meet the 2011 nobel laureates

8/3/2019 Meet the 2011 Nobel Laureates

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Meet the 2011 Nobel Laureates

On November 27, 1895, a year before he died, Alfred

Bernhard Nobel signed his last will and testament at theSwedish-Norwegian Club in Paris. Eight years before hisdeath the Swedish chemist, inventor and engineer who held355 patents and made his fortune in armaments andexplosives (he invented dynamite and ballistite, and ownedthe gun-making firm Bofors) had an unexpected change ofheart. In 1888, a French newspaper erroneously publishedNobels obituary it was actually his brother Ludvig who

had diedin which it described the inventor as themerchant of death. Concerned at how he might be

remembered, Nobel attempted to right his wrongs: Hebequeathed 94 percent of his fortune to establish the NobelPrizes to recognize scientists and inventors whoseachievements conferred the greatest benefit on mankind

in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine,

Literature and Peace. The first Nobel Prizes were awardedin 1901. In 1968, the Sveriges Riksbank (the National Bankof Sweden) instituted a prize for Economic Sciences inNobels memory. Laureates receive a medal, a diploma and

a sum of money that varies in relation to the NobelFoundations income that year in 2011 each prize wasworth about $1.45 million. The awards are presentedannually in Stockholm, Sweden (except for the Peace Prize,which is presented in Oslo, Norway).

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1.Yemeni activist Tawakkul Karman, one of three recipients of the 2011 Nobel PeacePrize, at her tent in Change Square in Sanaa, Yemen. Karman's Nobel Peace Prize draws

attention to the role of women in the Arab Spring uprisings; they have rebelled not onlyagainst dictators but against a traditional, conservative mindset that fears women asagents of change. Women have participated in all the protests sweeping the Arab world,working both online to mobilize, and on the ground to march, chant and even throwthemselves into stone-throwing clashes with security forces side by side with men. (APPhoto/Hani Mohammed)


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2.Leymah Gbowee of Liberia is one of three 2011 Nobel Peace Prize winners. Gboweecampaigned against the use of rape as a weapon in her country's brutal civil war. (APPhoto/Richard Drew)


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3.Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Liberia's current president and presidential candidate of the UnityParty (UP), is the third Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Liberia's October 11 general electionwill be the first domestically organised vote since an on-off 1989-2003 civil war and atest for a West African country struggling to close the book on its bloody past eight yearsafter the fighting ceased. REUTERS/Luc Gnago


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4.The 2011 Nobel Prize in literature was awarded on Thursday to poet and author TomasTranstromer of Sweden, whose surrealistic works about the mysteries of the human mindwon him wide recognition as the most influential Scandinavian poet of recent decades.

(AP Photo/Scanpix, Maja Suslin)


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5.Chemistry Nobel Prize winner Israeli scientist Dan Shechtman won the 2011 Nobel Prizein Chemistry for the secret of quasicrystals, an atomic mosaic whose discoveryoverturned theories about solids. (Photo by Lior Mizrahi/Getty Images)


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6.Astronomer Adam Riess in his office at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, USA.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has announced that American Saul Perlmutter,US-Australian citizen Brian Schmidt and US scientist Adam Riess will share the 2011Nobel Prize in physics. The trio were honored "for the discovery of the acceleratingexpansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae." (AP Photo/TheJohn D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Gail Burton)


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7.Australian Academy of Science Professor Brian Schmidt is one of three US-bornscientists to win the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering that the universe is expandingat an accelerating pace. (AP Photo/AAS Irene Dowdy)


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8.Saul Perlmutter, one of three winners of the Nobel Prize for Physics, poses with hisdaughter's telescope at his home in Berkeley, California after hearing he had won. TheRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10million kronor ($1.5 million) award with US-Australian Brian Schmidt and US scientistAdam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in oneand Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansionby analyzing a particular type of supernova, or exploding star. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)


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9.Dr. Bruce Beutler, director of the Center for the Genetics of Host Defense at UTSouthwestern Medical Center, acknowledges applause from attendees at an eventannouncing Beutler as a recipient of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in

Dallas, Texas. Beutler is one of three scientists chosen to share the prize for discoveriesabout the immune system. (AP Photo/Tony Gutierrez)


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10.Canadian-born scientist Ralph Steinman died three days before he was awarded theNobel Prize in Medicine for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptiveimmunity". Steinman died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 68, having extended his lifeusing a kind of therapy he designed. This is the first time in history, that the Nobel Prize,which is never awarded posthumously, will go to a dead person. (AP Photo/Mike Groll)

meet the 2011 nobel laureates

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