MeiosisMitosisHarvesting Energy

Energy and MetabolismMembranes

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What is the structure of the cell membrane

It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer; hydrophobic portion inward, hydrophilic

portion outward

What is diffusion?

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low

concentration

What is osmosis?

Movement of water from an area of high

concentration to low concentration

What is active transport? Give examples

Movement of molecules or substances from low concentration to high

concentration; requires energy.

Describe the types of bulk movement.

Endocytosis- movement of particles into a cell

(phagocytosis, pinocytosis & cell mediated)

Exocytosis-movement of particles out of the cell

Define potential and kinetic energy

Potential- stored energyKinetic-energy in motion

What do the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics

state?1st- energy cannot be created or destroyed, simple changed form

2nd- disorder (entropy) is more likely than order

What are enzymes and how do they work?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower

activation energy. They bind to specific

substrates in order to make the reaction occur

faster

What is ATP and how does it work?

Adenosine triphosphate, it releases energy (7.3

kcal/mole) when a phosphate is broken off

the triphosphate tail

What is a feedback mechanism?

A mechanism or signal that tends to

accelerate(positive) or inhibit (negative) a

process

Define autotroph and heterotroph

Autotroph- organism that can produce its own foodHeterotroph- organism

that must obtain its food

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

What is ATP used for?1.Making sugars

2.Supplying activation energy3.Actively transporting

substances across membranes4.Moving cells through

environment5.Growth

Explain what occurs in each step of cellular respiration

1.glycolysis- glucose to pyruvate (2)2.Pyruvate is oxidized

3.Pyruvate enters Krebs where nine intermediates are formed to produce

2 ATP4.ETC where bulk of ATP is made

(36)

Discuss aerobic respiration and fermentation

Aerobic- produces 36 ATP for every glucose; requires O2;

very efficientFermentation- produces 2 ATP for every glucose; no oxygen

required

Define heterochormatin, euchromatin, diploid, haploid and

homologous chromosomesHeterochormatin- permanently

condensed DNAEuchromatin- DNA used to express genes

Diploid- two sets of chromosomesHaploid- one set of chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes- chromosomes that are identical

What is the structure of a chromosome and how

many are there?Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein

Humans have 46

What are the steps to the cell cycle?

1.Interphase2.Mitosis

3.cytokinesis

What types of checkpoints does the cell

cycle have?

1.G1 checkpoint2.G2 checkpoint3.M checkpoint

What types of genes regulate the cell cycle?

1.Tumor suppressor genes

2.Proto-oncogenes

Define meiosis

Meiosis- the production of sex cells

What are somatic cells

Body cells (skin, liver, brain)

What are germ line cells?

Cells that become reproductive cells (sperm

and egg)

What are three unique characteristics of

meiosis?

1.Crossing over2.Independent

assortment3.Reduction division

Why are the cells created by meiosis unique?

The cells are genetically different from each other.