MegaPixel Madness: technologies for ultra-high resolution display systemsKevin Ponto

October 2009

About Myself

Grew up in Iowa City City High 2000 graduate

B.S. Computer Engineering (2004) University of Wisconsin - Madison

M.S. Arts Computation Engineering (2006) University of California, Irvine

C.Ph. Computer Science Engineering (2009)- University of Californina, San Diego

Projects

Pigeon Blog Discovering a Lost da Vinci Painting Locating the Tomb of Genghis Khan Multi-touch and Mixed Reality Interfaces

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Ultra-High Resolution Displays

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Size vs Resolution

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Resolution

INFORMATION

UNIT

Resolution

Can be temporal, spatial, etc Can also be thought of as measurement of detail Larger sizes do not necessarily increase resolution

Especially true for display technology

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolution

A Few Common Uses

Print Media Imaging Technologies Display Technologies

Print Media

DPI

Physical measure of resolution

Dots

Inch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_per_inch

Imaging Technologies

Mega-Pixels

Millions of Pixels

Image

3264 x 2448

3264 (pixels wide) x 2448 (pixels tall)

7,990,272 (pixels total)

= 8 MegaPixels

Display Technologies

Standard

Vertical Scanlines

Display

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television

Display technologies

Vertical Scanlines Progressive scan / Interlace

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_TV

Display Technologies

Video Format

Natvie Resolution

Acutal

Pixel Count

MegaPixels

480i 720x480 172,800 .2

480p 720x480 345,600 .3

720p 1280x720 921,600 .9

1080i 1920x1080 1,382,400 1.4

1080p 1920x1080 2,073,600 2.1

HIPerSpace

Highly Interactive Parallelized Display Space

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http://vis.ucsd.edu/mediawiki/index.php/Research_Projects:_HIPerSpace

HIPerSpace Stats

70 Dell 30 Inch Monitors 2,560 x 1,600 = 4,096,000 ( 4 MegaPixels)

Driven by 18 nodes (Dell XPS) Each node drives 2-4 Monitors (8-16 MegaPixels)

Total Resolution 35,840 x 8,000 pixels

Total Pixel Count: 286,720,000 Approximately 300 MegaPixels 150 times HD

One Pixel Per American

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

Hardware

Walls can be made in several ways Projector based HDTVs Computer Monitor LCD Screens

Each of these have different advantages and disadvantages Cost to build and maintain Size Seams Resolution

Projection Walls

Currently the only method to create a bezelless high resolution display wall Require seam matching

May be easier to create passive and active stereo display spaces

High maintenance cost Bulbs, power, etc

LCD Walls

generally higher pixel density (DPI) 20/20 vision is the name of the game

smaller physical footprint no throw distance issues no issues with front vs rear-projection

smaller energy footprint smaller heat signature no noise emission better contrast easy to scale

State of the Art Technologies

New LCD screens have very small bezels 5 mm bezel (1 cm when stacked side-by-side)

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http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/general/09-09KAUST.asp

State of the Art Technologies

Passive Stereo Displays Use polarization to create 3D effects

Previously done with multiple projectors

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http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/general/09-09KAUST.asp

Challenge

How do you efficiently and effectively drive this many pixels?

Three Different Methods Geometry Broadcast Pixel Streaming Distributed Application

Geometry Broadcast

Intercept GL calls and forward them to the display environment

Geometry Broadcast

Head Node Render Nodes

Geometry Broadcast

Pros Little if no recompilation necessary May “work out of the box” Can use on programs not designed for tiled display

environments

Cons Slow! Shaders, textures, etc are problematic Only really useful for looking at 3D geometry only

Applications WireGL Chromium

Pixel Streaming

One node generates fills an image buffer with content

The buffer is split into regions for the viewpoint of each of the render nodes

These data segments are streamed to each of the render nodes.

Pixel Streaming

Head Node

Render Nodes

Buffer

Pixel Streaming

Pros Only one node needs to render content

Only one node needs access to data, applications etc Render nodes do not need to be powerful

Multiple applications/streams can be used once

Cons Only as high resolution as the buffer Massive network requirements

Applications SAGE

Distributed Application

Start the same application on all nodes at the same time

Use a different viewpoint for render nodes Forward all events from head node to render

nodes User I/O Display Swaps

Distributed Application

Head Node

Render Nodes

Distributed Application

Pros Enables almost limitless scalability Shaders, textures, etc are native Minimal network

Cons Requires recompilation / redesign Guarantee events are received and processed at the

same time on every node

Applications CGLX

CGLX

Distributed master-slave environment GLUT-like programming environment Viewpoints are configured on render nodes I/O reliably forwarded using UDP Open API

Free to universities

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What is this useful for?

Users can now see multimedia at unprecedented detail

Distributed approach allows for interactive manipulation of large amounts of data

Works well in the field of visual analytics

Human Centric Data Analysis

Visual Analytics “Science of analytical reasoning facilitated by interactive visual

interfaces.” (Thomas:2005) Synergy between human and machine analysis Synthesize information to detect important features in massive

datasets “Detect the expected and discover the unexpected”

(Thomas:2005)

Presenting data in a way such that the human mind is able to efficiently process

Why use the human mind?

Humans have a lifetime of experience in their profession The human mind is the best general-purpose pattern

recognizer compared with AI algorithms. (Moravec:1998) It only takes the human brain a little over a tenth of a

second in order to identify and classify an object in a complicated environment (Riesenhuber:2000)

The human mind can find patterns and differences even when the differences seen in objects are not easily quantifiable the symbol grounding problem (Harnad:1999).

Visual Analytics: Challenges

Data must be organized and presented in a meaningful way to be effective

Visual Analytics techniques need to be catered to the data being analyzed as well the users of the system Large image collection needs different visual analytic

paradigms compared to the visual analytics for detecting intruders on a network

No “one size fits all” solution

Why use Large Scale Display Walls? Historically researchers work on a single display

Suboptimal

Large Tiled Display Walls Allow human body's resources to interact and physically navigate with

large displays. (Ball:2007) Allow multiple users to interact with a work space all at once The human retina can process approximately ten one-million- point

images per second (Moravec:1998) High resolution displays are more effective than lower resolution with

pan and zoom(Ball:2005)

Small Multiples

Use display real-estate to display many variations of similar data High resolution allows data to be displayed with out sub-

sampling Many users can view the data simultaneously Users can analyze the data physically

Small Multiples on HIPerSpace

Environment is fully interactive Can be repositioned and rescaled interactively

Case Study

Researchers at UCI used tiled display wall to show many variations of brain activity of schizophrenia patients Data was grouped

and sorted Patterns were

found Two patents

resulted fromthe analysis

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Diffusion Tensor Imaging

High resolution displays allow us to analyze these type of models in greater detail

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Microscopy Imaging

Offer very high resolution images

Cancer Images

Real-time Color Filtering

Multi-Layered Data

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Video

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Conclusion

Ultra-high resolution displays provide new opportunities for human centric computation

Multiple users can analyze data simultaneously These display environments allow researches to

discover the unexpected Abundant opportunities for new research and

collaborations

Questions