Melahat ŞAHİN26-28 November 2012

Sothwest Anatolia Forest Research Institute Antalya/TURKEYE-mail:melahat_sahin@hotmail.com

SAND DUNE FIXATION TECHNIQUES AND PRACTICES IN TURKEY

Introduction Sand dunes Types of sand dunes Sand dune fixation techniques Mechanical techniques Biological techniques Practices in Turkey

Content of the presentation

FAO defines desertification as: "the sum of geological, climatic, biological and human factors which lead to the degradation of physical, chemical and biological potential of lands in arid and semi-arid zones, and endanger biodiversity and the survival of human communities.“

Introduction

Sand dune - a ridge of sand created by the wind; found in deserts or near lakes and oceans

Sand dunes

1. Costal Dunes originate from sand thrown up onto the shore by and is blown away by the wind.

2. Inland Dunes usually exist in the form of ridges, small hills, and knolls found on ancestral lake beds and outwash plains.

Types of sand dunes

The principle of the dune fixation techniques is based on reducing the threshold velocity of wind at the dune surface by establishing a pre-planting mechanical and biological systems

Sand dune fixation is designed to prevent the movement of sand long enough to enable either natural or planted vegetation to become established

Sand dune fixations techniques

I. Mechanical measures for sand dunes stabilizatıon

Using non living material such as wheat, straw, branches of trees, bamboo, reeds, sorghum stalks, clay, cobblestone, petroleum chemicals and soon to set up barriers on the sand dunes or to cover the surface of the sand dunes is called a mechanical measure or engineering measure for sand dune fixation.

Covering dunes with earth

1 Functions

Covering dunes with mud

2

Completecover

Covering dunes with cobblestone

3

Surface barriers

Covering dunes with straw

4 To stabilize sand dunes

Covering dunes with emulsified asphalt

5

Mechanical barriers

Covering dunes with high polimer

6

Belt cover Belt Covering dunes with straw

7

Standing barriers

Densestructure

Low standing 8 To heap up blown sand

Concealed barrier 9

Windproof Clay barrier 10

structure Earth wall 11

Ventilating High standing straw barrier

12

Structure Hedges or sand trap grate

13

The types of mechanical measures and their functions

the farmland

local communities

irrigation canals

reservoirs

transport lines

mining areas

Preserving the dune vegetation

Before planting trees, shrubs or growing grass on some sand dunes,

Which areas are suitable for mechanical measures?

1. Surface sand barrıers

The localy found materials commonly used for erecting low fences (hedges/microwindbreaks) are classified in to two groups

a. Vegetative material: twings from trees,, grass sheaves, reeds, brushes, palm leaves, etc.

b. Other substances: Clay, cobblestone, damp soil, oil drums, emulsified asphalt , etc.

1.Vegetative material

Rows of such materials inserted in to the ground are called palisade or microwindbreaks

Spreading vegetative materials on the surface of sand are called mulching

2.Other substances Covering dunes with emulsified asphald

Covering dunes with earth&mud

Covering dunes with Earth

Covering dunes with damp soil

Covering dunes with gravel

Covering dunes with Cobblestone

To reduce sand transporting capacity of sand diriving wind

The sand barriers is not to be buried by the dropped sand So the ventilating sand barrier can act on sand control for a long time and can stop a great deal of sand on the leeward side of the sand barrier.

High Standing Barriers

High standing barriers

Low standing barriers

To reduce sand transporting capacity of sand diriving wind

The reform, the sand carried by the sand bearing wind will heap up around the sand barriers

If the sand is very abundant , dropped sand heigt will be rapidly equal to the height of barrier so the service life of a barrier is very short

The low windproof or dense structural barriers should be adopted before the planting of vegetation is started between sand barriers

Covering with Clay

Installation of clay barrier

The clay barrier belongs to the low standing type of sand barrier with windproof structure.In many sandy areas, the clay barrier is set up first before the sandy plants. The effectiveneee of the clay sand barrier for sand- control near farmlands and irrigation canals is also very satisfactory. In the general the clay barrier is set up at lower part of the windward slope of sand dunes

Straw barriers

The best season for setting up straw sand barriers are the end of autumn and the earlier of winter. Because the sand is moist in these period, alot of labour can be saved. İf the barrier set up summer or spring, they will be easily destroyed by the wind.

Installation of straw barriers

As in general

The service life of a mechanical measure is about 3-5 years.

They should be maintained often after they are set up. In many cases the effectiviness of sand dune kontrol by

plant measures alone is not satisfactory. Therefore, various sand holding plant species should be

planted after the mechanical measures, especially straw checks, are set up.

In the ensuing years, especially the first 5 years, mechanical and biological measures methods can well be complementary in checking wind and controling sand

II. BIOLOGICAL MEASURES

Combine mechanical and biological methods

General criterias for species selection for biological measures

Choosing indigenous tree or shrub species for which biological and silvicultural knowledge is available

Introducing exotic tree or shrub species only if their suitability for the area has been demonstrated by testing

Selecting indigenous or introduced tree or shrub species in reference to the following requirements:

-ease of obtaining planting stock,

-ease of establishment,

-İmmunity to insects and disease,

-fast growth,

-resistant to drought

General criterias for species selection for biological measures

Understanding the seasonal rainfall patterns that are critical for tree or shrub species to survive and grow

As a general rule, a tree or shrub species can be moved successfully from its home range to another areas of same latitude because of similarity in climate

Considering the following necessities to ensure successful results;

site preparation, when to plant, how to plant, the spacing and arrangement of the plantings, and care after planting

Tamarix ramosissima ） Tamarix austrmongolica ）

Caragana korskinskii ） Sophora viciifolia ）

Species for biological measures

Hedysarun scoparim Fisch Mey ） Elaeagnus angustifolia Bge. ）

Amorpha fruticosa Linn ） Nitraria tangutorum ）

Species for biological measures

III AFFORESTRATION

Agroforestry

Protecting agricultural land

Protecting rural areas

Protecting highways

Hillside stabilization

Controlling floods

SAND DUNE STABLIZATION PRACTICES IN TURKEY

Turkey has different ecosistem due to ıt’s climate, topography and soil characteristics

Annual Average Precipitation of Turkey: 632 mm

(Sensoy, S. et al, 2008)

- In Turkey, Approximately there are 21 611 ha. on Mediterranean coast, 7341 hectares on Black Sea coast and in total, 28 952 ha sand dune areas

- Sand dunes are formed around the mouth of rivers and ancient lakes

-

In Turkey;

Sand dune stabilization works were realised in totally 11.000 hectares area in Turkey.

Costal Sand Dune Areas in Turkey

Sand dunes were very destructive by bruying the fertile agricultural lands, cotton fields, orange orchards and vegetable gardens, inhabited areas and water resources.

History of sand dune stabilization practices in Turkey

The first studies on stabilization of coastal dunes (an afforestation on sand dunes) started in 1952-1953 by the Turkish Forest Service.

- Large-scale reforestation was particularly used in the 1950s and 1980s.

1966

1965

sand dune stabilization practices (in Turkey)

Konya-karapınar

Manisa/ Beyoba

Terkos Karasu Sinop Iğdır-aralık

Sand Dune stabilization project sites in Turkey

First studies on stablization of costal sand dunes in Turkey were started in1955 by Southwest Anatolia Forest Research Institute and Forestry Faculty to determine mechanical and biological tecniques of sand dune stabilization on the mediterranean and black sea region

The Researches On Stablization Of Costal Sand Dunes in Turkey

Mechanical measures

Wooden barrier

Reeds stem barrier

Straw barrier

Wooden barrier

Combine the mechanical and biological measures

For black sea region

Species for afforestration sand dunes in Turkey

P. brutia Ten.

Eucaliptus camaldulensis

Ceratonia ciliqua

Acacia cyanophyla,

P. Pinea

Qercus coccifera

Pinus pinaster

Antalya Side-Sorkun

1955-1959)2011

2011

Antalya-Kemerağzı

1960

2011

Antalya - Belek

1963

2011

Kumluca - Mavikent

19652011

Demre-Finike

Kaş-Patara

Fethiye Kumluova (1962-1973 -2011)

Adana-Akyatan

(2011)

1972–1988

Terkos -Durusu (1885-1887), 1961-1988 (Marmara region)

Manisa- Beyoba (Eagean region)

1950-1960

2010 2010

Conclusions

Human beings are at the heart of the desertification problem, either as actors or victims.

We must encourage full participation of people, governmental organizations and NGOs to fight against desertification.

Conclusions

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Pancratium maritmum