mee 452: design economy, optimization, reliability and safety [based on: l.c. burmeister, elements...
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MEE 452: Design Economy, Optimization, Reliability and Safety
[Based on: L.C. Burmeister, Elements of Thermal-Fluid System Design, Prentice Hall, 1998]
Engineering Economy: • Time value of moneyTime value of money• InflationInflation• Cost estimationCost estimation• Taxes and depreciationTaxes and depreciation• Annualized costAnnualized cost
F=P(1+I)N
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System Design Optimization
• Basics: (Minimums and Maximums):(Minimums and Maximums): Lagrange multipliers, Concave & Convex programming
• First-order gradient methods ():(): Steepest descent, Conjugate gradients
• Second-order Newton’s procedure ():():
• Quadratic interpolation
min
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Direction of steepest descent
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System Design Optimization (2)
• Linear programming• Global Optimization Algorithms• Fuzzy system optimization ():(): • Neural networks for
optimization • Sensitivity coefficients
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Design Reliability
• Probability basics• Components in combinations• Maintenance • Common-mode and other
failures • Reliability allocations• Reliability with standby
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Surviving fraction of fluorescent lamps
400
100
Average lamp life [1000 hr]
% S
urvi
val
20 8060 100 120
50
99%
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Design Reliability (2)
• Reliability with capacity and load distribution
• Event and fault trees• Least cost by parallel operation• General reliability-enhancing
measures
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General effect of reliabilityupon system cost
optimumrepair
capitaltotal
Reliability
Cos
ts
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Product Liability and Safety
• Product liability historyProduct liability history• Insurance premium and other Insurance premium and other
costscosts• Effect on innovationEffect on innovation• Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards
– Primary standards (SI, SI-Units
– Secondary/national standards: NIST, ANSI
http://www.uspto.gov/
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Design for Safety
• Hazard elimination• Safety guards and enclosures• Safety warnings and instructions• Protective clothing • Administrative controls• Human safety factors• Maintenance safety
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Safety Terms
• Compliance:Compliance: The minimum set of requirements by which an environment conforms to the local, state, and federal rules, regulations, and standards. A workplace may be cited by OSHA for imminent danger, serious violation, etc.
• Hazard:Hazard: A set of a system's potential and inherent characteristics, conditions, or activities which can produce adverse or harmful consequences, including injury, illness, or property damage (antonym to safety).
• Hazard analysis techniques:Hazard analysis techniques: A number of analytical methods by which the nature and causes of hazards in a product or a system are identified.
• Mechanical injuries:Mechanical injuries: A type of physical injury caused by excessive forces applied to human body components, such as cutting, crushing, and straining (ergonomic hazards).
• Risk control:Risk control: The process by which the probability, severity and exposure to hazards (per mission and unit of time) are considered to reduce the potential loss of lives and property.
• Toxic substances:Toxic substances: Those substances that may, under specific circumstances, cause injury to persons or damage to property because of reactivity, instability, spontaneous decomposition, flammability, or volatility.