlantic ocean (3000 km long) and other along the Mediterranean sea (500 km long). The exclusive Economic Zone (EER) extends up to 200 nautical miles from the shore. The “upwelling” cold water along the south Atlantic coast adds to the richness of fishery resources. Along the coast lines there are several backwater ecosystems such as bays, estuaries and lagoons, their water surfaces varying from 3 to 300 km2. According to the statistics available from the Ministry of Fisheries, the annual fish catch was 550 thousands tons for the Year 1988. This statistics does not include artisanal fisheries practiced around the coastlines and coastal backwaters without using any mechanised gear. Local fish consumption is not very high (8.4 kg per capita) and 32% of the total catch is exported either fresh or transformed products. Nearly one hundred thousands people are directly or indirectly employed in fisheries.

Apart from sea water resources, Morocco also possesses many thousands ha of fresh water in the form of rivers, natural lakes and dam waters. Sporting as well as artisanal fisheries (eels, trouts and carps) are practiced in these water bodies.

2. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN MOROCCO

Fish culture works can be traced back to 1924 when the local government created a fish culture station in Azrou for culturing freshwater fishes such as trouts (for sport fishing) and carps (for sanitary purpose). Private investment in aquaculture, also, started as early as 1926 in coastal waters (lagoons and estuaries) to fatten the imported oysters before marketing them locally.

At present, on the Atlantic coast, there are four private companies producing nearly 250 tons of pacific oysters annually, using traditionally rearing techniques. On the Mediterranean coast, there are two companies which are practicing aquaculture at large scales (multimillion dollars projects). One of the companies (MAROST) is producing fishes (sea Lass and sea bream). Prawns (Penaeus japonicus) and mollusks (oysters, clams). The youngs are artificially produced using modern hatchery and nursery techniques. The total production of this company was 400 tons during the year 1990. Nearly 250 people are permenantly employed here and among them 30 people are exports and technicians. The other company has recently built field tanks covering nearly 100 ha. Intensive culture of fishes and prawns is practiced in these tanks.

Freshwater fish culture has also been practiced by several private companies. A large scale intensive culture of trouts ion the Azrou region(Ain Argbal) is being practiced since 1990 using modern techniques and processing units. Small Scale culture of carps is also practiced by some fish farmers.

As the Moroccan climate is suitable for faster growth and higher survival rates, as the geographical situation of Morocco renders easy marketing services in the nearby European countries and as the highly solicited fish products can easily be cultured in the Moroccan environment, many other sites on both coastlines are being considered by many other private investors. Further development of offshore and inshore aquaculture is expected in the near future.

3. AQUACULTURE TRAINING IN MOROCCO

a) Present status: The only Institution that deals with aquaculture education in Morocco is the Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), Rabat.

Aquaculture training forms a part of its graduate (Ingénieur d'Etat) or under graduate (Ingénieur d'application) programme on fishery science. All the students receive 30 hrs of lecture in aquaculture and make 8 days visits to different aquaculture enterprises. Those who want to specialise in aquaculture during their final year of their academic career, will start with 3 months training in one of the above mentioned aquaculture companies and then continue their thesis works (6 months to one year field work) on aquaculture.

To date, IAV Hassan II has produced 43 graduates and 87 undergraduates in Fishery science of which 7 and 13 respectively were specialised in aquaculture. More than 50 % of these graduates specialised in aquaculture are employed in the aquaculture field, either private or public.

b) Needs for further development: Morocco does not possesses a specialised programme for technicians or workers in the field of aquaculture. Most of the companies that develop aquaculture locally are interested to recruit either specialised workers or techniques rather than specialised graduates. More over the existing graduate programme in Morocco needs to be strengthened by adding teaching experts in Aquaculture Engineering and Aquaculture Genetics. The Existing expertise on Fishery Economics and Marine Environmental Science may be trained to specialise in Aquaculture Economics and Biotoxicology in Aquaculture respectively. These subject may be of great importance to aquaculture training programmes.

c) Capabilities for further development: IAV Hassan II and Institut Scientific des Pêches Maritimes (ISPM). Casablanca have mutual cooperative programmes for training, research and development in the field of aquaculture. Both these institutions collaborates with the existing private enterprises in Morocco. Many of the graduates students from the IAV Hassan II are making either short term (1 to 3 months) or long term (one year) training courses in companies such as MAROST, Station de Pisciculture of Ain Argbal and Oyster culture company N0. 7 of Oualidia. The other private companies are also interested to collaborate with these two institutions for training students.

Starting from 1995, under the mutual collaboration between ISPM and Japanese government, a large and modern Aquaculture Training Centre (2 million dollars project) will be functioning on the Atlantic coast (Moulay Bousselham and Larache). A finalised contract between the two government authorities has been signed in November 1992 regarding this aspect. Theoretical as well as practical classes for the trainees may be accomplished there.

CONCLUSION

1. Morocco has rich potentialities for the development of aquaculture both in mariculture and in continental fish culture. Two large scale and 4 small scale industries (private) are noteworthy for mariculture operations, and one large scale and three small scale firms can be identified as freshwater aquaculture companies. Further investment in aquaculture is on progress.

2. IAV Hassan II is producing graduates in Fishery science and some of them are specialised in aquaculture.

3. Morocco needs specialised technicians or workers in aquaculture; at present it does not have any special programmes for such training.

4. This training programme can very well be envisaged in Morocco as IAV Hassan II and ISPM are in collaboration with all the existing private enterprises.

5. The IAV Hassan ii and the ISPM possess all the infrastructure necessary for teaching and indoor research as they already wide experience in training graduates and undergraduates.

6. The scheduled creation of a new Aquaculture Training Institute in 1995, with the help of the Japanese government will facilitate these training programmes.

7. Expertise may be necessary in the field of Aquaculture Engineering and Aquaculture Genetics. Local experts may needs special training in Aquaculture Economics and Biotoxicology in Aquaculture.

PROFESSIONAL AQUACULTURE TRAINING IN TUNISIA BY

OTHMAN ZOGHLAMI

PROFESSIONAL AQUACULTURE TRAINING IN TUNISIA BY

OTHMAN ZOGHLAMI En Tunisie, l'aquaculture est devenue une nouvelle filière de développement du

secteur de la pêche. Les limites de son développement sont en train d'étre levées par la maitrise progressive des connaissances scientifiques, techniques et pratiques. Ce qui permettra de répondre aux besoins pressants de la profession qui se font sentir de plus en plus ces dernières annees en techniciens mieux qualifies.

Pour ce faire un enseignement professionnel approprie a eté introduit dans l'enseignement des pêches, et ce à partir de 1983 an Centre de Formation Professionnelle des Péches de Monastir.

Actuellement l'enseignement dispensé est orientévers la formation pratique et théorique des ouvriers spécialisés en aquaculture.

Grâce à cette formation de nombreux ouvriers ont été formés et introduits dans le secteur privé.

1. DISPONIBILITE DU CENTRE POUR LA FORMATION: Le centre de Formation Professionnelle des Pêches de Monastir est un

établissement public écaractére administratif ayant une gestion II constitue la seule institution pourvue dans son ensemble enpossibilités de formation professionnelle, pouvant former deux niveaux de compétence, qui sont les ouvriers sont ouvriers spécialisés et les techniciens aquacoles.

Le premier consiste à dispenseaux jeunes recrus ayant au moins accomplis 3 ans de l'enseignement secondaire, une formation pratique et technique, portant sur des tâches et des activités directement utiles à exercice du métier

Le deuxième consiste a apporter aux recrus, ayant au moins accomplis cinq ans de I'enseignement secondaire, une formation pratique, technique et scientifique leur permettant de realiser des activités communes a plusieurs tàches et à plusieurs situations. II porte, entre autres sur la compréhension de principes technologiques ou scientifiques liés au métier.

La durée des programmes dispensés varie le niveau voule et les modules nécessaires pour atteindre ce niveau.

Elle est de 480 à 600 heures / an pour le le ler niveau, et de 1000 à 1200 heures / an pour le 2è niveau , suivi d'un stage de 2 mois dans une ferme d'élevage aquacole.

Les programmes de formation s'inscrivent dans les orientations retenues par le gouvernement tunisien concernant la formation professionnelle et secondaire. Il sont definis suivant un cadre d'élaboration tenant compte des principales exigences des milieux de travail et de l'éducation.

La capacitè de formation du Centre est estimée à 25 élèves / an.

Le système de formation en aquaculture dans le centre permet également de recevoir un nombre de stagiaires variant de 10 à 15/an (Techniciens ou Ouvriers spécialisés) appartenant aux autres pays membres du réseau.

Des programmes spéciaux et adaptés peuvent être dispensés aux stagiaires tenant compte des particularités du groupe et de la nature du travail qu'ils envisagent d'accomplir.

2. LIMITES STRUCTURES, TECHNIQUES ET SCIENTIFIQUE DU SECTEUR DE LA FORMATION EN AQUACULTURE:

Toutes les spécialités sont dispensées avec satisfaction au Centre de Monastir II dispose d'un appui logistique suffisant formé par le Centre National d'Aquaculture de Monastir (Centre de Recherche) qui facilite aux éléves et éventuellement aux stagiaires l'exercice des séances pratiques et techniques prévues par le programme d'enseignement sous la direction des chercheurs et des techniciens spécialisés de ce Centre.

3. RAPPORTS ENTRE LE SECTEUR PUBLIC ET LE SECTEUR PRIVE :II n'existe aucan lien juridique ou financier entre les structure publiques et les

structures privees. Le seul rapport entre les deux se limite à l'organisation des stages dans les sites d'exploitation prives au profit des èlèves pour leur permettre une meilleures intégration à la vie professionnelle et un approfondissement des savoirs professionnels.

ON THE AQUACULTURE TRAINING IN EGYPT BY

M. ABDERRAHMAN EL SAFTY

REPORT ABOUT THE AQUACULTURE TRAINING IN ARAB

REPUBLIC OF EGYPT

Updating the developing of Aquaculture in Egypt needs to consider human resources in regard to training, extension and practical programs. This is due to the fact that the ability of performance is known to be the only element of production that can not be brought or stored and cannot be replaced. As a result, the systems of training and extension should be considered in Egypt in order to develop its human resources working in aquaculture to achieve higher qtandards of living and strenghth …

And here is the status of Aquaculture Training in Egypt :

∗ The availability of the existing training institutions to receive probationers and to train technicians from other member countries:

1. APPASA AQUACULTURE CENTRE :

Its function is to make researches in aquaculture, and to held training programs in aquaculture for graduates and technitions. It has a capacity for 20 – 30 trainees in every training programs. In this centre several training programs have been organised in aquaculture for some foreign countries of the mediterranean, Arab and African countries.

2. THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ACEANOGRAPHY AND FISHERIES:

It is an academic institution. It has a staff of post graduates that obtain Ph.Ds and M.Sc. in their speciality. In this institute they held some academic training programs in aquaculture for Egyptian trainees. Also, there are organized training programs in aquaculture, for some foreign counties of the mediterranean, Arab and African countries in the same institute. It has a capacity for 30 trainees in every program.

3. There are three specialized secondary schools in Egypt … “Alexandria, Damietta and Suez”. The study in these schools “3” years to ebtain a certificate in “fisheries and aquaculture”. In these schools there is some training programs in aquaculture for technicians from Arab, Mediterranean and African countries. The capacity of every school is “30” trainees in every course.

4. In the General Authority fof Fish Resources Development there is some aquaculture technical training programs in the field for the trainees from foreign countries. The capacity of every training course is “10” trainees.

∗ The chronic insufficiancies and the structural technical and scientific limits of the aquaculture training sector :

- We have the modern scientific equipment in our centres and our research institutions but we have lack of Audio visual aids for training programs.

∗ The existing linkage between private and public sectors in training field (logistic, financial and tichnical assistance …etc) :

- The General Authority for Fish Resources Development provide an extension services for the people in aquaculture both private and public, core over, its concern is to educate them, to get them acquainted with the up - to - date aquaculture technology from all over the world.

- These technical assistance are provided without any fees or charges.

My best wishes for all my collegues.

COUNTRY : EGYPT NAME: APPASA AQUACULTURE CENTRE

• Could you accept Technicians and Exports to be trained in your Centres? • If yes, please indicate the specialization (s) Held x yes no - Fish pathology

Technics x - Hatchery Management x

- Nutrition x - Genetics x - Water quality control x - Lagoon management x - Other x

• What is the approximative duration of the training for each of the above specialization?

3 – 4 WEEKS • Could you take in charge the lodging and stay fees of the trainees? x yes no• What is the number of trainees you can accept at the same time in each speciality? 20 – 30 • Are there any limits for the number of trainees you can globelly receive each year? 40 • What will be the language used?

- English x

- French

- Arabic x

Note : We will not be charge for instructors and lecturers expenses.

TRAINING POSSIBILITIES AND NEEDS IN CROATIA BY

IVAN KATAVIC

MEDRAP II SEMINAR ON AQUACULTURE TRAINING SUB - NETWORK CROATIAN REPORT

The training possibilities that Croatia could offer are as follows:

- Short in job training (2 3 weeks). Each application for training is considered at the Government level after previous arrangement with the respective institutions.

- Academic in job training for the students and young scientists several months to 1 year.

- In job training at the commercial fish farms (including private one) arranged on personal exchange basis.

- University graduates at the Faculty for Fisheries and Aquaculture in Split, Croatia.

The topics on which training is required at this level of marine aquaculture development in Croatia is needed refer mainly to the following:

- Aquaculture planning, legislative aspects, economic and social aspects.

- Farm management.

- Environmental aspect of aquaculture including environmental impact studies.

- Technological aquaculture disciplines such as feed and hatchery technology, nutrition and pathology.

FURTHER INFORMATION ON AQUACULTURE IN TURKEY BY

GAGLAR MEMISOUGLU

TURKIYE REPORT

There is no institution to train the technicians from other member countries on aquaculture field in Türkiye. We have three Research Instituties Although their main aims are not training, especially the Institute located in Bodrum is related to aquaculture and sometimes trains the technicians of Ministry to inform them about the recent developments in sector.

On the otherhand, the students of related Universities do their practical trainings in short periods in the mentioned Institute. The level of this training is very low, because the Institute are not eligible to offer adequate technical and scientific structure. However, with the completion of the Hatchery plant at the end of 1992, the possibility of offering technical and scientific training to the national and foreign technicians will be accomplished. The same situation is valid for Hatchery plant in Beymelek Lagoon Antalya which was newly completed.

Owing to the aquaculture sector is rather new in Türkiye, the relationship in training between the Government and the private sector is not at the preferred level. However, the both side are willing to develope this cooperation.

AQUACULTURE TRAINING NEEDS IN ALBANIA BY

ALEXANDER FLLOKO

ALBANIAN REPORT

There is no major activity in aquaculture at all, especially in marine aquaculture. We have developed only extensive marine aquaculture in coastal Lagoons.

The educational system in Albania provide only some basic knowledges at the Biology and Veterinary Faculties.

We are interested to change ther kinds of fish in our fishfarms intomarine fish in coastal areas.

THE REQUIRED NEEDS :

1. Training courses in the field of sea bass and sea bream. Production.

2. Training courses in the field of shrimp-production.

3. Training courses in the field of fish-breeding in fresh water.

4. Training courses in the field of fish nutrition.

5. Training courses in the field of sea-fish production in cages.

6. Fish pathologies and disease management.

AQUACULTURE TRAINING NEEDS AND CAPABILITIES IN CYPRUS BY

STEPHANOU DAPHNEE

MEDRAP II Seminar on Aquaculture Training Subnetwork Cyprus Report

In Cyprus does not exist any special institute providing training in aquaculture. In job short training (2–3 weeks) could be provided at the Government Research Aquaculture Stations after previous arrangements with the Government. Each application for training is examined on its own merits.

At the Meneou Experimental Marine Aquaculture Station in job training could be arranged mainly on hatchery techniques and management as well as on fish fattening at landbased installations. The Kalopanayiotis Experimental Freshwater Aquaculture Station could offer injob training on hatchery-fattening of trout.

Injob training on mainly marine fish hatchery and fattening aspects could possibly be arranged at the commercial hatcheries and fish farms on personnel exchange basis. Such type of training could be provided after direct contact between the interest parties. It is anticipated that such activity could also be the outcome of closer cooperation links between the producers, if and when established and be more practically oriented.

The topics on which training is required at this stage of aquaculture development in Cyprus refer mainly to the following:

1. Environmental impact monitoring, fish pathology, nutrition.

2. Technology (including biotechnology) of offshore cages, farm management.

3. Planning of aquaculture development, legislative aspects economic aspects as well as evaluation of environmental impact studies.

The department of Fisheries will act as the focal point for any matter referring to training on aquaculture. Cyprus is interested in securing training of trainers (higher level) as well as at the level of technicians i.e. middle level who are employed in private fish farms. So Cypriots from both the competent government departments (Fisheries Department and veterinary Services Department) and the private sector (fish farm managers) participated in the workshops and seminars organized by MEDRAP II. A group of 12 technicians employed by Government and the private sector as well as prospective fish farmers participated in a training course on various aspects of aquaculture which was organized by the Greek Fisheries Service at Phodos island.

As regards the provision of training, arrangements are underway for the training of 4 Egyptian scientists on marine aquaculture aspects. The training is expected to be ad-hoc and be provided as injob training at the Meneou Experimental Marine Aquaculture Station.

ON THE FISH POSITION IN SYRIA BY

AWAD SHEBAT

A REPORT ON FISH-POSITION IN SYRIA

The Syrian Arab Republic is very interested in breeding aquacultures since a long time and exerts great efforts to insert new kinds of fish and selecting some of fish by the way of crossbreeding.

The General Establishment for fisheries is considered the only one which is responsible of all activities concerning fish breeding and aquatic plants in Syria, and the main jobs of it are :

1. In the field of Sea-fish catching.

2. In the field of fish-breeding in fresh and cold water.

THE REQUIRED NEEDS :1. Training Courses in the field of Shrimp-Production.

2. = = = = = = inbreeding Sea-fish in cages.

3. Training Courses in the field of Prevention of fish diseases.

4. Training Courses in the field of fish-Nutrition.

5. Training Courses in the field of Sea-fishing.

But concerning MEDRAP project activities, some of specialists from Syria were sent to attend short training seminars and paying visits.

I have the pleasure to be among you, thanks to United Nations Commission which gave me this opportunity to attend this Symposium (Seminar).

AQUACULTURE TRAINING NEEDS IN LEBANON BY

KOUYOUMJIAN HRATCH

LEBANON REPORT

There is no major activity in aquaculture in Lebanon as yet. However, measures are being taken to develop a mariculture pilot station and rehabilate the existing trout hatchery and farm.

UNDP assistance is solicited.

Training could not be offered as there is no local experience and specialised facilities. Related academic training in marine sciences could be offered in local universities.

In the National Emergency Recovery plan, which will be implemented during the next three years, priority has been given to the rehabilitation, equipment and functionning of the Marine Science Centre in Batroun.

This is expected to fill an important vacuom together with the Marine Research Centre of NCSR.

In this respects, there is collaboration with the council for Development and Reconstruction and the Ministry of Agriculture.

As regards needs these are as follows:

15 in production

6 in Research

5 in Administration

Needs take into consideration all levels: technicians, junior, scientists and senior scientists.

Marketing is a special need for Lebanon assuming action in the development of the pilot station crystallises.

Annex 2 Evaluation of the Training Capabilities in Some Specialised Institutions in the

Associated and other European Countries

PROPOSAL FOR A MEDITERRANEAN COOPERATION PROJECT WITHIN THE FUTURE FRAMEWORK OF MEDRAP ACTIVITIES

BY

ADAM BENOVIC (FOR PAVASOVIC)

IMPLEMENTATION OF ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA FOR THE RATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION OF AQUACULTURE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

REGION

Introduction

The potential of the Mediterranean environments for the development of aquaculture has only recently been fully recognized prompting almost all the countries of the region to start implementing or to plan substantial aquaculture activities.

Most aquaculture activities are at present being carried out in ways that are to a considerable degree dependent on the resources of the aquaculture site itself, i.e. water quality, nutrients, feed, which means that the selected site must provide these resources in appropriate amounts and quality for the kind of culture to be reared. the maintenance of these initially suitable ecological conditions is a limit for development of aquaculture, as no undue stress should be caused on the environment and on other activities at or near the site. Although aquaculture in the Mediterranean is known for centuries, it has been recently recognized that intensive cultures themselves are capable to endanger environment and production.

For the future, limits for the sites practical for culture purposes should be extended to include not only lagoons, estuaries and sheltered coastal zones but the offshore zones too.

The programme proposed herein is designed primarily to help the governments of the Mediterranean countries, but also to help existing and potential producers to plan and carry out appropriate projects, avoiding risk of production collapse caused by environmental disturbances.

Project description

Background

Aquaculture is one of the priority fields of the priority Action Programme (PAP) of UNEP Mediterranean Action plan. In the framework of PAP workplan for the 1986–1987 biennium (UNEP/WG.129.5), the formulation of the joint project of PAP and FAO/UNDP MEDRAP was envisaged in order to study the environmental aspects of aquaculture management. This came about as a result of the cooperation between PAP and MEDRAP experts over the 1984–1987 period, during which the need to define and test an effective procedure for the proper management of aquaculture in lagoon and coastal ecosystems was thoroughly investigated.

The information obtained during the preparatory phase (1986–87) made possible a realistic evaluation of the needs and constraints of both scientific and technical nature for the implementation of the project. This led to the formation of the present proposal.

Project objectives

While there is no doubt that an operational procedure, capable of producing sensible evaluations and fore casts under different environmental and production scenarios would provide a precious tool both for coastal zone planners and entrepreneurs, such a procedure, at least at the regional level, does not exist at present.

It is clear from the analysis of the studies that have been carried out in this field that only qualitative suggestions are possible to offer within the descriptive and scientifically informal approaches that have been adopted.

This is due to conceptual, technical and economic constraints, some of which are specific of the field of aquaculture, especially with regard to equipment and manpower costs, as well as time necessary for a more scientifically grounded environmental analysis.

The long-term objectives of the project are:

- to establish a conceptual and operational procedure of site evaluation and monitoring for the development and protection of aquaculture in the Mediterranean;

- to define a realistic and consistent set-up of operations necessary to calibrate and validate the procedure as a whole and its individual components separately;

- to establish a network capable of operating on a permanent basis.

It is, however, essential that the procedure to be developed be in line with specific problems and needs of aquaculture, that it be of general applicability, simple and inexpensive for the field effort and capable of providing accurate estimates and predictions.

The immediate objectives are:

- to select appropriate sites for the implementation of the environmental network;

- to evaluate previous data;

- to obtain supplementary data;

- to review and update the original document;

- to prepare a workplan for the implementation of MEDRAP databases;

- to prepare operating instructions for producers;

- to provide preliminary indications for environmentally sound aquaculture development and protection;

- to provide training of local staff in field operations;

To meet these objectives, it is necessary (a) to prepare different production systems and their development in various environmental scenarios, (b) define scenarios b y means of efficient descriptors, and (c) to choose a sampling design for each descriptors according to its specific space and time scales. Also, a set of numerical techniques has to be defined for processing the information obtained, so as to produce the desired quantitative assessments and forecasts, as well as to assess the relative significance of the selected descriptors.

Expected outputs

Once such a procedure is constructed and validated, the following outputs will be expected:

- guidelines for the selection of sites suitable for aquaculture development;

- assessment of compatibility of already existing or planned aquaculture activities with the development of other forms of natural resources exploitation;

- selection, within a given ecosystem, of zones best suited for the various production systems;

- definition as to how far a given type of production can be developed without exceeding the carrying capacity of an ecosystem (self-pollution problem);

- definition of the amount of exploitable resources;

- definition of the extent to which available resources can be developed through intervention.

These guidelines and their associated models will be designed in such a way as to be readily used by decision makers and aquaculture professionals without any specific training.

Organization of the project

Following the above consideration, the project should be organized in the following integrated parts:

1. Preparatory phase to integrate previous data and to collect supplementary data, as well as to prepare the framework and start the operational calibration of the project, with particular reference to sampling design and related technical problems.

2. Implementation phase to perform those activities which are feasible at all sites; to implement the adopted programme, the specific seminars and advanced training missions.

3. Continuity phase to perform those activities which are necessary to maintain the permanent network and facilitate common regional strategy, enabling optimum aquaculture production.

4. Training component. The project will have a strong training component consisting of seminars, workshops and training missions.

Preparatory phase

The preparatory phase will be carried out mostly by the Coordinating Group (CG). It will cover revision and updating of the original PAP document considering the future MEDRAP strategy. CG will review proposals of sites for inclusion in the project. Also, CG will organize missions to selected sites and draft a report with a view to establishing a programme for the next phase. CG will provide operating instructions.

The preparatory phase will establish:

(a) a grid of aquaculture sites ready for the project implementation;

(b) a grid for spatial analyses to be used in the implementation phase;

(c) optimum sampling frequency to be used in the implementation phase;

(d) location of permanent sampling sites to be adopted in the implementation phase.

In addition, two seminars will be organized in order to discuss a common strategy of the project, adjust and calibrate the methodology.

Implementation phase

The implementation phase is designed to validate implementation of the programme and to perform the activities which are feasible at all sites.

The implementation phase will focus on the following descriptors:

(a) meteorological descriptors (temperature, relative humidity, etc.);

(b) continental hydrography descriptors (main water inflow, run-off sources, etc.);

(c) geomorphological descriptors (bathymetry, sediments, etc.);

(d) physical descriptors (currents, temperature, transparency, etc.);

(e) chemical descriptors (salinity, oxygen content, etc.);

(f) biological descriptors (biomass of plankton, benthos, nekton, etc.).

The operational sampling design for each of the sites will include their specific needs and, depending on the results of the preparatory phase, will be flexible. The expected result is a validated and calibrated model permitting simulations by varying the level of the forcing functions and/or border conditions.

One specific seminar and two advanced training missions will enable participants to implement the calibrated methodology.

Ad hoc visits of experts will help in this phase. Annual meetings of national coordinators, FAO experts and MEDRAP representatives will discuss the achieved results, as well as programme for the next period.

Continuity phase

The continuity phase is designed to enable performing those activities which are necessary to maintain the permanent network and facilitate the common regional strategy towards an optimum aquaculture production. During this phase, national coordinators, FAO experts and MEDRAP representatives will meet at least once a year to validate, update and facilitate operations. In addition, expert visits to particular sites will help in model implementation.

The expected result is an efficient model enabling producers to maintain and develop safe aquaculture projects. In addition, this phase will result in cooperation with other relevant MEDRAP networks.

Training component

Two seminars to be organized during the preparatory phase will provide opportunity for discussion and planning among the Coordinating Group and participants from selected sites. They are designed as a Plenary Assembly of the project at the beginning, and a specific one (intercalibration) at the end of this phase.

One specific seminar for modeling and two advanced training missions during the implementation phase are offered to improve and knowledge of already experienced staff members of the selected sites. Special reference is made of the implementation of the calibrated methodology, model building and managing.

The permanent training component programme consisting of seminars, workshops and training missions will be proposed in cooperation with the training network.

Operational structure

The operational structure consists of:

(a) The Co-ordinating Group, which will be a task team carrying out most of the work foreseen in the preparatory phase. The members of CG will not constitute a permanent unit with an established office during the whole duration of the project, but will meet whenever needed to direct the activities. In particular, the role of the CG is:

- to carry out the preparatory phase;

- to perform quality controls;

- to plan and assist in seminars and workshops;

- to enable data processing and modeling;

- to prepare reports.

Members of CG will be assisted by consultants during the preparatory phase, as needed. CG will have at its disposal its own instrumentation to ensure the uniformity of collected data as well as computer facilities for data processing.

(b) The Steering Committee (SC) will have an overall responsibility for decision making concerning common action of the network. members of the Steering Committee are all national coordinators of the participating countries, along with MEDRAP, FAO and PAP representatives. Other interested countries and international organizations will be welcome to participate as observes. SC will hold one regular session each year.

(c) The Co-ordinating Centre (CC) will be the Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC). CC is responsible for setting up the network during the first 12 months of the project and operation of the project thereafter.

Timing

Activities of the project are scheduled as follows:

- Preparatory phase: field missions, one at each site, data analysis, preparation of reports, preparation of instructions for operation, one seminar, one CG meeting duration: 10 months.

- Implementation phase 1: data collection and analysis, pre-validation of the model, training, 2 quality control-assistance missions, one advanced training mission, one seminar, one meeting of CG - duration: 12 months.

- Implementation phase 2: data analysis, validation of models, one control quality mission, one advance training mission, one seminar, one CG meeting, one SC meeting - duration: 10 months.

- Continuity phase: Application of models, review and updating of operational instructions, expert visits, preparation of the final report, one SC meeting - duration: 12 months, or open-ended.

Expected achievements

The major practical achievement expected from the project will include a validated analytical tool for site evaluation and impact assessment regarding the specific needs of aquaculture under different ecological and development scenarios. This will be transferable at both national decision-making and professional levels.

Finally, the role of the project in promoting cooperation, communication and exchange of both the scientific knowledge and practical experience in the field of applied ecology and aquaculture on a permanent basis among the Mediterranean countries should be underlined.

Financing

The tentative budget (in US$) has been calculated on the basis of the following criteria:

- to provide the Co-ordinating Group with necessary facilities to enable promotion of the programme;

- to provide each selected site with resources in order to bring its equipment up to the level required by the programme;

- to include a contribution in kind in selected sites.

Although the project has been foreseen to operate on a permanent basis through the future network, financial calculations are made on the basis of the proposed time schedule. After the implementation of the programme, the Steering Committee will be responsible for further financing of the programme.

TENTATIVE PROJECT BUDGET ($USA)TOPIC/ACTIVITY Preparatory phase Implementation phase 1 Implementation phase 2 Continuity phase Total Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind Equipment 32 55 26 113 Missions 44 46 28 118 Consultants 34 12 46 Data Processing 8 6 18 15 24 18 24 24 137 Seminars 54 12 54 12 54 12 198 Advanced Training 32 15 32 15 94 Field work 24 78 70 74 246 Expendable material 7 7 10 24 Reports 10 8 16 10 44 CG Meetings 14 14 14 42 SC Meetings 44 18 44 18 124 Total cash 196 234 245 100 775 Total kind 42 120 133 116 411 GRAND TOTAL 1186

Le CIHEAM Centre International

de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes

CEST en 1958. lors d'une réunion tenue à I'O C D E. que sur proposition du délégué de l'Espagne. les directeurs généraux de l'Agriculture des pays du sud de l'Europe ont recommandé la création d'un organisme d'enseignement supérieur destine à former les cadres du développement agncole dont le bassin méditerranéen avait besoin. Ils estimaient en effet que l'obstacle principal au développement agncole de leur pays venait de l'insuffisance du personnel scientifique et technique necessaire.

A la suite de cette recommandation. l'O.C.D.E. auquel s'était joint le Conseil de l'Europe. confièrent à des experts l'étude de la création d'un tel organisme

Le projet rédigé par ce groupe fut soumis d'une part au Conseil de l'O.C.D.E et d'autre part. au Comité des ministres du Conseil de l'Europe. Ces deux instances décidérent d'inviter les gouvernements des pays concernés à signer un accord portant création du Centre international de hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes.

Ce traité fut signé au siége de l'O.C.D.E. le 21 mai 1962. entre les gouvernements de sept pays du sud de l'Europe : Espagne. France. réce. Italie. Portugal. Turquie et Yougoslavie.

L'accord et ses protocoles additionnels sont entrés en vigueur conformément à l'article 14 paragraphe 3. le 3 février 1965

II. Ses objectifs

La mission confiée au centre en vertu de l'article 3 de cet accord est «de donner un enseignement complémentaire tant économique que technique et de développer l'espnt de coopération internationale parmi les

LE CIHEAM

cadres de l'Agriculture des pays méditerranéens»

Au cours de sa réunion des 10 et 11 mars 1983. le conseil d'administration du CIHEAM. a voulu consolider et amplifier les résultats positifs obtenus dans la formation des cadres de l'agriculture, dans la recherche agricole et dans les rapports avec les Etats membres et associés. ainsi qu'avec de nombreux organismes et organisations internationales, les universités et les instituts de recherche Par la résolution suivante. il a tenu à souligner.

- « le caractére prioritaire de l'activité du Centre dans le bassin méditerranéen et sa vocation à promouvoir le développement technique et économique dans le cadre de la plus large coopération internationale susceptible de contribuer à la réalisation de ses propres objectifs

- l'intérér à maintenir les rapports existants avec l'O.C.D.E. et le Conseil de l'Europe : à promouvoir des liens permanents avec des organisations internationales telles que la C.E.E. et la F.A.O. à sonder toute possibilitie de collaboration avec des institutions et organismes internationaux qui poursuivent des objectifs de recherche et de développement :

- la nécessité de renforcer les quatre instituts existants qui coordonnés guidés et bien gérés pourront développer leurs propres activités et promouvoir. soit la création de nouveaux instituts dans les pays

méditerranéen qui le souhaitent. soit l'élargissement du réseau à des institutions nationales existantes. qui œuvrent déjà pour l'épanouissement de l'esprit méditerranéen :

- sa volonté d'accueillir en son sein. plus grand nombre de pays du bassin méditerranéen qui en exprimeront le désir. de leur assurer une participation pleine et entière aux activités du Centre et de nouer et entretenir des contacts fructueux avec les pays tiers intéressés au développement :

- l'utilité de toute initiative qui. le secteur agricole et du développement pourrait aboutir à consolider la coopération méditerranéenne et internationale sur la base d'une large connaissance et confiance réciproque»

III. Ses membres

Dès l'origine, les sept pays fondateurs du Centre qui appartenaient tous géographiquement à la rive nord de la méditerranée ont exprimé leur volonté d'ouverture vers l'extérieur. puisque suivant l'accord de 1962. le Conseil peut inviter tout Etat méditerranéen à adhérer au Centre.

A la suite de la résolution prise en 1983. le conseil d'administration a adressé aux gouvernements de l'Egypte. du Liban du Maroc et de la Tunisie, Pays déjà associés au Centre. ainsi qu au gouvernetment de l'Algérie qui avait manifeste son intérét à participer aux activités du CIHEAM. une invitation officielle à adhérer La Tunisie a adhéré à l'accord en 1985. L'Egypte et l'Algérie en 1986 La procédure est en cours pour le Maroc.

Le Centre rassemble ainsi autour de la méme table dix pays membres :Algérie, Egypte, Espagne, Gréce, France, Italie, Portugal, Tunisie,

Turquie, Yougoslavie, ainsi que deux pays associés. le Liban et le Maroc

Cet élargissement au Centre vers le sud de la Méditerranée s'accompagne également de la mise en œuvre d'une collaboration plus large avec d'autres organisations internationales. A la suite d'accords de coopération passés par le Centre avec l'O.A.A. (Organisation pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture) (1976). la C.C.E. (Commission des Communautés européennes) (1983). l'O.A.D.A (Organisation arabe de développement agricole) (1986) des observateurs de ces organisations, participent aux réunions du Conseil.

IV. Sa structure

Les organes du Centre tels qu ils sont définis par l'accord sont

- le conseil d'administration ;

- le comité scientifique consultatif ;

- les instituts et les annexes.

Ces organes sont assistés par le secrétariat général

I le conseil d'administration est l'organe de direction et de décision du Centre

II est composé d'un représentant de chacun des pays signataires. des représentants du secrétaire général de l'O.C.D.E et du Conseil de Europe. qui sont membres de cru avec voix consultative ainsi que des représentants des pays associés qui ont également voix consultative.

Le conseil d'administration est présidé par un président élu pour quatre ans parmi les membres du conseil d'administration à la majorité des deux tiers des voix exprimées. Le président est assisté de vice-présidents élus pour la méme période et la méme régle de vote.

Le Conseil définit la politique générale du Centre et adopte le budget du CIHEAM.

II désigne les membres du comité consultatif scientifique. nomme le secrétaire général, les directeurs des instituts ainsi que les enseignants.

Il approuve les programmes d'enseignement et de recherche qui se réalisent dans les instituts ou leurs annexes (qui sont des organismes accrédités par décision du Conseil pour recevoir des stagiaires du Centre ou organiser à leur intention des cours spécialisés).

Le conseil a seul compétence pour accepter ou octroyer les bourses aux stagiaires des instituts et déterminer les conditions dans lesquelles sont délivrés les diplomes du Centre.

2 Le comité consultatif scientifique

Le comité consultatif est composé d'un nombre variable de personnalités désignées pour une période de quatre ans par le conseil d'administration. «Elles sont choisies notamment parmi les membres des établissements d'enseignement supérieur agricole et des instituts de recherches agronomiques. les représentants des états des organismes ou fondations participant d'une manière quelconque aux ressources du Centre.»

Le comite consultatif se réunit à la demande du président du conseil d'administration, pour délibérer sur les questions qui lui sont soumises par le conseil d'administration et lui donne des avis En 1981. le conseil d'administration a décidé de le dénommer Comité consultatif scientifique

Compte tenu de la diversite et de la spécialisation des thèmes soumis au comité consultatif, le conseil d'administration a décide de créer des groupes ad hoc composés de

spécialistes dans le domaine traité et présidés par un membre du comité consultatif. Différents groupes se sont ainsi réunis pour évaluer des cours existants dans les instituts agronomiques méditer ranéens ou définir les programmes de cours nouveaux.

3. Le secrétariat général

Le secrétaire général est nommé par le conseil d'administration. Le secrétariat général du Centre est composé du secrétaire général des directeurs des instituts et du personnel nécessaire; c'est l'élément chamère du CIHEAM. Il joue un rôle essentiel d'animation d'impulsion. de coordination, d'information et de synthèse auprès des différents organes du Centre.

- Le secrétariat général est chargé de préparer les réunions du conseil d'administration. du comité scientifique et des groupes ad hoc il élabore le budget général du Centre met en oeuvre les décisions qui en découlent Les directeurs des instituts sont membres du secrétariat général à ce titre ils ont toutes possibilitiés de contacts fréquents et de réunions avec le secrétaire général pour assure la coordination entre leurs instituts. en vue de la mise en oeuvre de la politique définie par le conseil d'administration.

- Le secrétariat général est le véhicule de l'informatior du CIHEAM tant sur le plan interne que vis a vis de l'extérieur.

En effet parallèlement à ces tâches de coordination e d'assistance à l'intérieur de l'organisation. le secrétariat général a un rôle important à tenir dans le domaine des relations extérieures. Le secrétaire général est en liaison régulière avec les délégations de

pays membres et entretient des relations avec le organismes nationaux ou internationaux dont l'activité intéresse le Centre

Le secrétariat général assure la participation du Centr dans les réunions internationales. les colloques et le séminaires concernant les activités du Centre. Il et chargé d'organiser. par le conseil d'administration. d telles réunions ou colloques pour le Centre.

- C'est au secrétariat général que sont élaborées le conventions de coopération scientifique entre les instituts et les autres organismes

- C'est aussi au niveau du secrétariat général que sor maintenus les liens avec l'ensemble des ancier élèves des instituts

4. Les instituts

Les quatre instituts agronomiques méditerranéer sont les organes dont dispose le Centre pour réalis certains des objectifs qui lui ont été assignés.

Les instituts de Bari (Italie) et de Montpellier (Franc ont été créés dés l'origine du Centre en vertu de l'artic 3c) de l'accord du 21 mai 1962 l'institut de Saragos (Espagne) a été accredite comme établissement Centre par l'accord signe entre le gouvernement l'Espagne et le CIHEAM le 10 juillet 1969.

L'Institut de Chania Grèce) a été créé par décisic du conseil d'administration conformément aux dispositions de l'accord signe entre le gouvernement de république hellénique et le CIHEAM le 21 janvier 1983

Les instituts sont gérés par un directeur nommé par de conseil d'administration

Les activités des instituts se répartissent en trois catégories

formation: recherche: coopération en vue du développement

Formation

Les instituts délivrent un enseignement de niveau post-universitaire original et complémentaire des enseignements dispensés dans les institutions nationales pour la formation et le perfectionnement des cadres techniques et scientifiques de l'agriculture et du développement

Les Programmes

Trios types de cycles sont organisés pour les stagiaires, dans chaque institut:

a) Les cycles de spécialisation d'une année académique de neuf mois sanctionnés par le diplôme de spécialisation post-universitaire (D.S.P.U.).

Chacun des cycles comprend des cours, des conférences des séminaires des travaux pratiques, des travaux dirigés et des travaux personnels.

Les candidats doivent être titulaires du diplôme d'enseignement exigé dans leur pays d'origine pour Y entreprendre des études doctorales (minimum bac + quatre années ) dans une discipline compatible avec la spécialisation demandée.

La sélection des candidates se fait sur dossier, la priorité étant donnée aux candidats ressortissants des pays membres du CIHEAM en fonction de leurs résultats académiques et de l'expérience professionnelle acquise dans la spécialité choisie. L'admission définitive des candidats est prononcée par le conseil d'administration du CIHEAM.

b) Les cycles de formation approfondie (ou cycles Master) d'une durée équivalente à deux années

académiques, sanctionnés par le diplôme de hautes études 'Master).

Les stagiaires admis en deuxième année après avoir effectué un des cycles de spécialisation. Suivent certains enseignements complémentaires (séminaires, pours, etc) et surtout effectuent un travail personnel d'application critique des connaissances acquises, selon trois options différentes;

- formation par le recherche : réalisation d'une recherche documentaire ou expérimentale conduisant à la rédaction d'un travail appelé thèse M.S. :

- formation au développement : réalisation d'un stage professionnel conduisant à élaboration d'un projet ou d'une étude de développement technique et/ou économique.

- formation pedagogique : réalisation d'une recherche pédagogique conduisant à la construction d'un cursus de formation desuné à un enseignement préalablement défini.

c) Les stages ou cycles courts d'une duree inférieure à neuf mois sont sanctionnés par une attestation de participation

Organisés à l'initiative du CHEAM ou établis à la demande d'institutions ou de gouvernements. ces cycles courts peuvent également correspondre à une on plu sieurs séquences d'un des cycles de spécialisation.

Les professeurs

Les étudiants bénéficient d'un encadrement pendant leur formation et pour la réalisation de leurs travaux

Les enseignements sont assures par des professeurs permanents des professeurs associés ou visitants de haut niveau qui ont contribué à développer ou renouveler la pensée scientifique dans leur pays La diversité

de ces enseignants choisis en considération de leur compétence et de leur expérience professionnelle. permet aux participants (enseignants et stagiaires) la confrontation de diverses écoles de pensée et contribue au développement d'une meilleure compréhension entre les responsables nationaux du développement rural.

Les programmes et la liste des professeurs sont agréés par le conseil d'administration.

Les bourses

Le conseil d'administration octroie chaque année un certain nombre de bourses qui sont attribuées en priorité aux ressortissants des Etats membres. Il désigne les bénéficiaires de ces bourses dans chaque I.A.M. sur proposition du directeur Il accepte de recevoir certains stagiaires boursiers d'autres organisations internationales (F.A.O., C.C.E., banque mondiale…) ou d'un gouvernement.

• Recherche

Les activités de recherche conduites dans les I.A.M du centre répondent a d'eux objectifs principaux.

- améliorer l'enseignement par la participation des enseignants et des stagiaires à la recherche.

- surtout faciliter et développer les contacts entre des équipes nationales de chercheurs sur des thèmés particuliérement importants. Cette activité s'excerce à la fois au sein de réseaux dont certains existent déjà (C.C.E., F.A.O., etc) et dont le CIHEAM accroit ainsi l'activité et de réseaux nouveaux qui sont créés par le Centre. Les thèmes choisis font également l'objet de séminaires périodiques (irrigation, politiques alimentaires…)

• Coopération en vue du développement

Sur un certain nombre de problèmes intéressant le développement de l'agriculture méditerranéenne, le CIHEAM organise des séminaires qui permettent aux experts et aux responsables nationaux de se rencontrer et de débattre librement (séminaires sur les céréales. le coton. le pin d'Alep, la formation agronomique. l'olivier, l'organisation et l'orientation de la recherche agronomique dans le bassin méditerranéen…). Les informations recueillies et les idées émises peuvent faciliter la prise de décisions des gouvernements et des opérateurs économiques.

Par son origine son implantation géographique, son programme d'enseignement et son, dynamisme. chaque institut a acquis un caractère propre dans le cadre de la mission qui lur a été confiée par le Centre

ISIM

Sciences et Technologies et l'Eau

Mots dés : chnnie de l'eau génie des procédés, hydraulique, hydrobiologie hydrogéologie, hydrologie, aménagement des eaux, gestion et protection des ressources en eau. gestion de la biomasse aquatique présentation des mulieux hydriques dans l'environnement. production d'eau à usages muluples.

Finalité de la formation

Ingénieur généraliste de l'eau capable d'une approche transdisciplinaire dans des secteurs allant de l'évaluation et la gestion des ressources en eaux superficielles et souterraines á la définition de filières de traitements des rejets pour la protection de ces ressources et de l'environnement, en passant par la préparation et la production d'eau à usages spécifiques, la conception de systèmes de transport et de régulation, le contrôle de la qualité des eaux. la production de biomasse en milieu artificiel ou naturel…

Recrutement Baccalauréat + 2 ans minimum

• En première année : DEUG A. DEUG B. DUT (biologie appliquée, chimie, génie chimique, génie civil, génie thermique et énergie, hygiène et sécurité, mesures physiques), classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles.

Recrutement par sélection sur dossier.

Ratio de sélection : environ 40 sur 1,000

• En deuxième année: maîtrises scientifiques et MST adaptées.

L'origine des élèves est nationale et internationale.

Partenaires professionnels

• Bureaux d'étude d'aménagement, gestion, traitement, épuration des eaux; BCEOM, BETEREM, Cabinet Merlin, HYDRATEC, OTH, PROLOG Ingénierie, SIEE, SAFEGE, Saunier Environnement…

• Sociétés de prospection, de production, d'exploitation, traitement d'eau; Compagnie Générale des Eaux, CEO, CISE, DEGREMONT, Lyonnaise des Eaux, OTV, Perrier, SAUR, SEM…

• Industries : Atochem, Flight France, France Déchets, Legrand, Nalco France, Pompes Gumard, Oril, Pont-à-Mousson, Rhâne-Poulenc…

• Sociétés d'aménagement : BRL, CNR, SCP.

• Centre de recherches : CEA, CEMAGREF, CEREMHER, EDF, IFREMER, IFTS, LCPC…

• Services techniques de l'État : Conseil Supérieur de la Péche, DDA, DDE, DDASS, SATESE, SRAE…

• Agences de l'Eau et collectivités territoriales

Recherche

Cadre: Département Eau et Ingénierie Département Agroressources et Procédés Biologiques Département Biologie - Évolution - Environnement CNRS Écosystèmes Lagunaires

Partenaires : Laboratoire Sciences de l'Envirnnement et Santé Publique, Université Montpellier I ORSTOM Département des Eaux Continentales VERSEAU (Valorisation des études et recherches dans les sciences de l'eau), Pôle régional d'innovation et de transfert technologique.

Potentiel de partenariat 1) Stages : obligatoires en 2eme année (stages d'été de 2 mois minimum) et en 3eme année (stages industriels de 4 mois du 15 février au 15 juin)

2) Projets industriels de fin d'étude: en 3eme année (l' trimestre) rédaction d'un mémoire et soutenance en présence de représentant des organismes d'accueil.

Programme interuniversitaire de coopération (ERASMUS) : 32 universités dans 10 pans de la CEE.

Informations utiles

Responsable de département : Michel DESBORDES. Tél : 67.63.33.39 Directeur des études : Jean-Marie MASSON.: Tél.: 67.63.33.39 Responsable des stages: Jean-Marie MASSON. Responsable des relations internationales : Gérard LASSERRE. Tél.: 67.14.37.05 Secrétariat : Gisèle OLIVIER. Tél.: 67.14.37.06

ISIM

Département sciences et Technologies de l'Eau

Case courrier 055 - Université Montpellier II

place Eugène Bataillon 34095 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5

tél.: 67 14 37 06 télécopie : 67 52 48 61

Water Sciences

Key words : The chemistry of water, process engineering, hydraulics, hydrobiology, hydrogeology, water development, the management and protection of water resources, the management of the aquatic biomass, the protection of receiving water bodies, multi-purpose water production systems.

Objectives

The graduate engineer has a wide knowledge of water and is capable of a transdisciplinary approach in areas ranging from the assessment and management of surface and underground water resources to sewage water and waste water treatment, in order to protect both these resources and the environment and including the preparation and the production of water for specifie use, the designing of means of transport and of water control, quality control, and biomass production in a natural or artificial environment.

Entrance requirements : The “Baccalaureat” (equivalent to 3 British GCF. Advanced Levels in the Sciences) plus a minimum of two years of higher education.

In the first year : students must have either a DEUG A or DEUG B (equivalent to a two-year university course in physical or in life sciences). or a DUT (equivalent to an HND) in either applied

biology, chemistry, chemical engineering, civil engineering, energy and thermal engineering, safety and hygiene, or in scientific measurements; or they must have completed a two-year selective preparatory class leading to the French … institutions.

Students are selected firstly on the basis of their past academic records. Approximately 40 our of 1000 candidates are selected.

In the second year : student must have a suitable M.Sc. or a master's in sciences and technology. The selection is made amongst both French and foreign students.

Professional partners : Research consultants in water development, management, treatment and purification : BCEOM, BETEREM, Cabinet, Merlin, HYDRATEC, OTH, PROLOG Engineering, SIEE, SAFEGE, Saunier Environment…

Water prospection, production, exploitation and treatment companies: Compagnie Générale des Eaux, CEO, CISE DEGREMONT, Lyonnaise des Eaux, OTV, Perrier, SAUR, SEM…

Industrial companies : Atochem, Flight France, France Déchets, Legrand, Nalco France, Pompes Guinard, Oril, Pont-à-Mousson, Rhône-Paulene…

Development companies : BRL : Bas-Rhône Languedoc Company CNR : NAtional Rhône Company SCP : Channel of Provence company

Research centres ;

CEA : the Atomic Energy Commission

CEMAGREF : the Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Research.

CEREMER the Institute of Sea Research, EDF the French Electricity Board IFREMER : the French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea's Research IEFS : the French Institute for Filtration and Separation Techniques, LCPC: the Central Laboratory of Civil Engineering

State technical services :

Conseil Supérieur de êche: the Fishing Commission, DDA : the Departmental Headquarters of Agriculture, DDE : the Departmental Headquarters of Public Works: DDASS : the Departmental Headquarters of Health and Social Affairs. SATESS : the Technical Evaluation Service for Sewage Plans SRAE : the Regional Service for water Development.

Research : Organizations :

The Water Engineering Department, The Agricultural Resource and Biological Process Department. The Biology, Evolution and Environment Department. The CNRS : the National Centre Scientifie Research, The Lagoon Ecosystems Department

Partners : The Environmental Science and Public Health laboratory. The University of Montpellier I, ORSTOM (the FRench Institute fo Scientific' Research in Overseas Development and Cooperation), The Continental Water Department, VERSEAU (The Development and Promotion of Study and Research in Water Science). The Regional Centre for Innovation and for Technological Collaboration.

Potential partnership

1) On-the-job training courses are compulsory in the second year (of minimum of two months during the summer vacation) and in the third year (a four-month on-the-job training course lasting from February 15th to June 15th)

2) Industrial projects in the third and final year concluding with a written report. which is defended before a panel of representatives from the company in question.

The Inter-university Cooperation Programme (ERASMUS) : 27 universitie thoughout 8 European Community Countries.

Some useful information

Head of Department : Michel DESBORDES

Director of studies : Jean-Mane MASSON

On-the job training courses coordinator: Jean-Mane MASSON

International relations coordinator : Gérard LASSERRE

Secretary Gisèle OLIVIER

TRAINING COURSES IN THE FISH CULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SZARVAS, BY

LAZSLO VARADI

Short training course In fish Culture Research Institute

Szarvas, Hungary

L.Varadi director P.O. Box 47, H-5541 Szarvas, Hungary

Phone : 36 67 12 311 Fax : 36 67 12 142

1. Introduction

Basic information on aquaculture and related research, development and training in Hungary was provided at the MEDRAP II. Seminar on Training Subnetwork in Montpellier.

This report is a complement to that previous one, and it is dealing with those short training courses that could be useful for MEDRAP countries in their freshwater aquaculture development programmes.

2. Short training courses

There are two types of basic short training courses according to the followings :

A. Practice oriented course for technicians active participation in the daily work continuous consultation 1 hour/day theoretical lecture 5–7 hours/week B. Upgrading course for managers theoretical lecture 2–4 hours/day practical program 3–5 hours/day consultation by request

No timetabled courses are in our training programme at present, however special courses are organized in response to specific reguest by development agencies, government departments and individuals.

The courses are run in the Fish Culture Research Institute, where a complex of special facilites (labs, fish hatchery, 100 hectare experimental ponds, 200 m3 recycling system, experimental feed mill. etc. are available ad where experienced, English speaking staff is involved in the training programme, including leading experts in aquatic biological sciencies and in aquaculture production.

During the training courses, protective clothing, training materials are provided, field trips to different type of fish farms and cultural programmes in the week ends are also organized.

Examples of specially designed training courses are described in the followings:

2.1. Training course on water quality management - Chemical and physical factors affecting aquatic life

- Fish pond ecosystem - structure and functioning

- Nutrient cycling in fish ponds

- Biological production processes in fish ponds

- Natural fish food organisms

- Inorganic fertilization, and organic manuring

- Water quality control methods, measurements

- Environmental impact of fish farming

- Techniques for management of water quality in fish ponds

- Fish farm effluents and their control

Special laboratory facilities for water quality analysis, mobil laboratory and field instruments are available for the training programme. There are different aquatic environments at the location of the institute, such as, natural oxbow lake, earthen fish ponds with different intensity level, facilities for the use of geothermal water, integrated fish/duck/crop production ponds.

2.2. Training course on fish genetics and fish breeding

- Genetic basis of fish selection

- Qualitative and quantitative characteristics

- Methods of genetic improvement (selection, inbreeding, hybridization heterosis)

- Intrespecific hybridization

- Interspecific hybridization

- Planning of crossbreeding programs

- Performance tests (comparative testing, progeny testing, genetic - environment interactions)

- Genetic manipulations (triplodization, artificial gynogenesis, sexreversal, gen transfer, cryopreservation)

- Preservation of fish genetic resources (collection and maintenance of common carp strains as a live gene bank)

- Broodstock management

- Propagation techniques

Fish genetics and fish breeding has a long tradition in the institute. Not only special laboratory facilites, but a live gene bank of common carps is also available for the studies, where the broodstock of 15 Hungarian strains (so called landrases) and 15 foreign strains have been maintained.

2.3 Training course on fish hatchery management - Reproductive biology of fish (sexual maturation, sexual activity and behaviour,

environmental factors)

- Propagation of selected fish species (natural, semi-artificial artificial propagation, broodstock management, hormone treatment, stripping, incubation, and hatching, larvae rearing)

- Technology of nursing (pond preparation, management of nursing ponds, feeding, health management, harvesting, transport)

- Facilities of fish hatcheries (water supply, ponds for the broodstock, devices for egg incubation and larvac rearing, support facilities, nursing ponds)

- Operation of hatcheries and fingerling distribution centres (planning organization, and checking the activities, staff, record keeping and analyses)

There is a multipurpose fish hatchery in the Institute, where all freshwater species can be propagated. Special ponds for broodstock rearing and nursing are also available. Propagation can be carried out all through the year using geothermal water for the temperature control.

2.4. Training course on fish feeding and feed technology

- Digestion anatomy and physiology

- Nutrient requirements (proteins, aminoacids, lipids, fatty acids. carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals)

- Feeding regimes (herbivorous, omnivorous, stomach contents, natural food, supplementary feeds)

- Natural food production (food organisms, sampling, identification, quantification, organic-, inorganic fertilization: selective chemical manipulation. mass production outside of the rearing unit)

- Feed formulation (basic ingredients, fedd additives, type of feeds, diet formulation)

- Feed technology (production technolgy and equipment for the production of moist. semi-moist and dry pellet)

- Feeding methods (feeding strategy in different systems with different management levels, methods of application of fish feeds)

The full range of different activites on this field can be studied in the institute, from the analityc test of ingredients and feeds, up to the application of feeds by different feeding devices. A special fish feed mill with a capacity of 1 ton/hour is also available here for backing the training programme.

2.5 Training of fish health management - Clinical methods for the early diagnosis of fish diseases (detection of the adverse

effects of environmental impacts on fish)

- Basic fish physiology

- Hematology of fish

- Basic immunology of fish

- Basic histopathology of fish

- Role of the environmental stress in the outbreak of fish disease

- Toxicology of fish (the most dangeorus pollutants for fish)

- Fishery chemicals

- Application of the methods of clinical diagnosis in routine fish pathological laboratories

- Fish diseases (caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, environment, nutrition)

- Health problems of intensive fish culture

- Control and therapy of fish diseases

- Planning of standardized fish disease laboratory (organization of the activity of such laboratory)

Besides the practicals in a routine fish pathological lab, field studies on fish health management in different type of aquaculture systems available in the institute (fish ponds. cages. recycling systems. flow through systems, integrated fish/duck/carp production system) are included in the training programme.

2.6. Training course on aquaculture engineering

- Site selection (topographic survey, soil survey, water flow measurement)

- Design of fish pond (contour maps, layout of the ponds, typical cross-sections of dikes and channels, water inlets. water outlets)

- Construction of fish ponds

- Special facilities of fish farms (pumps, aerators, feeders, harvesting and transporting equipment)

- Maintenance of fish farms

- Engineering aspects of fish production in raceways cages and tanks

- Economy of fish farm construction and operation

The training programme in aquaculture engineering is backed by the engineering department, that is equipped with instruments for topographic survey, soil survey, waterflow measurement, and drawing kits. Wide range of equipment can be studied here (from simple demand feeders up to oxygen generators) that are used in pilot scale operation in the experimental facilities of the Institute. Construction equipment and workshop can also be studied here in operation.

As an example, some of the major training courses have been organized in the Institute in the past five years are given in Table 1.

3. Conclusions

The Fish Culture Research Institute at Szarvas that is, the leading aquaculture research institute in Hungary, has been involved in international aquaculture training since 1983.

Besides the research labs and instruments, a complex system of aquaculture facilities that have been developed in the frame of an FAO programme are available here for the training courses. The Institute is ready to organise special training courses according to the specific requests from MEDRAP countries, and also to cooperate in research and development in freshwater aquaculture.

Table 1.

Major training courses in the Fish Culture Research Institute, Szarvas, Hungary

Year Type of courses/participans Sponsor 1988. One month course on General Fish Culture

(9 participants from Arabic countries, Algiers, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Quatar, Syria, Sudan, Tunesia, UAE)

AOAD

Two month course on Fish Feeds and Feeding (18 participants from English speaking developing countries. Cameroon. China, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Malaysia, Nepal. Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam, Zambia, Zimbabwe)

AGFUND/FAO

1989. Three week course on Fish Breeding and Genetics (10 participants from Germany)

AGROINVEST

One month course on Fish Propagation (8 persons from Brasil)

One month course on Fish Health (7 participants from China)

One month course on Fresh Water Fish Culture (2 persons from Viet Nam.3 persons from Kenya 1 person from Cuba)

FAO

Six week course on Integrated Fish Culture (4 persons from Viet Nam)

TESCO

1990. One month course on Fish Propagation (1 person from Madagascar,3 persons from Kenya, 3 persons from Algeria. 8 persons from Brasil)

FAO, AGROINVEST

Three mouth course on Hidrobiology (2 persons from India)

FAO

1991. Two week course on Fresh Water Fish Culture (8 persons from Brasil, 7 persons from China, 8 persons from Turkey)

AGROINVEST

TRAINING CAPACITIES IN AQUACULTURE AT GHENT UNIVERSITY BY

PATRICK LAVENS

ACTIVITIES OF THE LABORATORY OF AQUACULTURE & ARTEMIA REFERENCE CENTER

by

P. SORGELOOS (1), P. LAVENS (1) Ph. LÉGER (2) and W. TACKAERT (1)

GENERAL INFORMATION

Research on the brine shrimp Artemia and its use in aquaculture started at the Ghent State University in 1970 in the Laboratory of Ecology (Director Prof. Dr. J. Hublé) and further expanded as of 1972 in the Laboratory of Mariculture (directed by Dr. G. Persoone). The Artemia Reference Center (ARC), set up as a section of the Laboratory of Mariculture in 1978 and coordinated by Dr. P. Sorgeloos, became an independent Research Center of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences in 1985 with the Faculty Dean Prof. Dr. ir. F. Pauwels as its Administrative Director. In view of an expansion of research and training activities the name „Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center” was adopted in 1989.

The ARC occupies over 1000 m2 of lab space, including analytical laboratories with modern instrumentation, culture rooms with different set-ups for small scale and pilot scale culture testing of algae, the rotifer Brachionus, brine shrimp Artemia larviculture of marine shrimp Penaeus spp., freshwater prawn Macrobrachium, marine fish spp. and Tapes mollusc spp. The ARC has a current staff of about 30 people including several M. Sc. and Ph. D. students from Africa, S-America,

Asia and Europe. Financial support is generated from different Belgian and international government agencies, as well as from contract research for different private companies. (1) Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center (Dir. Prof. Dr. P. Sorgeloos). Rozier 44 B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.

(2) Artemia Systems N. V., Wiedauwkaai 79, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

The Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center continues the study of various fundamental aspects related to Artemia biology and its mass-production, e.g. cyst biology and diapause regulation, strain characterization, filter-feeding kinetics, intensive production techniques for cysts and biomass. Since a few years much attention is given to larviculture R & D, i.e. the definition of nutritional requirements of larval marine fish and shellfish. Four larviculture feed-types are being studied :

- yeast products that are manipulated with regard to their digestibility and food value, as supplements/substitutes for microalgae in mollusc, rotifer and shrimp culture ;

- the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis as a starter feed for a number of marine fish species ;

- the brine shrimp Artemia spp. under different forms, e.g. decapsulated cysts, freshly hatched nauplii, metanauplii (bio-encapsulated with nutrients, hormones, chemotherapeutics and vaccines), on-grown juveniles and adults ;

- microparticulate diets as supplements and/or substitutes for the former live diets.

Testing with target species is done at small scale at the laboratory in Ghent with larvae of fish, shrimp, and molluscs that are obtained from various parts of the world. Through cooperation programmes with various research and commercial production centers in Europe, Asia, Australia and Latin America, further verification work is performed with order fish and shellfish species (e.g. different Penaeus spp., different european marine fish spp. such as bass, turbot, bream, halibut, cod, Dentex, asian seabass, grouper and mahimahi, different clam spp.).

PUBLICATIONS AND SERVICES

- (Co-) Editor, publisher and/or author of over 100 scientific contributions on brine shrimp Artemia in international journals books (since 1971), three bibliographies on Artemia (1976, 1980, 1985), a FAO manual (English, Arabic and Spanish version) for the culture and use of brine shrimp Artemia in aquaculture (1986), three volumes of proceedings of the first international Artemia symposium (1980), three volumes of proceedings of the second international Artemia symposium (1987), CRC Handbook of Artemia Biology (1990), World Aquaculture (since 1990). EAS-Newsletter (since 1990), and since 1986 sixteen issues of the „Artemia Newsletter” (recently renamed „Larviculture & Artemia Newsletter”)

- Maintenance of an Artemia cyst bank containing over 150 samples from different sources on the five continents

- Delivery of quality certificates for commercial cyst batches (characteristics of hatching, biometrics and nutritional value)

- Short and long term worldwide consultation for different (inter)-national organizations (BADC, FAO, UNIDO, UNDP, UN-Mekong, EEC, CAF, etc.) and private companies (through the Belgian company NV Artemia Systems SA)

- Co-organizer of International Artemia Symposia in Corpus Christi, TX-USA (1979), in Antwerp, Belgium (1985) and of Larviculture Symposia in Halifax, Canada (1990) and Ghent, Belgium (1991).

PROJECTS

Extension services in different countries in Europe, the America's, Asia, and Africa through the set-up of demonstration projects for :

- the production of cysts and biomass in integrated Artemia cum solar salt production and/or in intensive pond production systems.

- the intensive production of biomass in flow-through culture systems.

- optimization of Artemia harvesting/processing of Artemia cysts and biomass ; and their use in the farming of fish and shrimp.

TRAINING

Every other year since 1978 the ARC has organized an “International Artemia Training Course” in Belgium. At least once a year the ARC participates in the organization of regional Artemia training courses. Sofar over 300 students from more than 30 different countries received training on Artemia biology, production techniques, interaction with salt production, use of Artemia products in aquaculture at the occasion of courses organized in Belgium, Brazil, China, Panama, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, India, Mexico, and the Philippines.

As of October 1991 the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Ghent University through its Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center is offering an inter-university M. Sc. course in aquaculture, sponsored by the Belgian Administration for Development Cooperation.

APPLICATIONS

The know-how developed by the Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center and commercially applied by the Belgian Company NV Artemia Systems, a spin-off of the ARC, has resulted in the set-up of new industrial Artemia productions in industrialized as well as developing countries, more cost-effective larviculture of marine fish and crustaceans, and improved outputs of solar salt production.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special thanks are due to the following sponsors of the research activities of the Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center : the Belgian National Science Foundation (NFWO-FKFO), the Belgian Ministry of Science Policy, the Belgian Administration for Development Cooperation, and the NV Artemia Systems.

SCHEDULE OF COURSES

The courses are spread over two academic years , in four terms. The first term from the beginning of October to the end of January, with a fortnight's break for Christmas and New Year. The second term from early February to the end of May, with a fortnight's break at Easter.

Exams are held in the first two weeks of February and the second half of June. In case of failure a second examination session is held in September.

Only students who qualify in all first-year exams are admitted to the second year. A thesis has to be submitted before the final examination. Qualified students are awarded a Masters's degree in Aquaculture.

SCHOLARSHIPS

Neither the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences nor the University award scholarships.

However. students from developing countries can apply for scholarships made available by:

- the Belgium Administration for Development Cooperation (ABOS-

AGCD). Information can be obtained from the local Belgian Embassies.

- the International Organizations such as the FAO, UNDP. UNESCO. UNIDO and NATO through the local representatives of these organizations.

- the European Commission (EC) Development Fund (EDI) for countries signatory to the Convention of Lomé. The EC representative in the student's country can provide information on the application procedure.

Students from all countries can apply for scholarships at the Ministry of the Flemish Community. Department of International Cooperation. Information can be obtained at the Belgian Embassies.

Applicants interested in scholarships are requested to acquaint themselves thoroughly with the specific application procedures in their own countries.

APPLICATION PROCEDURE

The completed appropriate application form should be submitted to Prof. Dr. P. Sorgeloos, Director of the course (sec address under INFORMATION). This application form should also include:

- a certified (by the Belgian diplomatic office or in default by the national authorities) copy (or translation) of the required university degree.

- a certified transcript of the academic records

- an assessment of competence of the English language if the applicants do not have English as their mother tongue.

ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS

The Master of Sciences programme is open to the holders of a bachelor's degree in exact or applied sciences, equivalent to at least four years of university studies or a degree in veterinary medicine, civil engineering or agricultural engineering.

Applicants with degrees from non-Belgian universities have to submit their candidature to the Academic Board who will evaluate the background training of the applicants and advise the Rector of permission to enroll at the State University of Ghent for this specific training programme.

As all courses are taught in English, participants are expected to be fluent in written and spoken English.

INFORMATION

Additional information on the course, the scholarships or on the State University of Ghent can be obtained from :

Dr. P. Lavens Secretary M.Sc. in Agriculture Faculty of Agricultural Sciences State University of Ghent Rozier, 44 B - 9000 Gent, Belgiumtel: + + 32 91 64.37.54 telex: 12754 RUGENT Bfax: + + 32 91 64.41.93

STATE UNIVERSITY OF GHENT. BELGIUM

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN

AQUACULTURE

INTERUNIVERSITARY

POSTGRADUATE TRAINING

FFACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

AQUACULTURE TRAINING

Since the late 1970's aquaculture expanded from an artisanal. extensive mode of production of aquatic organisms to a rapidly evolving bio-industry. While fishery landings are stagnating, the consumption of aquatic foods still increases. Thus aquaculture is expected to gain economical importance, with productions exceeding 25% of the total expected fisheries landings by the year 2001. Especially developing countries have a high potential for a last development of aquaculture, which enables them to support their food-protein requirements and/or to gain foreign currency by exporting high priced seafoods.

This evolution, however, is based on developments in food technology, species selection, zootechnical aspects, management, automation, disease control, etc… It is accepted that the lack of well-trained specialists may be the bottle-neck for further expansion of aquaculture.

The Laboratory of Aquaculture & the Artemia Reference Center of the State University of Ghent, who is the organizer of this M.Sc.-Programme, has a long-standing worldwide reputation in the field of education and

training in aquaculture, especially in larviculture of fish, shrimp and molluscs. Since 1977 this institution has been training more than 400 specialists from 50 countries.

SCOPE OF THE COURSE

The programme will provide training in English at an universitary level on the most important aspects of aquaculture for both marine and freshwater organisms. The 12 main courses are complemented with 18 accompanying courses including ecology, chemistry, computer science. During the second year, all candidates must carry out thesis research on a specific aquaculture topic in one of the participating laboratories. The multi-disciplinary approach is further assured by the teaching staff which consists of experts from 15 laboratories attached to the State University of Ghent, lecturers from laboratories of 3 other major universities of Belgium and invited experts from the various countries. Apart from theoretical and practical training, the students will make visits and guided tours, both in Belgium and in neighbouring countries.

STUDY PROGRAMME

FIRST YEAR hours theory training1. General aspects of

aquaculture 30 15

2. Algae culture 15 15 3. Larviculture 45 45 4. Crustacean culture 45 45 5. Fish culture : general

aspects and diseases45 45

6. Culture of freshwater fish

15 15

7. Fish nutrition and feed technology

30 -

8. Mollusc culture 30 30 9. Systematics of

aquaculture organisms

15 -

10. Ecology : general aspects

15 -

11. Aquatic ecology - freshwater

15 15

12. Aquatic ecology - marine

15 15

13. Environmental chemistry, partim organics

15 35

14. Environmental chemistry, partim organics

15 30

15. Applied hydrobiology, part 1

15 15

16. Biological water 15 60

quality assessment Subtotal : 375 375

1. Genetic aspects of

aquaculture 15 -

2. Technology of aquaculture and fisheries products

15 15

3. Socio-economics of aquaculture development

15 15

4. Integrated agro-aquaculture

15 -

5. Physiology of aquatic organisms

15 15

6. Animal production and nutrition

30 -

7. Biotechnological process in environmental technology

30 30

8. Physical and chemical properties of wastewater treatment

15 -

9. Physiology, taxonomy and genetics of important micro-organisms

15 -

10. Soil suitability and construction of fish ponds

15 15

11. Hydrology of areas of low precipitation (partim surface waters)

15 -

12. Geology and geomorphology of coastal seas

15 15

13. Information science 15 15 14. Remote Sensing

(partim digital image interpretation)

15 15

Subtotal : 240 135

TOTAL HOURS 1st year 7502nd year 625 + Thesis 250Seminars of invited speakers 30Total : 1405

MARINE AQUACULTURE IN FLANDERS

F. OLLEVIER*, P. LAVENS** AND P. SORGELOOS**

* Katholieke Universiteit Leaven, zoological Institute, Laboratory of Ecology and Aquaculture, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

** University of Gent, Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, 9000 Gent, Belgium

HISTORY

Before the development of Agriculture, the ancient Belgian tribes relied on hunting and fishing for their food supply. They cultured also geese, which may be considered as the first indication of animal husbandry. Aquaculture, the controlled production of fish or shellfish, was unknown in this region. However, in the Indo-Pacific region laws were passed almost 3500 years ago to protect fishfarmers from thieves: also the first manual on fishfarming was written by Fan-Li 475 BC.

For centuries the migration of fingerlings into the lagoons of the river Po, fascinated the Italians of the “Po-Valli” . when the adult fish migrated back to the sea, they were easily caught in nets. The Italians adapted their fisheries strategy to a primitive form of aquaculture by closing the migration paths. Later on there was an evolution towards true aquaculture.

In the Middle Ages many monasteries were found all over Europe; their monks introduced the carp (Cyprinus carpio). With the control of the complete life cycle of this domestic fresh-water fish, carp became one of the most cultured species in Europe. A similar story occured in the last century when the techniques for the controlled reproduction of trout were developed. However one had to wait till the end of this century for the controlled reproduction of many other species.

The roots of modern aquaculture are situated in Japan : Prof. Hudinga documented in 1934 the reproduction of crustaceans and the rearing of the larvae to adult size. His research laid the foundations for the techniques used in many hatcheries. From the seventies onwards, many laboratories established research programmes for the development of controlled reproduction techniques of molluscs, crustaceans and marine fish.

During the last decade aquaculture evolved from research to a sound industrial activity. Aquaculture created many hundreds of thousands of jobs: in numerous countries of Europe, SE-Asia and Latin America the export of aquaculture products contributes considerably to the balance of trade.

This increase during the second half of the past decade is mainly due to the development of adapted techniques for the controlled production of fry. Every year billions of newly born larvae are grown indoors for a couple of months till they are strong enough to be stocked in cages or ponds for further fattening to a marketable fish. Initially the controlled production of fish was only feasable for fish with a larval rearing period of limited complexity such as salmon. The larvae of this species are born with a voluminous yolk sac, no exogenous feeding is required during the initial and most critical larval period, and afterwards they feed immediately on pellet diets. An artificial and far more complex food chain based on algae, rotifers (Brachionus) and brine shrimps (Artemia) is administered to other species which need planktonic feed (most of the shrimp species and nearly all marine fish).

A COMPARISON BETWEEN FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

The Fisheries Department of the FAO published in 1970 a report about the size of the fishing stocks available to the

fishing industry: the worldwide potential of fishing stocks amounts to 100 million tonnes. This figure is generally accepted up to today (Gig. 1). Fish catches increased from 45 million tonnes in 63' to 98 million tonnes in 1988. The acute problem of overfishing and the necessity to introduce fishing quota was demonstrated for the first time in the beginning of the seventies in Peru, where the collapse of the anchovy stocks lead to a temporary crash of that fishery.

From the seventies on aquacultural production increased exponentially (Fig. 1) and reached more than 14 million tonnes in 1989. Over 25% of the world consumption of salmonids (Fig. 2) and gamba (Penaeus shrimp) comes from aquacultural activities. whereas the freshwater fishery counts only for 13.5% of the total fresh and seawater fishery production, freshwater and brackish/seawater aquaculture are equally important. Initially aquaculture focussed on freshwater species. However as freshwater sources are limited it is quite obvious that the expansion of aquaculture should concentrate on marine activities. Asia and the countries of the Pacific are quite suitable for aquaculture as demonstrated by a present production of 80 % of the total world aquaculture production. followed by Europe with 16% (mainly fish and shellfish). Nevertheless the world-production of cultured shrimp increased from 50, 000 tonnes in 1985 to about 500,000 tonnes in 1990. The annual production should raise to 1,000,000 tonnes by the year 2000, mostly in the Indo-pacific region (80%) and in South-America (20%).

Concerning the marine species, the North European countries concentrate on the culture of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In Southern Europe research started ten years ago on species considered difficult to raise. Species such as seabream (Sparus aurata), seabass

(Dicentrarchus labrax) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) grow optimally in warmer waters.

FIELDS OF RESEARCH IN MARINE AQUACULTURE

Marine aquaculture has several principal fields of research:

1. Zootechnical aspects : new production systems

Until recently only extensive aquaculture was practised : fish were placed in naturally closed ponds and no food was supplemented. Fish production was low (1000 kg/ha) and so were : he operating costs.

In modern intensive fish culture artificial environments are used: water flows through the tanks with retention times as low as 20 min. Production is high : 50 tonnes/1000 cubic metres. The fish are totally dependent from feed-administration by the farmers. Often closed recirculation systems are used; they are based on biofiltration to maintain a high water quality : low ammonia and nitrite levels, high oxygen and low carbondioxyde concentrations. Much research focusses on the improvement of these closed systems, especially those conceived for the culture of fish larvae. The Laboratories of Aquaculture, in Gent and in Leuven, are studying various ways to improve such recirculation systems : improvements of the biofilters, total recirculation, enhanced UV treatment and more efficient introduction of pure oxygen.

Some countries like Norway and Greece put their fingerlings for fattening in floating netcages in the sea. Especially Norway devotes a lot of effort to the improvement of their netcages: they examine the resistence to high seas and develop non-polluting closed netcages.

2. Reproduction

For every aquaculturist it is vital to obtain sufficient quantities of young fingerlings. It is therefore essential to be able to control the reproduction. For several species (seabass, seabream, turbot) it is possible through the manipulation of the photoperiod and the temperature regime to obtain several spawning periods for one species throughout the year. Reproduction of other species is hormonally induced. The Laboratory of Aquaculture at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven optimized the injection doses of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (combined with a dopamine antagonist) in several fish species. As injection stresses the fish, the laboratory could demonstrate for the first time that the active peptide hormone can be taken up through the alimentary tract. Another internationally coordinated research programme studies the induction of eel maturation in captivity, as the number of glass eel entering the European rivers decreases year after year (Fig. 3).

3. Nutrition

A major breakthrough, allowing the industrialisation of more difficult aquaculture species (Penaeus shrimp, seabream, seabass, turbot, etc.) was achieved when Japanese and European researchers realised the significance of the nutritional requirements of the delicate larvae. Special feeding procedures (much as the bio-encapsulation of emulsions, which was developed by the University of Gent) allow the manipulation of the biochemical composition of the prey.

However, for a continuous amelioration of larviculture, it is essential to switch from empirically to scientifically founded research. Japanese researchers (the group of Prof. Watanabe, Tokyo University of Fisheries) and the aquaculture research

group of the University of Gent proved that two poly-unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA'S) 20: 5N-3 and 22:6 n-3 are essential food ingredients that need to be supplemented to the artificial food chain algae-Brachionus-Artemia.

It was especially the Artemia research that provided the Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center in Gent the opportunity to become highly involved in fish and shrimp culture. The brine shrimp Artemia indeed is in many cases an excellent feeding source and today over 1000 tonnes are sold annually. A unique characteristic of brine shrimp is their ability to produce cysts which can be dried and stored for years without loosing their hatchability. After rehydratation in salt water, this dry powder hatches within one day and produces free swimming nauplii which are highly nutritious to the larvae of fish and shrimp. The high market price (15 to 0 US $/mg) of these brine shrimp eggs influences strongly the production cost of the fingerlings: therefore the need raises to optimise the application of this excellent live feed. At first attention was paid to the improvement of the hatchability : improved techniques for the deactivation of the diapause, processing and stocking methods and selection of the most suitable strains strains. New technologies were introduced for the decapsulation of the embryos before hatching, the disinfection of the cysts and nauplii, and the culture of adult brine shrimp. Finally research was directed towards the increase of the natural production and/or harvest of cysts: search for existing Artemia production places, inoculation of suitable solar salt works and introduction of suitable strains. This research contributed considerably to the expansion of marine aquaculture in the eighties through the increased availability of fingerlings.

With the financial help of the I.W.O.N.L. (Institute for the encouragement of Scientific Research in Industry and

Agriculture) and the N.V. Artemia Systems, the research field of the former “Center for Artemia Research” at the University of Gent was extended from Artemia to larviculture feeding products in general: algae, Brachionus supplementation and/for substitution product. Taken into account specific predator species (tests with larvae of fish, crustaceans and bivalve molluscs) qualitative and quantitative adaptations of these products were evaluated.

An optimal diet remains essential, also for the culture of fingerlings. The Laboratory of the Katholieke Universiteit Leaven investigates “in vitro” and “in vitro” the essential fatty acid requirements for different fish species. Especially the enzymatic fatty acid transformation in the liver is studied, in order to determine which fatty acids can be prolonged and desaturated by a given species (e.g. linoleic and linolenic acid in the European eel).

In several countries such as Denmark, France and Norway special attention is paid to compose feed (low phosphor concentration, high feed conversion ratio) that results in the lowest possible pollution of the environment.

4. Selection of new species; genetic research

Although more than a dozen marine fish species are cultivated intensively, there is a continuous search for new species such as grouper (Epinephelus spp) in the Far East and halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) in Norway. The University of Gent cooperates Intensively with Norwegian scientists for further development of nutritional and zootechnical aspects of halibut larviculture.

Genetic selection of marine species is yet in its infancy. Several species (e.g. seabass) show sex specific growth differences. The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven investigates

how the sex of selected fish species is genetically determined and which exogenous parameters induce a phenotypical sex reversal. It is understood that the labile phenotic sex of fish is strongly environmentally, behaviourally and ecologically influenced. Moreover, their genotypic sex has definitely not such strong genes as in higher vertebrates.

Selection for specific traits is being enhanced through cloning of fish. Manipulation of the chromosomes (gynogenesis) results in partially or totally homozygous fish. The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Aquaculture is in the process of selecting African catfish with this methodology. Recently a programme was initiated in cooperation with seven European laboratories to study the regulation of gene expression in fish. Fusion genes are being assayed for their biochemical characterics. So far it turns out that the transient expression of constitutive reporter genes (lac z and luciterase) peaks in African catfish and zebrafish during early development. Moreover, the fusion gene is quickly modified inside the cells of the host organism.

5. Fish diseases

The high density of fish in intensive systems increases exponentially the risk of diseases. Elimination of bacterial and viral infections is rather difficult in comparison to the easy treatment of parasites. Prevention of viral infections builds on the use of virus free eggs and through vaccination of the broodstock. To combat bacterial infections several antibiotics are suitable in addition to the existing vaccins. A major problem however are the bacterial infections of young larvae of fish and crustaceans, often causing high mortality

In a joint research programme with Greek and Spanish research centers, the Laboratories of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University of Gent investigate which

bacterial species are pathogenic and in which way such an infection affects the whole fish population. Furthermore the impact of improved feeding on the natural immunoresistence is studied. The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven concentrates on two important pathogenic genera, Aeromonas and Vibrio. The biochemical and serological characteristics of various species belonging to both genera are intensively investigated.

Also typical characteristics of some pathogenic Vibrio strains linked with virulence are closely studied. Knowledge of these characteristics (serological variation, serum resistence, iron sequestering systems, production of different toxins) allows researchers to develop second generation vaccins. The University of Gent is trying to vaccinate the early stages of fishes by developing new techniques for the oral administration of vaccins. But also the profylactic treatment of young fry by means of direct, environmentally friendly administration is considered.

6. Future of marine aquaculture in Planders

Today there are no marine aquaculture activities in Flanders. As our coastal space is limited, it is reserved for tourism and harbour related activities. Intensive shipping excludes the use of fish cages and no sheltered bays are available. On the other hand intensive landbased systems require only a limited space. If the water quality is not limiting, hatcheries can be constructed virtually anywhere as the amount of water required is small. It should also be possible to grow seabass, seabream and turbot on carefully selected spots where high quantities of thermal effluents are available. The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven proved the feasibility of the intensive culture of seabass at a pilot plant located near to Antwerp (Doel).

However, marine aquaculture will always be small in Flanders, in comparison to some of our neighbouring countries. Therefore our main goal is the optimization of our scientific potential and the intention to further expand this fundamental knowledge in a close cooperation between University laboratories, Institutions such as I.Z.W.O. (Institute for Marine Scientific Research), the Governmental Institution for Fisheries and interested partners abroad.

Some world renowned successes are already achieved due to Flemish know-how, especially in the field of larviculture. Several national (ABOS, VVOB) and international development organisations (EC, FAO, several UN-organisations) demonstrate the techniques and products for larviculture developed in Gent, for local aquaculture applications in Africa, Asia and Latin-America. This know-how is further spread throughout the world by issueing scientific publications, books and magazines (Larviculture and Artemia Newsletter) and on the other hand by organising international conferences and special courses. Last August '91 the University of Gent, the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and I.Z.W.O. organised, with the support of several national and international institutions, the first international “Fish and Crustacean Larviculture Symposium” in Gent. This conference was attended by 360 participants from over more then 60 countries.

From October 1991 onwards, a new inter-university graduate degree ‘Master of Science in Aquaculture’ starts at the University of Gent, coordinated by the Laboratory of Aquaculture, with the cooperation of several universities in Belgium and abroad and with the support of the Belgian Agency for Development Cooperation (ABOS).

Support for aquacultural research was obtained from the E.C., the province of West-Flanders, the National Science Foundation of Belgium (N.F.W.O.), the Institute for the encouragement of Scientific Research in Industry and Agriculture (I.W.O.N.L.), the Ministry of Science, the Ministry of Development Aid, the investment Company for Flanders (G.I.M.V.), the Lotto and from private investors in Belgium (Nobema, Petrofina, Electrabel) and abroad. We only hope that the support for marine sciences will be continued in the future, for the benefit of fundamental and applied research marine aquaculture, Experience learns that it is a profitable investment for Flanders, as results are used worldwide.

Fig.1: Total world fisheries and aquaculture production

less and algae not included (Source FAO 1941)

= : total yearly catch of marine and continental fisheries

+ : marine fisheries, not included

- : aquaculture

Fig.2: Aquaculture production in Norway

Atlantic salmon (1000 metric tonnes/year)

Fig.3: Evolution of glass eel catches on the year at Hawport

(Belgium) (Source :

TRAINING CAPACITY IN AQUACULTURE AT STIRLING UNIVERSITY BY

J. ALAN STEWART

MEDRAP II SEMINAR ON TRAINING SUB-NETWORK, TIRANA, ALBANIA

TRAINING CAPACITY OF THE INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE (IoA), UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING, SCOTLAND, FK9 4LA.

Fax 0786 72133 Phone 0786 67870 Report by J Alan Stewart, Short Course Organiser. 7th and 8th December 1992

1 INTRODUCTION

Quality training is expensive. From the training institutions point of view, it involves significant time inputs from experienced staff, as well as incurring institutional costs. To those funding the training, resources are limited ,and the need for training is great. It is therefore of utmost importance that the allocation of funds and training places is well focused, to maximise the benefit to the industry.

At a policy level, which this meeting represents, it is first necessary to consider the broad identification of the training needs of the aquaculture and supporting industries in general, and the institutional framework and resources required to provide that training.

The requirements of institutions and business', through to the specific training requirements of individuals requires similar training needs analysis, based on a detailed evaluation of capabilities, functions to be fulfilled and skills and knowledge required.

Within the Institute, over the last20 years, we have played a part in meeting the training needs of the industry, directly and indirectly, both at home and abroad, at a number of levels.

2 STRUCTURE OF THE INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE

For management purposes, the organisation is represented by a grouping of core activities (Aquatic resources, environments and systems) which represent the multidisciplinary areas which form the basis of aquaculture and its wider context of Aquatic resource management - from planning and assessment through to development and production. These areas provide the framework of capacity and understanding to which are related the Institute's specialist research groups in disease, nutrition, genetics and reproduction (See box at end of text). In addition to research, the Institute is involved in education and training, and a range of commercial operations, including fish production, long term contract work and short term consultancy for aquaculture and associated industries.

3 POST GRADUATE TRAINING

In our post-gradate MSc and PhD programmes, the function has been education and training in research methodology, in addition to introducing the basic principles of aquaculture through the taught component of the masters programme. The objective of these programmes is education, to develop analytical and research skills required for new research and technology development. Graduates have entered the commercial sector, government departments, development agencies and research and teaching institutions. This sort of training provides a broad basis for career development of the individual and for the future development of the industry, rather than specific technical skills.

4 SHORT COURSE TRAINING

4.1 Background

The IoA also provides a wide range of short course training from practical hands-on experience for laboratory technicians to familiarisation courses addressing the needs of planners and policy makers. Much of our work also involves training of trainers and researchers. This training is based on science, economics and business, and is aimed at the needs of more highly qualified staff, requiring additional specialist training. We are less involved in the training of junior farm staff in the routine procedures of aquaculture production (in the UK, this need is largely fulfilled by the technical training colleges) although we have been involved in curriculum development in this sector. Courses have ranged from a few days to several months.

The Institute short course programme began in the early 1970's, in response to the needs of fish farmers in the UK, particularly in the field of fish disease and health management (for example 1 xour 4 day “Fish Disease Course” has attracted between 30 and 60 participants annually, and has now trained more than 700 people). Since then our programme of occasional courses and workshops for the UK industry has expanded to include subjects such as nutrition, broodstock management, financial management, and specialist disease management problems.

We also meet certain needs of aquaculture development overseas, reflected in the number of overseas students trained at the Institute, and the contributions of our staff to training programmes abroad.

While there area number of timetabled courses in our programme (see Annex 1 for details), most of our short courses have been designed and run in response to specific requests from industry, development agencies or government departments. It is the development of training to meet specific needs that is the main focus of this presentation.

4.2 Structure and Location of specialist short courses

In continuing to meet the needs of expanding and maturing sectors of the aquaculture industry, the emphasis on course development must always be an clearly defining the training needs of the individuals and organisations involved. Often we find that those requesting the training do not have a clear idea of what is required, and a considerable amount of discussion and groundwork is involved in developing the course, from initial ideas through to detailed timetables and course materials.

There are a range of options when it comes to the location of the training course: bring the trainers to the trainees of vice versa, or bringing both trainers and trainees to an appropriate regional centre. There is also the (rather expensive) option of moving trainees from centre to centre. There is no obvious right choice, and the best option will involve an analysis of the alternatives in terms quality of training facilities and materials available, costs of different options, and availability of trainers and location of trainees. The structure of courses, in terms of lectures, workshops, discussion groups and hands-on practice, depends very much on the subject matter, which again will influence the best choice of location for training.

Box 2

Course: Fish Nutrition Location: Institute of Aquaculture

We have commissioned to design and run a short course on “fish nutrition” for the sales staff off a leading fish feed manufacturer early in 1993. The specific content of the course, and the format, has been designed in collaboration with company representatives and Institute staff. From a rather general request for training, with no clear criteria or objectives, we have designed a course which meets the company needs. This covers current theory and practice, and considers future avenues for the development of the industry.

Course: Environmental Issues in Aquaculture development. Location: Coimbra, Portugal.

This 2 week course was run in 1991 and 1992 (as part of a post graduate programme). The issues and approaches presented have been put into practice in Cyprus: From 1991 Institute staff have contributed to the development of guidelines, set in a legal context, for the environmental assessment and regulation of aquaculture developments.

5 INSTITUTION BUILDING

Importing outside expertise to assist regional development is expensive: there is considerable merit in the development of that expertise at home. However, it can also be argued that there is a need to learn from the successes and problems of similar developments elsewhere, and that to ignore this information could be disastrous. At an institutional level, a compromise can be found in the process of training and “institution building”.

At a formal level, the IoA has been involved in such links with a number of overseas Institutions, funded by Aid Agencies. One component of such links involves the training of trainers and researchers at the IoA. this has the advantage of removing staff from the routines of their home posts, and exposing them to the experience of mixing with a wide range of people and new institutional situations. Overseas training is backed up with other inputs such as assistance with curriculum and research development, often involving short term placement of our staff at the recipient institution.

At less formal level, the Institute has links and collaborative research and development projects in many Mediterranaen countries. many of these links have involved staff training, either at the IoA or on-country. In addition to the topics such as disease and environment mentioned above, these also involve research on genetics, reproduction and nutrition in Mediterranean species (Dr McAndrew and Dr Bromage); studies on economic and marketing aspects of aquaculture in the region (Dr Muir and Dr Young), and involvement in planning, design and management of commercial production facilities (Dr Muir, and Stirling Aquaculture, our consultancy group). Our past and present links include involvement in Portugal, Spain , France, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Crete, Malta, Gran, Canaria, Tunisia, Libya. This list is not comprehensive.

6 SOURCES OF FUNDING

The Institute of Aquaculture itself has no funds available to grant scholarships. The short course activities are generally required to cover all costs.

At present funding of students comes from a range of sources, from national funding bodies for UK students, to development agencies (ODA, EEC, GTZ, NORAD, etc). For short course programmes within the EC, there a number of schemes such as COST,

COMEIT, HUMAN CAPITAL and MOBILITY, etc which can potentially provide funding for specific applications. The British Council will sometimes fund special course.

7 CONCLUSION

In this presentation I have tried to give a flavour of the activities if the IoA, with particular reference to short term vocational training. The aim is to outline the approach required to develop training programmes to meet the need of the individuals, organisation s and specific sectors of the industry. THe Institute is established centre for aquaculture research, training and development. In its staff of more than 100, it has a number of leading experts in aquaculture production and aquatic biological sciences. All of our institutional divisions are involved in research of relevance to, some in collaboration with, MEDRAP countries. The Institute would welcome opportunities for establishing new links in research and training in the MEDRAP countries.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN THE INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE DISEASE GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION Parasitic Agents of Disease

Pathology, biology, ecology, epidemiology, behaviour Management strategies for control

Population genetics Genetic manipulation Cryobiology Broodstock management Egg quality Hatchery technology Fry rearing

AQUATIC RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTS AND AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS

Bacterial Agents of Disease Isolation and identification of fish pathogens Development and evaluation of antimicrobials Resistance to current and new drugs Vaccine development Monoclonal antibodies (rapid diagnostic techniques)

Planning and development Technical and socioeconomic evaluation GIS in aquatic resource planning

Systems design Commercial production systems Management information systems

Virology Development of cell fish and crustacean cell lines Isolation, identification of viruses Diagnosis and certification Environmental management

Effluents and treatment methods Water resource and watershed management

NUTRITION Prawn nutrition Broodstock nutrition Fishmeal replacement Feedstuff evaluation

Ecotoxicology Development of testing methodologies Use of chemicals in aquaculture

ANNEX 1 EDUCATION AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE

DEGREE COURSES

a) BSc, with Honours, in Aquaculture Annual course Training period: Four years Number of students: 10–15

b) MSc/ postgraduate Diploma in Aquaculture and Fisheries Management Annual course with research project Training period: 10 months Number of students: 20–25

c) MSc/ Postgraduate Diploma in Aquatic Veterinary Studies

One course every two years (currently 1992–93 course) Training period: 10 months Number of students: 10–15 For Veterinary Graduates

d) MSc/ Postgraduate Diploma in Aquatic Pathobiology As for c) but designed for non Veterinary Graduates

e) MSc or PhD by research On any topic associated with the research Programme of the Institute

SHORT TRAINING COURSES (Timetabled and specially designed)

Timetabled Short Courses f) Fish Diseases (short course) Annual course, every January Training period: 4 days Number of students: maximum 40

g) Fish and Shrimp Disease Diagnosis Special course: 24:5 to 13:8:93 Training period: 12 weeks Number of students: maximum 12

h) Ornamental Fish Diseases Occasional, and on demand Training period: 3 days, but can be varied for trainees requirements Number of students:maximum 16

i) Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension Annual course, every July and August Training period: 2 months Number of students: maximum 16

j) Financial management for fish farmers Occasional, and on demand. Training period: 3 days, but can be varied for trainees requirements Number of students: maximum 16

Other short courses and training programmes

These are offered both on the UK and overseas, meeting the needs of both the aquaculture industry and associated professions. they are usually arranged on special request and are designed to meet specific training needs. Sponsors have included Government departments, Aid agencies and commercial companies.

Special short courses are offered from all disciplines within the IOA. These include disease, nutrition, reproduction, genetics, environment, aquatic resource management, policy and planning issues (including investment appraisal and marketing)

The format of courses can range from purely practical to purely theoretical, or a combination of both, depending on the objective of the training (see text for details).

Institute staff have contributed to a wide range of specialist short courses in MEDRAP countries.

ORGANIZATION OF INSTITUTION OF AQUACULTURE

Annex 3 Further Information and Recommendations

Related to Post MEDRAP Cooperation

MEDITERRANEAN COOPERATION IN AQUACULTURE REALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES

By Hassan Akrout Regional Coordinator

Mediterranean Regional Aquaculture Project. I am pleased to deal with the Mediterranean Cooperation in the Region, its limits and future perspective in view to favour the development of the Aquaculture. As a Regional Coordinator of MEDRAP II, I do not intent to speak on scientific and technical topics but I will rather tentatively try to present the process, the opportunities and the issues of a possible future cooperation between the Mediterranean Countries.

The MEDRAP II strategy is to support aquaculture development. Common concerns and interests provide basic reasons to help countries in the region become more self-supporting in their ability to develop and manage human resources for aquaculture support, in their capability for the supply of essential physical inputs for aquaculture and in their ability to supply good fish products to the consumer.

To meet the above aim, three immediate objectives should be reached:

a) To establish permanent structures for coordination of aquaculture development, among and for the countries of both regions (Arab States and Europe) through the development of networks of national centres as well as sub-regional centres, including functional sub-networks for training, research and production.

b) To increase capacities for human resources development in training, aquaculture research and extension services by strenghthening national aquaculture institutions and through the sub-regional centres, and also through the development of common systems, standardised training materials and methodologies for use of all participating countries. Management of aquaculture production is included.

c) To strenghten the technical and physical capabilities of the participating countries by providing and exchanging state-of-the art technology in the following fields; fees; fish, fish, equipment production and high quality aquaculture products.

The development objective of the project is to increase the aquaculture production in the Mediterranean region through the development and support of viable aquaculture industries an a long-term, sustainable basis.

During the last decade, MEDRAP, in both phases, has largely contributed to the achievement of these objectives. The activities that the Project has organised (Workshops, Seminars, Training Courses…) gave the benefit to Researchers, Trainers, Public and Private Promoters, and Fish Farmers to enchance their experiences and exchange technical knowledges and scientific information.

The activities of the Project are hereunder summarised :

RESULTATS DE MEDRAP I 1980 1981 1987MAROC Ferme conchylicole

Bassins extensifs Equipe base (2 Biologistes)

Equipe de base ISPM Evaluation des sites Mise en place d'une ferme de production

ALGERIE 0 Equipe de base (4 Biologistes)

Infrastructures (écloseries, bassins, bordigue, radeaux)Révision d'un program national d'aquiculture

TUNISIE Ferme conchylicole Bassins extensifs

Equipe de base Laboratoire

Centre national d'aquiculture (10 cadres, laboratoire, écloserie, bassins, cages)

Plusieurs fermes commerciales LIBYE 0 0 Projet d'élevage intensif de poissons marins en

construction Programme national d'aquiculture

EGYPTE Nombreuses fermes d'eau douce

Personnel formé aux techniques plus intensives et marines

Projet de ferme marine améliorée en cours

SYRIE 0 Programme national d'aquiculture

Equipe de base en aquicuclture marine

TURQUIE 0 0 Equipe de 5à6 biologistes Projet d'aménagement intégré de lagune

GRECE Equipes de recherche Projet experimental au sein de l'Institut Océanographique

Programme national d'aquiculture en cours 8 Biologistes et techniciens formés Projet pilote en cours d'installation

CHYPRE Equipe de recherche Projet experimental d'aquiculture

Equipe de recherche développement Techniciens aquicoles Ferme pilote de production intensive Projet de seconde ferme d'élevage

YOUGOSLAVIE Ecloserie expérimentale de poissons marin Projects conchylicoles Programme national d'aquiculture

Formation de 3 cadres Développement des projets conchylicole (500 et 1000 T/an)

Début de construction d'écloserie commerciale Production de plus de 3000 T de coquillages Production de plusieurs centaines de tonnes de poissons marins

MALTE 0 0 Formation de 2 cadres et 2 techniciens Projet pilote d'élevage en cages de poissons Programme national d'aquiculture

RESULTATS DE MEDRAP II

CREATION DES RESEAUX PAYS

COORDINATION RECH & FORM

INFORMATION

ACTIVITES SCIENTIFIQUES ET FORMATION DE TECHNICIENS

- Séminaire sur la planification du développement de l'aquaculture

ALGERIE Sous-régionale Nationale (CNDA)*

- Comité Ad Hoc - Atelier de travail sur la

pathologie PORTUGAL Nationale

(CNDA) S/R (1) nutrition

- Réseau pathologie - Sous-réseau production MAROC Nationale

(CNDA) S/R Gestion lagunaire

- Atelier sur la gestion des

lagunes - Atelier sur le controle de

qualité, la transformation et la commercialisation des produits aquacoles

TUNISIE Nationale (CNDA)

S/R aquacult. et environ.

SIPAM & Centre documentation

- Réunion du ComitéDirecteur LIBYE Sous-régionale

Nationale (CNDA)

- Séminaire sur la documentation et le système d'information

EGYPTE Nationale (CNDA)

S/R Aquacult. en eau douce

- Réunion du Comité DirecteurMALTE Nationale

(CNDA) S/R pathologie

- Atelier sur la diversification de la production aquacole en Méditerranée

CHYPRE Sous-régionale Nationale (CNDA)

S/R Diversification

- Séminaire sur la recherche

LIBAN Nationale (CNDA)

SYRIE Nationale (CNDA)

YOUGOSLAVIE Sous-régionale Nationale (CNDA)

- Séminaire sur la formation ALBANIE Nationale (CNDA)

- Réunion de Comité Directeur

BULGARIE Nationale (CNDA)

TUROUIR Nationale (CNDA)

FRANCE - Séminaire sur fa formation

- Séminaire sur aquacult et environ

- Constitution réseau aqua et environ.

- Atelier sur la culture des molluques

- Voyage d'étude

- Réseau gestion des lagunes - Atelier sur la gestion des

écloseries marines - Voyage d'étude

ESPAGNE

- Constitution réseau diversification

* Comité National de Développement de l'aquaculture (1) Sous Réseau (réseau spécialisé

SITUATION COMPARATIVE DE L'AQUICULUTRE MARINE DANS LES PAYS PARTICIPANTS AUX PHASES DE MEDRAP

1983 1990 PRODUCTION (T) INFRASTRUCTURE PRODUCTION (T) INFRASTRUCTURE PAYS

POISSONS MOLLUSQUES CRUSTACES RECHERCHE FORMATION POISSONS MOLLUSQUES CRUSTACES RECHERCHE FORMATION PORTUGAL Informations non communiquées informations non communiquées X X MAROC 200 X 260 130 X X ALGERIE 5.6 X 37 25 X X TUNISIE n×T 130 X X 276 182 X X LIBYE• 2 X EGYPTE X X X X MALTE 3 X X SYRIE X LIBAN• X CHYPRE 1.2 X 123 X X ALBANIE• X YOUGOS 20.25 1000 X X 500 2500 X X BULGARIE• 200 X X TURQUIE n × 10 X X 860 X X GREOE n × T n × T X X Informations non communiquées

• Pays n'ayant pas fait partie de MEDRAP 1 n quelque

The considerable efforts in promoting and developing the aquaculture that MEDRAP, in both phases, have deployed constitute the structural framework of the future cooperation.

The project have aimed to develop the networks and to establish the structural mechanisms of functioning to favour the perennity of the cooperation.

The Training Network was examined at Montpellier Seminar held on September 1991 and will be subject of the Seminar to be held in Albania on December 1992.

In Research field, the following Specialised Networks have been created; others will be created by end of 92 and beginning 93;

Specialised Network Place Date Focal Point"Aquaculture and Environment Bordeaux, France 30.3.92 Tunisia “Diversification of production” Cadiz, Spain 13.4.92. Cyprus “Lagoon Management” Sète, France 19.6.92 Morocco “Pathology” Portugal Nov.92 Malta “Nutrition” Syria 93 Portugal “Fresh Water Aquaculture” Egypt 93 Egypt

The information Network have been subject of a Seminar held in Cairo on December 1991 during which the System of Information for the Promotion of Aquaculture in the Mediterranean (SIPAM) was adopted. It will favour the circulation of basic data and knowledge among all the concerned parties. It will obviously constitute the major component of the future cooperation.

As regards production Network, A seminar was held in Morocco on September 1992. It was recommended the creation of a National Producers Association to speed up the establishment of the Production Network. This association will represent a core group of information collected to be used in the Information System. It will then give the benefit of circulating the updated information on Production technics among the Mediterranean Region. The complementarity of two networks (Production and Information) is meant to give greater chance of success and continuity to the cooperation.

Before dealing with the structure of the cooperation, it is worth to mention the following shortcomings;

The discrepancies in the level of development of Aquaculture in each Country constitute the first, difficulty encountered by he Project during its second phase. At least, three distinct levels have been identified; Some countries are still in a start up phase the identification of their needs and priorities is under process, The lack of Production Entreprises, Training and Research Centres encompass difficulties in the cooperation with other higher level countries.

Some other countries, considered at a second level, have elaborated their development plan and proceeded already to the training of their Researchers and Technicians. They acquired certain experience in Production and endeavour to develop their technology and technics, but are still considered in a development phase as regards the industrialised countries representing the third level group and who have already established an aquaculture industry.

Not only the Climatic and geophysical conditions are part of the mentioned discrepancies but also the communication means and the language used are handicapping several activities. The training field is the most attained area by this difficulty. The medium level staff to be trained do not usually speak the same language.

However and despite these difficulties, MEDRAP II mission was to create several networks and to develop the cooperation among the countries in the Region.

Thus, several seminars and workshops have been organised, as mentioned above, to favour the establishment of networks in the research, training and production fields.

On another hand, and in order to allow the continuity of the cooperation, an Ad Hoc Committee was invited, last June in Algiers, to discuss and finalise the mechanism of functioning of the future cooperation,. A consultant was designated to elaborate a project proposal for the purpose. His report outlined the structures and the mechanisms of functioning ofMEDRAP future (see Figures Pages 9 and 10).

MEDRAP II Organisation Chart.

Proposed MEDRAP III Institutional Framework.

The consultant and the MEDRAP coordinator made informal communications with the FAO, CIHEAM and MAP/PAP-RAC to obtain a preliminary indication of their interest and willingness to carry out the tasks of MEDRAP future activities,

Following these discussions, it appears that GFCM is willing to assume the general coordination of future MEDRAP. The matter will be definitively raised to the full Council during its forthcoming meeting in April 1993.

The CIHEAM and MAP/PAP-RAC, who were receptive to the idea in principle and enthousiastic towards the proposed sub-coordination roles in their respective fields, both consider their involvement, in the future activities conditional to financial support.

The EEC equally contacted for its involvement in the development of such cooperation, its financial assistance to the above three mentioned institutions and its financial commitment to MEDRAP II in its actual phase, seem to be unable to procure any assistance due to its actual regulation and programme of activities in the field.

Due to what have preceeded, I would like to point out the following comments:

1) The Mediterranean countries are linked by common needs, priorities, problems and opportunities. The cooperation is obviously necessary to avoid duplication of efforts.The structure of the cooperation, as largely discussed with all the concerned parties, will favour the technology transfer, the Production promotion and the development of human abilities all over the region.

It will additionally favour the monitoring and the follow-up of the development to avoid negatives endeavours that may arise particularly from any environmental aspects.

2) The cooperation initiated by MEDRAP have allowed the accumulation of such acquirements that it is necessary to preserve and is regrettable not to benefit from.

3) Among these acquirements, the widely humain relations established between Researchers, Trainers, Producers, Experts and Managers will facilitate the perennity of the cooperation because they will provide solutions to the problems encountered.

4) The Mediterranean Cooperation is yielded to some political concerns. Several views and attitudes have asserted the enrollement of countries belonging to the North and the South of the Mediterranean. In this respect, the development of durable cooperation between those countries should support and favour the promotion of aquaculture in the region.

5) The perennity of the cooperation should rely firstly and essentially on the contribution of the concerned participating States. The network activities may start with few menbers, Greater participation could be involved progressively after the start-up.

6) Finanlly, I remain convinced that the Donor Institutions such as EEC will contribute to the cooperation. This will take time. The project proposals that may be submitted to them, should be in accordance with their concerns and their modalities of sponsoring.

IMPLENTATION OF MEDRAP III STRUCTURE

MEDRAP II should assist, during 1994, the Sub-Coordinators in the preparatory phase,

of each Network Project.

Chart № 1

TENTATIVE PROPOSAL ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MEDRAP III STURUCTURE

Further to the Ad Hoc Committee recommendations held in Algiers on June 1992,and following the consultancy report on the “MEDRAP II proposed future organisational structure, activities and budget,” several discussions and contacts have been conducted to identify the practical actions to be undertaken to implement permanent structures for the perennity of the cooperation (see chart no.1)

The CGPM will ensure the General Coordination of the future activities and will have to establish an Aquaculture Management Committee for the purpose.

The MAP/PAP-RAC agreed to carry out the Aquaculture and Environment Network activities, the CIHEAM to be in charge of the Research and Training Network and the Tunisian Government to host the SIPAM Project.

For each project, a draft proposal have to be elaborated, by each concerned Sub-Coordinator, beginning of 1993, in collaboration with MEDRAP and, if necessary, with a consultant assistance.

A seminar should be organised to review and adopt the draft proposal early in 1993. All interested countries and other parties concerned will attend.

The Sub-Coordinator will be responsible for the elaboration of the Project Document final version and the identification of funding sources, in collaboration with MEDRAP Coordination Centre.

The adoption of the Project by the respective councils of the Sub-Coordinators should be notified by mid-93

By end of 1993 the Project will be submitted to the Aquaculture Management Committee for advice then to GFCM for adoption.

In 1994, the Sub-Coordinator is ready to execute the forecasted activities.

MEDRAP II should assist in the preparatory phase of each Network Project.

However, the Networks recently created, according to the decision of Cairo Steering Committee meeting, would be maintained as sub-Networks (see chart no.2)

December 1992 By the Project Coordinator

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

chart № 2