melon · 2019. 8. 23. · melon sarp 2014 page 4 2. the australian melon industry the australian...

Melon

Strategic Agrichemical Review Process

2014 HAL Project - MT10029

Crop Protection Research Pty Ltd

Checkbox 3D Pty Ltd

April 2014

Horticulture Australia project no:

MT10029 – Managing pesticide access in horticulture.

Contact:

Noelene Davis Checkbox 3D Pty Ltd

PO Box 187 Beecroft NSW 2119

Ph: 0424 625 267 Email: [email protected]

Purpose of the report: Horticulture Australia and the Australian Melon Association Inc. prepared this report on the pest

problems, agrichemical usage and pest management alternatives for the industry across Australia.

The information in this report will assist the industry with its agrichemical selection and usage into the future.

Funding sources:

MT10029 - This project has been funded by HAL using the vegetable industry levy and across industry funds with matched funds from the Australian Government.

Date of report: 30 April 2014

Disclaimer:

Any recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily represent current Horticulture

Australia Ltd policy. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication without first obtaining independent professional advice in respect of the matters set out in this publication.

V140618

Melon SARP 2014 Page 1

Contents

1. MEDIA SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................... 2

2. THE AUSTRALIAN MELON INDUSTRY ........................................................................................................................ 4

3. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 4

3.1. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................................... 4 3.2. MINOR USE PERMITS AND REGISTRATION ............................................................................................................................. 5 3.3. METHODS .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 3.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 6

4. PESTS AND DISEASES OF MELON .............................................................................................................................. 7

4.1 DISEASES OF MELON ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 4.1.1 Priority diseases .................................................................................................................................................. 7

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Gummy stem blight .................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Podosphaera xanthiis can be causal organisms on melons) ................. 8 Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) .......................................................................................................................... 8 Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria spp.) ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Cercospora leaf-spot (Cercospora citrullina) .............................................................................................................................. 8 Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum orbiculare) ...................................................................................................................... 9 A number of fungicides are registered for control of the disease. ............................................................................................ 9 Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahlia)........................................................................................................................................ 10 Post-harvest fruit rots and soil-borne diseases ........................................................................................................................ 10 Current fungicide options for diseases of melons .................................................................................................................... 11

4.2 INSECTS OF MELON ........................................................................................................................................................ 13 4.2.1 Sucking and piercing insects ............................................................................................................................. 13

Aphids ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Thrips ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Whitefly ................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Mites ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Fruit fly ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Current insecticide options for sucking and piercing insects ................................................................................................... 16

4.2.2 Chewing insects ................................................................................................................................................. 18 Lepidopteran pests (Helicoverpa and Cucumber Moth) .......................................................................................................... 18 Cutworms ................................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Current insecticide options for chewing pests ......................................................................................................................... 19

4.2.3 Borers ............................................................................................................................................................... 21 Current insecticide options for borers ..................................................................................................................................... 21

4.3 NEMATODES ................................................................................................................................................................. 21 Current insecticide options for nematodes ............................................................................................................................. 21

4.3 WEEDS OF MELON ......................................................................................................................................................... 22 General weed control .............................................................................................................................................................. 22 Nutgrass ................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Herbicides registered and used in melons ............................................................................................................................... 22

5. REFERENCES AND RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................ 23

6. APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................................... 24

Appendix 1. Currently available melon fungicides ................................................................................................................... 24 Appendix 2. Currently available melon insecticides ................................................................................................................. 26 Appendix 3. Brand names associated with generic active ingredients .................................................................................... 29 Appendix 4. MRLs relevant to melon ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Appendix 6. Permits for use in melon ...................................................................................................................................... 35


1. Media Summary

A Strategic Agrichemical Review Process (SARP) through the process of a desktop audit and industry liaison assesses the importance of the diseases, insects and weeds that can affect a horticultural industry; evaluates

the availability and effectiveness of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides to control the plant pests;

determines any gaps in the pest control strategy and identifies suitable new or alternatives pesticides to address the gaps.

Alternative pesticides should ideally be selected for benefits of:

Integrated pest management (IPM) compatibility

Improved scope for resistance management

Sound biological profile

Residue and trade acceptance domestically and for export

A SARP workshop for melons was conducted in 2013. The results of the process provide the industry with

options to prioritise for resource allocation and action, in particular for:

Registration and permits to pursue with the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Association (APVMA).

IPM strategy development

Increased understanding of the causes and best management of pests and diseases.

Growers strive to utilise innovative, non-chemical solutions and IPM practices. Biological controls have a useful place but there are a limited number available for melons. There is also the problem that pests may

come in swarms after long spells with none, depending on conditions that favour their build up or influx. In

these situations biologicals are usually inappropriate as swift action is called for.

The older, broad spectrum chemistry is commonly needed by growers and has cost and availability benefits,

although overuse can have noticeable consequences, such as mite flare.

The registration of some new chemistry into melons has accelerated and is welcomed by melon growers. It is

important for the industry to work closely with registrants to communicate their needs and help in the

development of use patterns for new products.

Fusarium and sucking insects were identified during the SARP process as the most critical pest issues facing

melon-growers.

Priorities for action

The SARP process has identified priorities for action. Industry input will now be needed to determine resourcing and an order of action.

The status of priority pests and diseases and potential solutions, identified as an outcome of the 2013-4 SARP

process, can be seen in the following tables.


Priority diseases Priority ranking Potential strategies

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) High priority for control and for action

- Identify and access alternate chemistry to manage Fusarium wilt.

- Investigate and identify best management practices for disease control.

- Research diseases and disease complexes: improved identification and understanding of causes should facilitate selection of appropriate chemical and other management techniques.

- Consider need to renew PER10979 (Bupirimate (NIMROD^, expires Sept 2014) for powdery mildew control. Allocate resources as required.

Gummy stem blight (Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Podosphaera xanthiis can be causal organisms on melons)

Low-medium (Location dependent - diseases are, in general a greater problem in Queensland).

Difficulty in diagnosis of causal organism can make prioritisation a problem

Powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Podosphaera xanthiis can be causal organisms on melons)

Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Foliar disease caused by Alternaria spp.

Cercospora leaf-spot (Colletotrichum orbiculare)

Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum orbiculare)

Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahlia)

Post-harvest fruit rots and soil-borne diseases Not well understood at this stage.

Priority insects Priority ranking Potential strategies

Aphids Sucking insects are a high priority for control. (Location dependent: insects are, in general a greater problem in Queensland).

High priority for action

Sucking and piercing insects:

- Access, via permit, to methomyl for control of aphids

- Consider need to renew PER12221 (petroleum oil, expires Nov 2017) for control of various pests. Allocate resources as required.

- Investigation and potentially pursuit of alternate, soft chemistry for sucking insects, particularly aphids, thrips and mites. Possibilities include the following, suggested by SARP participants:

- methomyl, for aphid control

- abamectin, as a cost effective alternative, for mite control.

- Since the time of the SARP discussions with industry, new market entrants and the applications for use of bifenazate (including ACRAMITE^) and etoxazole (including PARAMITE^) under permit have reduce the need for additional chemistry. These two permit applications were submitted in March 2014 with an 8 month timeframe for assessment.

- Research into IPM and best management strategies that can be implemented in the management of sucking insects.

Whitefly

Mites

Thrips

Fruit fly

Lepidopteran pests

(Helicoverpa, Cucumber moth and cutworms specifically identified by growers)

Chewing insects are a medium priority for control and a low priority for new industry initiatives

- Investigate the need to renew methomyl permits and, if necessary, allocate resources to generate the required data.

- Consider the need for alternate chemistry (noting that new products have become available since the melon SARP process commenced.

- Develop IPM strategies

Nematodes Low-medium priority for control. (Location dependent). Low priority for new initiatives

- Investigate nematodes of significance and best management practices.

- Note that the new Farmoz nematicide, fluensulfone, is in assessment at the APVMA, with cucurbits included in the proposed use pattern.

Priority weeds Priority ranking Potential strategies

General weed control

Low-Moderate Consider permit options:

- in-crop weed control - selective nut-grass control

No chemicals were nominated by growers for consideration. Halosulfuron-methyl could be investigated as publically available data indicates efficacy.

Nutgrass


2. The Australian melon industry

The Australian Melon Industry is an innovative, resourceful and dynamic horticultural industry with a growing

consumer demand for their product. Melons are emerging as one of Australia’s leading sunrise industries. The

Australian Melon Association Inc. is the national peak body representing the Australian melon industry.

Melons are from the Cucurbitaceae family. They grow on trailing vines on the ground, and are large fruit with

thick rinds. Seedlings cultivated in plant nurseries are grown in raised soil beds.

The three main types are Rockmelon, Watermelon and Honeydew Melon but there are also Galia, Charentais

and Hami melons on the Australian market - recently there have been yellow watermelons available.

(Australian Melon Association, 2014)

In 2011/12 183,032 t of melons with a GVP (Gross value of production) of $165M were produced by 384

growers. Watermelon is the main melon type, followed by rockmelon and honeydew.

The main melon growing states and production volumes are as follows:

Area (ha) Production

(t)

Yield (t/ha)

Queensland 2,853 70,462 38% 24.7

Northern Territory 1,402 44,657 24% 31.8

Western Australia 1,027 30,115 16% 29.3

New South Wales 1,157 28,171 15% 24.3

South Australia 251 5,433 3% 21.7

Victoria 110 4,194 2% 38.2

6,800 183,032

(ABS 2013)

The major export markets are:

Melons - UAE (2,785 t, $4.85M, 2010/11), Singapore (2,562 t, $3.84M, 2010/11) and New Zealand (1,667 t,

$2.31M, 2010/11). (HAL 2012)

Watermelons - New Zealand (1,618 t, $1.65M, 2010/11), UAE (325 t, $0.38M, 2010/11) and PNG (57 t, $0.07M, 2010/11). (HAL 2012)

Melon imports are comparatively lower than exports, with 12.02 t valued at $0.05M being imported in 2010/11. The major source countries were Thailand and China. (HAL 2012)

3. Introduction 3.1. Background

Growers of some horticultural crops suffer from a lack of legal access to crop protection products (pesticides).

The problem may be that whilst a relatively small crop area is valuable in an agricultural sense, it is not of

sufficient size for agchem manufacturers to justify the expense of registering a product use on that crop. Alternately, the disease, pest, or weed problem may be regional or spasmodic, making agchem companies

unwilling to bear the initial high cost of registering suitable pesticides. As an added complication some horticultural crops may be grown in protected cropping or hydroponic situations. These can have a significant

impact on pesticide performance and residue outcomes, further increasing product development requirements

and registration costs.

Growers may at times be in a situation where they face severe losses from diseases, pests and weeds if they

do nothing to protect their crops, or face penalties if they use a product that is not registered or available via


a permit. The melon industry is aware of the possible consequences of the use of unregistered or non-

permitted pesticides. These can include: produce with unauthorised pesticide residues; rejection at both local and export market levels; placing Australian export trading arrangements in jeopardy, and; fines and

penalties.

Environmental concerns, consumer demands, and public opinion are also significant influences in the

marketplace related to pest management practices. Industry/IPM Practitioners must strive to implement best

management practices and tools to incorporate a pest management regime where strategies work in harmony with each other to achieve the desired effects while posing the least risks.

Pesticides have always been an important tool in the production of melons. They control the various diseases, insects and weeds that affect the crop and can cause severe economic loss in modern high intensity growing

operations. Pesticides are utilized to maximise crop yield, quality and customer appeal.

From a pesticide access perspective, the APVMA classifies melons as a major crop. The crop fits within the

APVMA crop group 011 Fruiting vegetables – cucurbits, in subgroup 2 with marrow, pumpkin and squash.

As a consequence of the issues facing the melon industry regarding pesticide access, Horticulture Australia Ltd and the melon industry undertook a review of pesticide requirements via a Strategic Agrichemical Review

Process (SARP). The aim was to determine solutions (primarily pesticide) to current and future pest threats.

This SARP process identified diseases, insect pests and weeds of major concern to the melon industry.

Against these threats available registered or permitted pesticides, along with non-pesticide solutions, were

evaluated for overall suitability in terms of IPM, resistance, residues, withholding period, efficacy, trade, human safety and environmental issues. Where tools were unavailable or unsuitable the process aimed to

identify potential future solutions.

This report is not a comprehensive assessment of all pests and control methods impacting on melon

production in Australia but attempts to prioritise the major problems.

3.2. Minor use permits and registration

Melons are classified as major by the APVMA. Therefore access to minor use permits can be difficult, and will

only be granted for limited uses within the crop. Possible justification for future permit applications could be based on:

New disease, insect or weed identified as a cropping issue No pesticide available

Current pesticides no longer work – resistance Current pesticides limiting trade

IPM, environmental or operator issues

Loss of pesticides due to removal from market New, effective pesticide registered in another crop

Alternate pesticide has overseas registration or minor use permit

With each of these options, sound, scientific argument is required to justify any new registrations or permit

applications.

Another option for the industry is for manufacturers to register new pesticides uses in the crop.

3.3. Methods

This melon SARP was conducted in 2013-14 and this report prepared following a series of facilitative steps

with industry and further desktop research subsequent to the process. Steps included:

1. September, 2013. Pre-SARP information gathering in consultation with the Australain Melon Industry.

2. September 26, 2013. The SARP workshop was conducted at Bundaberg in an open forum held as one of the events constituting the Melon Industry Conference

3. October-December 2013. The information gathered during the SARP workshop were collated and

distributed to industry for confirmation of workshop outcomes and as an opportunity for input and comment.

4. Feb-April 2014. Industry comments added to those from the meeting and the final SARP report prepared.


3.4. Results and discussions

Detail

Results and discussions are presented in the body of this document.

Appendices

Refer to additional information in the appendices:

Appendix 1. Currently available melon fungicides

Appendix 2. Currently available melon insecticides

Appendix 3. Brand names associated with generic active ingredients

Appendix 4. MRLs relevant to melon

Appendix 5. Current melon permits


4. Pests and diseases of melon

4.1 Diseases of melon

4.1.1 Priority diseases

Whilst a number of diseases impact melon crops, Fusarium was considered by growers to be the most critical disease issue in melons.

The SARP process considered a range of initiatives that could be undertaken to address disease. Priorities

include:

- Identifying and accessing alternate chemistry to manage Fusarium wilt.

- Investigation and identification of best management practices for disease control.

- Research into diseases and disease complexes. Improved identification and understanding of causes

should facilitate selection of appropriate chemical and other management techniques.

Further industry input is needed to prioritise the possible activities.

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) Priority for control

Fusarium wilt of watermelon caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

niveum ((Engel and Martyn, 2014)

Fusarium wilt is a soil borne disease. Symptoms are similar on all cucurbits and are

dependent on several factors, including the

amount of inoculum in the soil, environmental conditions, nutrients and host

susceptibility. Fusarium wilt is characterized by loss of turgor pressure of the vines. Vines

may recover during the evening, but

eventually wilt permanently (Engel and Martyn, 2014). Cultural controls may include

avoidance of planting on soil with a history of the disease, long rotations and planting of

clean, quality seed of resistant varieties.

High (All states)

Grafted seedlings provide some control but this is expensive and there is no medium-long-term, cost effective control option available. Farm hygiene is imperative.

Recommendations Priority for action

Permit / Registration:

- Growers would like new chemical treatment options for control of Fusarium spp. but they did not nominate any potential products. Cucumber growers have had success with limited

testing of thiabendazole as a seed dressing, and post-transplant drenches of prochloraz or azoxystrobin. There are no local or overseas MRLs for the first two but azoxystrobin is

already registered on melons so could be a possibility to trial.

Integrated or non-chemical solutions:

- Scope a project to develop monitoring and diagnostic aids for predicting and managing soil-borne diseases in melons. (similar project to HAL project VX99029 for the tomato

industry is proposed)

- Grafting and genetics.

- Grafted seedlings provide some control but this process is expensive.

- Fusarium wilt will probably be best managed via a combination of grafting and genetics.

- Scope a project to better understand selection of the right rootstock / scion combinations.

-


Anthracnose disease, downy mildew, foliar disease caused by Alternaria spp., gummy stem blight and powdery mildew

Priority for control

Gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae)

Gummy stem blight can affect all above-ground

plant parts at all growth stages. Symptoms vary with the plant stage and may include: leaf spots,

foliage wilting and death; stem cankers with characteristic red or brown

(QDAFF, 2014)

High (Qld)

Medium (NSW, SA)

Low (WA,

NT)

gummy fluid; spotted and blackened fruit, and; crown rot which may kill the plant.

The fungus is seed-borne and can survive in soil and plant material. The disease can cause economic loss in cucurbits, particularly in tropical areas.

Cultural controls should be employed alongside fungicide treatments, and include rotating cucurbits with other crops on a two-year basis and destroying organic debris at the end of a

cucurbit crop by deep ploughing.

(QDAFF, 2014)

Powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Podosphaera xanthiis can be causal organisms on melons)

Powdery mildew occurs as patches of whitish, powdery growth (mycelium) on the surface of plant parts. The disease reduces leaf efficiency which may reduce crop yield, and fruit may be

scaarred and downgraded.

Both protectant and curative fungicides contribute to disease control.

Removal of diseased crop parts and debris reduces inoculum levels.

(QDAFF 2014, Lebeda et al . 2011 )

High (Qld)

Low (other States)

Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Downy mildew affects foliage and can reduce photosynthetic activity, leading to crop yield. Symptoms vary with the melon type. On watermelon irregular shaped lesions on the foliage

turn brown and curl the leaves. Symptoms may be mistaken for those of other diseases.

Management techniques may include cultural practices that increase airflow and minimise moisture in the plant canopy, moving the planting date and using resistant plant varieties, if

available

(Colucci and Holmes, 2010)

High (Qld)

Medium (SA)

Low (other

States)

Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria spp.)

The disease causes spotting on leaves. The spots cn enlarge to 2-3 cms in diameter. Distinctive

concentric rings appear around the spots. Sunny

days with frequent rain favour disease development.

Good hygiene is required as the fungus will over winter on plant residue and can be spread on

tools and water splashes.

High (SA)

Medium (Qld, NSW)

Low (WA, NT)

Cercospora leaf-spot (Cercospora citrullina)

Damage occurs primarily to leaves. Lesions don’t form on the fruit but if the disease is severe

enough to cause defoliation, fruit yield and quality can suffer.

Low


Disease Priority for

control

Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum orbiculare)

Anthracnose requires wet, cool conditions over several days for disease development.

Symptoms include spots on leaves and, in infected fruit, black, circular, sunken cankers.

The disease may be managed by destruction of

crop debris, crop rotation and use of clean seeds.

(Williamson, 2014)

Medium

(NSW)

Low (other States)

A number of fungicides are registered for control of the disease.



- Systemic chemistry.

Cercospora leaf-spot can be controlled if identified properly. It is adequately controlled

with chlorothalonil which is registered for use in this crop for this disease.

Multiple fungicides with diversity in mode-of-action are available for control of Anthracnose, downy mildew, Alternaria, gummy stem blight and powdery mildew.

Whilst products from a spread of chemical groups are available, growers felt there was limited systemic chemistry available for the management of Gummy stem blight,

Alternaria, Anthracnose and Cercospora. Fungicides that distribute well throughout the

canopy and have some curative ability, which is lacking in the older protectant classes of chemistry, are desirable.

With the introduction of Penthiopyrad (FONTELIS^) to the market have an additional option.

- Renewal of PER10979 (Bupirimate (NIMROD^) ) for Powdery mildew control.

Allocate budget and scope project, if necessary, for generation of data necessary to renew.

undecided


- Scope a project(s) to determine best management practices for control of fungal diseases, collectively or individually.

Access to agrichemicals for the diseases doesn’t appear to be an issue for industry;

however, collectively, they remain as a medium-high priority. Possible explanations are: Chemical resistance, poor-application (rates, timing, etc.), correct identification of

diseases, selection of appropriate agrichemical for disease pressure, and agronomic

parameters which influence disease.

In circumstances when highly conducive weather conditions prevail, the mildew diseases

are difficult to control and powdery mildew disease development is believed to be exacerbated when fruit load increases

- Such a project would enhance industry’s ability to identify and monitor for diseases and implement appropriate control measures.

- This project may be in combination with the investigative project proposed for Fusarium wilt.

- There may also be the need for a project(s) that seek a greater understanding of the epidemiology of these diseases.


Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahlia) Priority for control

Verticillium wilt is a vascular wilt disease that may be confused with Fusarium wilt, as the

symptoms are very similar. Neither fungus readily sporulates on the surface of the plant and confirmation of the causal agent may require isolation of the pathogen and observation under

a microscope (Engel and Martyn, 2014)

Growers did not identify Verticillium wilt as an issue, but this could be because of difficulty in diagnosing the cause of wilts.

Not

identified as an issue


None -

Post-harvest fruit rots and soil-borne diseases Priority for control

Causal organisms include the pathogens associated with sudden vine decline and root rots in Australia.

Fungal fruit rots are particularly a problem of rockmelons

Verticillium has been isolated from wilting watermelons and another fungus, Plectosphaerella cucumerina (formally called Fusarium tabacinum - that has been recorded in Australia), associated with wilting rockmelons in Bundaberg. This latter fungus and related fungi have been shown to be associated with cucurbit collapse in other countries. There are various

Pythium species also associated with root rots and collapse in Australia.

These pathogens haven't been well researched in Australian on melons and they form disease

complexes (along with Fusarium spp.) so they are not easily identified by growers.

Not categorised



A current ACIAR project has a component looking at efficacy of post-harvest fungicide dips for

melons.

No Permits / registrations have been proposed in the current SARP process

N/A


Consider projects focused on determining the importance of these diseases in the Australian

melon growing industry

No priority

assigned


Current fungicide options for diseases of melons

Disease Name Active ingredient Comments Chemical

group WHP, days

Activity

Alternaria Fruit Rot Guazatine Acetates Rockmelon, post-harvest dip

M7 NR Protective, Curative

Imazalil Rockmelon, post harvest

3 NR Systemic

Alternaria Leaf Blight / spot

Chlorothalonil Cucurbits M5 1 Protectant

Dimethomorph Qld, NT only, Cucurbits

40 7 Systemic, Contact

Mancozeb + metalaxyl-M/metalaxyl

Cucurbits, Qld M3+4 7 Systemic, Protective, Curative

Angular Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas sp.)

Copper Cucurbits M1 1 Contact

Anthracnose Chlorothalonil Cucurbits M5 1 Protectant




Mancozeb Cucurbits M3 7 Protectant

Mancozeb + metalaxyl-

M/metalaxyl

Cucurbits, Qld M3+4 7 Systemic, Protective,

Curative

Oxadixyl+propineb (REBOUND^) Cucurbits 4+M3 3 Contact, Systemic

Zineb Cucurbits 7 Protectant

Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas sp.)


Belly Rot / Rhizoctonia Ground Rot


Cercospora leaf-spot (Target Leafspot)


Damping Off (Pythium spp,, Phytophthora spp.

Metalaxyl-M /metalaxyl Cucurbits 4 7 Systemic, Protective, Curative

Downy Mildew Azoxystrobin Cuc, Greenhouse 11 1 Protective, Curative








Metiram (POLYRAM^) Cucurbits M3 2 Protectant


Phosphorous acid Cucurbits 33 NR Contact

Propineb (ANTRACOL^) Cucurbits 3 3 Protectant

Zineb Cucurbits 7 Protectant

Fusarium Fruit Rot Guazatine Acetates Rockmelon, post-harvest dip



3 NR Systemic

Grey Mould Penthiopyrad (FONTELIS^) Cucurbits 7 1 Broad-Spectrum Systemic

Gummy Stem Blight Azoxystrobin Cuc, Greenhouse 11 1 Protective, Curative








Metiram (POLYRAM^) Cucurbits M3 2 Protectant


Penthiopyrad (FONTELIS^) Cucurbits 7 1 Broad-Spectrum Systemic

Pink Mould Rot Guazatine Acetates Rockmelon, post- M7 NR Protective, Curative


Disease Name Active ingredient Comments Chemical group

WHP, days

Activity

(Trichothecium roseum)

harvest dip


3 NR Systemic

Powdery Mildew Azoxystrobin Cuc, Greenhouse 11 1 Protective, Curative

Boscalid + Kresoxim-Methyl (COLLIS^)

Cucurbits, field 7+11 7 Protective, Curative

Bupirimate (NIMROD^) Melons, Not watermelons

8 1 Systemic, Protective, Curative

Bupirimate (NIMROD^) (PER10979 exp Sep 2014)

Cucurbits 8 1 Systemic, Protective, Curative

Copper Copper octanoate (TRICOP^), cucurbits

M1 1 Contact

Cyflufenamid (FLUTE^) Cucurbits U6 1 Protectant, Curative

Fenarimol (RUBIGAN^) Cucurbits 3 3 Protective, Curative

Hydrogen Peroxide+ Peroxyacetic Acid (PERATEC PLUS^)

Cucurbits M 1 Contact

Metrafenone (VIVANDO^) Cucurbits U8 7 Protectant, Curative

Oxythioquinox (MORESTAN^) Cucurbits 14 7 Systemic, Protective And Curative

Penthiopyrad (FONTELIS^) Cucurbits 7 1 Broad-Spectrum Systemic

Proquinazid (TALENDO^) Cucurbits, field only

13 1 Local Systemic Fungicide With Translaminar Effects

Tea tree oil (TIMOREX^) Cucurbits _ NR Contact

Triadimefon NSW, WA only 3 1 Systemic, Protectant, Curative

Triadimenol Cucurbits 3 1

Rhizopus Soft Rot Guazatine Acetates Rockmelon, post-harvest dip



3 NR Systemic

Septoria Spot Mancozeb Cucurbits M3 7 Protectant

Soil Borne Diseases Incl Fusarium, Verticillium Wilts, Rhizoctonia, Pythium

1,3-dichloropropene + Chloropicrin

Vegetables, Pre-plant

_ NR Contact, Fumigant

Sour Rot (Geotrichum candidum)

Guazatine Acetates Rockmelon, post-harvest dip



3 NR Systemic


4.2 Insects of melon 4.2.1 Sucking and piercing insects

During the SARP process growers identified sucking pests, along with Fusarium, as the most critical issue

facing melon-growers. A number of actions were put foreward and will need a refined prioritisation.

Sucking insects are considered a high priority for action.

In summary, the following have been proposed:

- Access, via permit, to methomyl for control of aphids

- Investigation and potentially pursuit of other, alternate, soft chemistry for sucking insects, particularly aphids, thrips and mites. Possibilities include the following, suggested by SARP participants

- methomyl, for aphid control - abamectin, as a cost effective alternative, for mite control

Note that the need for additional chemistry has decreased somewhat since the time of the SARP discussions with new market entrants and the application for use of etoxazole (including

PARAMITE^) under permit for mite control.

- Research into IPM and best management strategies that can be implemented in the management of sucking insects.

Aphids Priority for control

Aphids themselves do not have a significant impact on the crop. The problems caused by the viruses transmitted during feeding and the sooty moulds that form on aphid honey

dew mean that aphids need to be controlled effectively.

Despite there being a diversity in agrichemicals registered for aphid control:

- control of aphids late in the crop is made difficult by the long withholding periods of many chemicals

- there is no effective IPM strategy

- chemical resistance is an ongoing issue.

High (Qld, WA and NT)

Medium (SA)

Low (NSW)



- Application for a permit to use methomyl to control green peach aphids.

- Investigation of other aphicides to allow alternation to manage resistance. Chemistry with a short withholding period and not damaging to pollinating bees is desirable.

There is particularly a need in the tropics were pest pressure is often extreme. It should be noted that Sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) has been registered recently for use in cucurbits and so the need for additional aphicides has been somewhat reduced

- Engage with agrichemical manufacturers to understand what is required to reduce WHPs on products used for aphid control.


- Scope potential IPM development project for aphids in melons.

- Include development of a mosaic virus preventative IPM strategy.

The problem has been seen to move with the progress of picking, for example spreading down the Qld coast in the winter of 2013. This indicates that strategies

other than use of insecticides should be investigated.

Appearance in the crop can be overnight but growers may be prevented from using

insecticides immediately if they had already sprayed recently. This also indicates the

need for non-chemical intervention.


Thrips Priority for control

Industry is concerned that few suitable chemicals options are currently available. Medium (Qld,

NSW and NT) Low (SA, WA)

Recommendations Priority for

action


Investigate products that could be made available to melon growers for Thrips control, for

example, Spirotetramat (MOVENTO^), imidacloprid, synthetic pyrethroids. Note that this will likely have a lower priority as the methomyl PER11948 was issued in March 2014


None requested

Whitefly Priority for control

Whiteflies can affect the crop directly by feeding and indirectly as a vector of viruses. A

range of insecticides is currently available to growers with diversity in mode of action. However, resistance is an ongoing issue and virus transmission with whitefly infestations

are a concern for industry.

High (Qld)

Low (Other States)


action


Allocate budget and scope project, if necessary, for generation of data necessary to renew

PER12221.


Scope a research project which aims to provide an understanding of the impact of whitefly

in melon crops and identifies best management practices for whitefly control.


Mites Priority for control

There is a range of insecticides available, although some are not very effective. Industry

felt that between available agrichemicals and predatory bugs, mites can be managed reasonably well.

Screening pesticides for effect on predatory insects vs effect on pest mites is important.

Pesticides available for mite control are quite expensive.

Predatory mites are very expensive, slow to spread and can limit what chemistry can be

applied to the crop to combat other issues.

High (NT)

Medium (Qld)

Low (Other

States)


action


Investigate alternate miticides that could be available for use to melon growers.

- Include more affordable option – abamectin

- Since the time of the SARP discussions with industry, new market entrants and the applications for use of bifenazate (including ACRAMITE^) and etoxazole (including

PARAMITE^) under permit have reduce the need for additional chemistry. These two permit applications were submitted in March 2014 with an 8 month timeframe for

assessment


- Investigate potential IPM programs and the effect of pesticide use on such programs.

Fruit fly Priority for control

Considered by meeting participants to be a low priority because there is access to effective

chemicals (dimethoate and maldison) via registration or permit.

Low (All states)


action


Investigate alternate products for fruit fly control which could be made available to melon

growers via registration or permit.

-

Allocate budget and scope project, if necessary, for generation of data necessary to renew

PER12336. (Note that persons who can use the product under this permit are “officers of

the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service” only.

To be advised


Scope project looking at alternative control options such as protein bait sprays. Such

strategies are currently being investigated by other industries, including citrus.

It may be possible to utilise the findings of other industries.


Current insecticide options for sucking and piercing insects

Name Active ingredient Comments Chemical

group WHP, days

Activity

Aphids Dimethoate Melons 1B NR Broad Spectrum Contact And Systemic

Maldison Cucurbits 1B 3 Systemic, Contact

Paraffinic Oil Cucurbits NR 1 Contact

Petroleum Oil Cucurbits _ 1 Contact

Pirimicarb Cucurbits 1A 2 Contact, Systemic

Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Vegetables _ NR Contact

Pyrethrins+Piperonyl Butoxide Vegetables 3A 1 Contact

Aphids – Black Citrus, Rose, Cabbage, Green Peach

Pyrethrins+Piperonyl Butoxide + Garlic Vegetables NR 1 Contact

Aphid - Cotton Spirotetramat (MOVENTO^) Cucurbits 23 1 Contact, Systemic

Aphid - Green Peach

Imidacloprid Cucurbits 4A 1 Systemic, Ingestion, Neurotoxin

Spirotetramat (MOVENTO^) Cucurbits 23 1 Contact, Systemic

Sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) Cucurbits, Field 4C 1 Systemic

Aphid - Melon (Cotton)

Sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) Cucurbits, Field 4C 1 Systemic

Fly - Cucumber fly

Dimethoate Melons 1B NR Broad Spectrum Contact And Systemic


Fruit flies, flies (cucumber fly, lesser Queensland fruit fly, Queensland fruit fly, Mediterranean fly, banana fly, mango fly)

Dimethoate (PER13170, exp Oct 2014) Melons, post harvest dip

1B NR Broad Spectrum Contact And Systemic

Fruit Fly - MFF Fenthion (LEBAYCID^) (PER13840, Exp Oct 2014)

Melon, post-harvest dip, WA

only

NR Contact, Stomach And Respiratory

Action


Fruit Fly - QFF Fenthion (LEBAYCID^) (PER13841, Exp Oct 2014)

Melon, post-harvest dip, Qld, NSW, NT only

NR Contact, Stomach And Respiratory Action


Green vegetable bug

Carbaryl Cucurbits 1A NA Systemic, Contact



Petroleum Oil (PER12221, expires Nov 2017)

Cucurbits _ 1 Contact

Trichlorfon Vegetables 1B 2 Contact

Grey cluster bug



Jassids Dimethoate Melons 1B NR Broad Spectrum Contact And Systemic


Leafhoppers Dimethoate Melons 1B NR Broad Spectrum Contact And Systemic





Mealybug Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Vegetables _ NR Contact

Mired - Green Petroleum Oil (PER12221, expires Nov 2017)


Mites Dimethoate Melons 1B NR Broad Spectrum


Name Active ingredient Comments Chemical group

WHP, days

Activity

Contact And Systemic



Mite - Redlegged Earth Mite


Mite - Two-spotted (Red spider) mite

Bifenazate (PER application 14649, in assessment at APVMA)

Melons 2D Contact

Etoxazole (PER application 14650, in assessment at APVMA)

Melons Systemic, Contact


Oxythioquinox (MORESTAN^) Cucurbits 14 7 Systemic, Protective And Curative

Rutherglen bug



Methomyl (PER11948, exp Sep 2017) Cucurbits 3 Contact, Systemic





Sucking insects

Fenamiphos Cucurbits 1B 84 Systemic

Thrips Diazinon Cucurbits 1B 14 Protectant


Methomyl (PER11948, exp Sep 2017) Cucurbits 3 Contact, Systemic





Thrips - Western Flower

Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^) Fruiting vegetables

5 3 Ingestion, Contact

Whiteflies Chlorpyrifos Cucurbits 1B 5 Systemic, Contact



Petroleum Oil (PER12221, expires Nov

2017)


Whitefly – Silverleaf, Greenhouse

Pyriproxyfen Rockmelon 7C 1 Ingestion, Residual, Insect Growth Regulator

Whitefly - Greenhouse

Botanical Oil Vegetables oil NR Contact


Sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) Field 4C 1 Systemic

Whitefly - Silverleaf

Bifenthrin Cucurbits 3A 1 Systemic, Contact

Paraffinic Oil Cucurbits, Qld only

NR 1 Contact

Pymetrozine (PER13111, expires May 2015)

Cucurbits 9B 3 Systemic, Translaminar

Spirotetramat (MOVENTO^) Cucurbits 23 1 Contact, Systemic


4.2.2 Chewing insects

Chewing pests are overall a medium priority for control.

A number of insecticides are registered, although those that are available are not all approved across the

entire caterpillar spectrum. Those for which there aren’t approvals tend to be controlled incidentally when products are used for the registered / permitted pests.

Chewing insects are a low priority for action on suggested new industry initiatives.

Initiatives include:

- Investigate the need to renew methomyl permits and, if necessary, allocate resources to generate the required data.

- Consider the need for alternate chemistry (noting that new products have become available since the melon SARP process commenced.

- Develop IPM strategies

Lepidopteran pests (Helicoverpa and Cucumber Moth) Priority for control

Helicoverpa

Industry relies on OP chemistry to

effectively control these pests, even though soft chemistry is available. This is a

concern because of the high toxicity of these products, the potential for resistance

development and the regulatory environment which is leading to de-

registration of some of these products.

Medium (Qld)

Low (Other States)



Growers requested that chemicals having good results in other crops should be

investigated, including emamectin (PROCLAIM^) and methoxyfenozide (PRODIGY^). However, other chemistry also mentioned for investigation (Chlorantraniliprole

(CORAGEN), Flubendiamide (BELT^), Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^)) has since been registered for use in melons. Therefore the investigation of others is probably now a

lower priority.

-

Review currently available chemistry against potential new chemistry and possible exits from the market.

Low


Insecticide resistance, especially in Helicoverpa armigera, can make these pests particularly difficult when insecticides are totally relied upon for control. Therefore

integrated pest management techniques are advisable.


Cutworms Priority for control

Growers expressed concerned that only heavy chemistry is available for use. However cutworms

can be incidentally managed through use of the same molecules that are currently used to manage

other lepidopteron pests.

The Northern Territory had an issue with this pest for the first time in 2013.

High (SA)

Low (Other

States)



Some growers requested investigation of products for control of cutworms. However,

since a range of lepidopteran chemicals is available, and as the problem affects a small

proportion of the industry, this is a low priority for action.

Low


None requested for action No priority

assigned

Current insecticide options for chewing pests


WHP, days

Activity

Armyworm Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki

Vegetables 11 NR Contact


Australian plague locust

Carbaryl Vegetables 1A SL Systemic, Contact

Chlorpyrifos Vegetables 1B SL Systemic, Contact

Diazinon Vegetables 1B SL Protectant

Maldison Vegetables 1B SL Systemic, Contact

Cabbage moth Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki



Cabbage white butterfly

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki


Pyrethrins+Piperonyl Butoxide + Garlic

Vegetables NR 1 Contact


Caterpillars Diazinon Watermelon, not NT

1B 14 Protectant

Pyrethrins+Piperonyl Butoxide

Vegetables 3A 1 Contact

Caterpillar - Cluster Methomyl (PER11948, exp Sep 2017)

Cucurbits 1B 3 Contact, Systemic

Crickets – field, mole Chlorpyrifos Vegetables 1B 5 Systemic, Contact

Cucumber moth Methomyl (PER11948, exp Sep 2017)


Cutworms Carbaryl Cucurbits 1A NA Systemic, Contact

Chlorpyrifos Vegetables 1B 5 Systemic, Contact

Diazinon Watermelon, not NT

1B 14 Protectant

Trichlorfon Cucurbits, Qld, NT 1B 2 Contact

Earwigs Carbaryl Cucurbits 1A NA Systemic, Contact

Pyrethrins+Piperonyl Butoxide

Vegetables 3A 1 Contact

Fungus gnats Bacillus thuringiensis berliner


Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (PER11472, expires May 2014)




WHP, days

Activity

Grasshopper - wingless Carbaryl Cucurbits 1A NA Systemic, Contact

Chlorpyrifos Vegetables 1B 5 Systemic, Contact

Dimethoate Melons 1B NR Broad Spectrum Contact

And Systemic

Helicoverpa Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki




Chlorantraniliprole (CORAGEN^)

Cucurbits 28 1 (H), 7 (G)

Systemic, Contact

Flubendiamide (BELT^) Cucurbits 28 1 Systemic, Contact

Helicoverpa NPV armigera

Cucurbits _ NR Contact

Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^)

Fruiting vegetables


Methomyl (PER11948,

exp Sep 2017)


ladybird - 28-spotted potato



Ladybirds - Leafeating Carbaryl Cucurbits 1A NA Systemic, Contact

Leafminer - Cucumber Moth / Tomato leaf miner



Cucurbits 28 1 (H), 7 (G)

Systemic, Contact

Flubendiamide (BELT^) Cucurbits 28 1 Systemic, Contact

Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^)

Fruiting vegetables


Leafminer - Potato moth


Leafroller - Lightbrown apple moth

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki


Loopers Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki


Methomyl (PER11948, exp Sep 2017)


Pumpkin beetle Carbaryl Cucurbits 1A NA Systemic, Contact


Symphylans (garden centipedes)

1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin

Vegetables 8B NR Contact, Fumigant

Vegetable weevil Chlorpyrifos Vegetables 1B 5 Systemic, Contact

Vine moth Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki


Webworm Methomyl (PER11948, exp Sep 2017)


Wireworms 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin



4.2.3 Borers

Borers were not identified as a priority for control or activity

Current insecticide options for borers


WHP, days

Activity

Cucurbit stemborer


4.3 Nematodes

The priority of nematodes for control ranged from low to high across the states.

As there are suitable control options now and additional new chemistry in development these pests are a low

priority for new industry initiatives, although the industry should work with the major registrants to ensure

melons get access to new chemistry.

A project to investigate the nematodes of significance and best management practice options should be

considered, although as adequate control measures currently exist action is a low priority.

Nematodes Priority for control

Nemacur is available and new products are being developed (fluensulfone by Farmoz). Crop rotation and non-host cover crops such as some sorghum varieties

were considered effective.

High (SA)

Medium (Qld)

Low (Other States)



None requested for action


Scope project investigating best management practices for nematode pests in

melon crops. Such a project should include an extension component to inform growers of the nematodes species of significance in their crops.

Low

Current insecticide options for nematodes


WHP, days

Activity

Nematodes Fenamiphos Cucurbits 1B 84 Systemic



Other general fumigants Vegetables


4.3 Weeds of melon

General weed control Priority for control

Industry felt that general weed control is relatively successful through the use of

plastic mulches. However, wireweed, innocent weed and fathen are causing significant problems in SA.

High (SA)

Low (Other States)



Consider permits for herbicides in SA production systems. No chemicals were

nominated

Not determined


None requested for action

Nutgrass Priority for control

Industry felt this weed could be controlled well through pre-plant applications of halosulfuron-methyl and/or glyphosate. Avoidance of highly infested paddocks is

also a useful strategy. However, industry would like an effective in-crop control

option if available. Publically available information indicates efficacy of halosulfuron-methyl in cucurbits and could be investigated for a permit (in situations where plant-

back is not a concern). Other actives are also mentioned in the literature and may warrant desktop research.

Medium Qld, Low other states



Investigate selective herbicide options for nutgrass control in melons.


None

Herbicides registered and used in melons

Pre-plant registrations are broad spectrum, knockdown products with no residual activity:

- Glyphosate (various) – Group M pre-plant general knockdown herbicide

- Paraquat, diquat, paraquat + diquat (various) - Group L pre-plant general knockdown herbicide

In-crop herbicide options are limited:

- Clomazone – Group F broad spectrum post-plant broadleaf weed herbicide. Registrations only for rockmelon and watermelon

- Fluazifop-P as butyl – Group A grass selective post-emergent herbicide. Registered in cucurbits for a range of grass weeds..

- Quizalofop-P-ethyl - Group A grass selective post-emergent herbicide. Registrations in honey dew melons only.

- Paraquat – Group L pre-plant and post plant general knockdown herbicide. Shielded nozzles required for post-plant treatment.

No herbicides are available for use in melons via permit.


5. References and resources

Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013. 71210DO002_201112 Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 2011-

12.

Australian Melon Association website. www.melonsaustralia.our.au

Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority website- www.apvma.gov.au

Century Fruit Shop, Beecroft.

Colucci SJ, Holmes GJ. Downy Mildew of Cucurbits. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2010-0825-01. 2010.

http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/Oomycetes/Pages/Cucurbits.aspx, accessed 28 April 2014.

Engel D S, Martyn RD. 2007. Fusarium wilt of watermelon and other cucurbits. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2007-0122-01. Updated 2013.

https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/ascomycetes/Pages/FusariumWatermelon.aspx, accessed 28 April 2014.

Google images

Horticulture Australia Limited. The Australian Horticultural Statistics Handbook, 2012.

Infopest, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Nov 2012.

Lebeda, A., Kristkova, E., Coffey, M., Mccreight, J.D. 2011. Gaps and perspectives of pathotype and race determination in golovinomyces cichoracearum and podosphaera xanthii. Mycoscience. 52:159-

164.Pest and disease description websites:

Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/cantaloupe-cucumis-sp-fusarium-wilt. Accessed 28 April

QDAFF (Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry). Pests and diseases of

melons. Updated 8 Jan 2014. http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/fruit-and-vegetables/vegetables/melons/pests-and-diseases-melons. Accessed 28 April 2014

Williamson J. (revision) Cucumber, Squash, Melon & Other Cucurbit Diseases. HGIC, Clemson Cooperative Extension. 2014. https://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/pests/pdf/hgic2206.pdf,

accessed 28 April, 2014.

Acronyms APVMA …….. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority IPM ………… Integrated pest management IR-4 ………… Interregional Research Program 4 (USA) MRL ………… Maximum residue limit (mg/kg or ppm) SARP ………. Strategic Agrichemical Review Process WHP ………… Withholding period Australian states and territories: NSW (New South Wales), NT (Northern Territory), Qld (Queensland), SA (South Australia), Tas (Tasmania), Vic (Victoria), WA (Western Australia)

Acknowledgement APVMA: All staff especially Alan Norden

Government agencies: Each state DPI as excellent sources of information Industry development officers and associates

Thanks go to the many industry people who contributed information and collaborated on the review of this report.

^Trademark

http://www.melonsaustralia.our.au/http://www.apvma.gov.au/http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/Oomycetes/Pages/Cucurbits.aspxhttps://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/ascomycetes/Pages/FusariumWatermelon.aspxhttps://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/ascomycetes/Pages/FusariumWatermelon.aspxhttp://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/cantaloupe-cucumis-sp-fusarium-wilthttp://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/fruit-and-vegetables/vegetables/melons/pests-and-diseases-melonshttp://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/fruit-and-vegetables/vegetables/melons/pests-and-diseases-melonshttps://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/pests/pdf/hgic2206.pdf


6. Appendices

Appendix 1. Currently available melon fungicides

Active ingredient Disease Name Comments Chemical

group WHP, days

Activity

1,3-dichloropropene + Chloropicrin

Soil Borne Diseases Incl Fusarium, Verticillium Wilts, Rhizoctonia, Pythium

Vegetables, Pre-plant

_ NR Contact, Fumigant

Azoxystrobin Downy Mildew Cuc, Greenhouse 11 1 Protective, Curative

Gummy Stem Blight

Powdery Mildew

Boscalid + Kresoxim-Methyl (COLLIS^)

Powdery Mildew Cucurbits, field 7+11 7 Protective, Curative

Bupirimate (NIMROD^) (PER10979 exp Sep 2014)

Powdery Mildew Melons, Not watermelons

8 1 Systemic, Protective, Curative

Chlorothalonil Alternaria Leaf Blight Cucurbits M5 1 Protectant

Anthracnose

Belly Rot / Rhizoctonia Ground Rot

Cercospora leaf-spot (Target Leafspot)

Downy Mildew

Gummy Stem Blight

Copper Angular Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas sp.)

Cucurbits M1 1 Contact

Anthracnose

Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas sp)

Downy Mildew

Gummy Stem Blight

Powdery Mildew Copper octanoate (TRICOP^), cucurbits

Cyflufenamid

(FLUTE^)

Powdery Mildew Cucurbits U6 1 Protectant, Curative

Dimethomorph Alternaria Leaf Spot Qld, NT only, Cucurbits


Anthracnose

Downy Mildew

Gummy Stem Blight

Fenarimol (RUBIGAN^)

Powdery Mildew Cucurbits 3 3 Protective, Curative

Guazatine Acetates Alternaria Fruit Rot Rockmelon, post-harvest dip


Fusarium Fruit Rot

Pink Mould Rot (Trichothecium roseum) Rhizopus Soft Rot

Sour Rot (Geotrichum candidum) Hydrogen Peroxide+ Peroxyacetic Acid (PERATEC PLUS^)

Powdery Mildew Cucurbits M 1 Contact

Imazalil Alternaria Fruit Rot Rockmelon, post

harvest

3 NR Systemic

Fusarium Fruit Rot

Pink Mould Rot (Trichothecium roseum) Rhizopus Soft Rot

Sour Rot (Geotrichum candidum) Mancozeb Anthracnose Cucurbits M3 7 Protectant

Downy Mildew

Gummy Stem Blight

Septoria Spot


Alternaria Leaf Spot Cucurbits, Qld M3+4 7 Systemic, Protective, Curative Anthracnose

Downy Mildew


Active ingredient Disease Name Comments Chemical group

WHP, days

Activity

Gummy Stem Blight

Metalaxyl-M /metalaxyl Damping Off (Pythium spp,, Phytophthora spp.

Cucurbits 4 7 Systemic, Protective, Curative

Metiram (POLYRAM^) Downy Mildew Cucurbits M3 2 Protectant

Gummy Stem Blight

Metrafenone (VIVANDO^)

Powdery Mildew Cucurbits U8 7 Protectant, Curative

Oxadixyl+propineb (REBOUND^)

Anthracnose Cucurbits 4+M3 3 Contact, Systemic

Downy Mildew

Gummy Stem Blight

Oxythioquinox (MORESTAN^)

Powdery Mildew Cucurbits 14 7 Systemic, Protective And Curative

Penthiopyrad (FONTELIS^)

Grey Mould Cucurbits 7 1 Broad-Spectrum Systemic Gummy Stem Blight

Powdery Mildew

Phosphorous acid Downy Mildew Cucurbits 33 NR Contact

Propineb (ANTRACOL^)

Downy Mildew Cucurbits 3 3 Protectant

Proquinazid (TALENDO^)

Powdery Mildew Cucurbits, field only 13 1 Local Systemic Fungicide With

Translaminar Effects

Tea tree oil (TIMOREX^)

Powdery Mildew Cucurbits _ NR Contact

Triadimefon Powdery Mildew NSW, WA only 3 1 Systemic, Protectant, Curative

Triadimenol Powdery Mildew Cucurbits 3 1

Zineb Anthracnose Cucurbits 7 Protectant

Downy Mildew

NR = Not required


Appendix 2. Currently available melon insecticides

Active ingredient Pest Name Comments Chemical

group WHP, days

Activity


Nematodes - Plant parasitic nematodes Vegetables 8B NR Contact, Fumigant Symphylans (garden centipedes)

Wireworms

Bacillus thuringiensis berliner Fungus gnats Vegetables 11 NR Contact Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (PER11472, expires May 2014)

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki Armyworm Vegetables 11 NR Contact Cabbage moth

Cabbage white butterfly

Helicoverpa (Corn bollworm)

Helicoverpa punctigera (Native budworm)

Leafroller - Lightbrown apple moth

Loopers

Vine moth

Bifenazate (PER application 14649, in assessment at

APVMA)

Mite - Two-spotted (Red spider) mite Melons 2D Contact

Bifenthrin Helicoverpa Cucurbits 3A 1 Systemic, Contact

Leafminer - Cucumber Moth / Tomato leaf miner


Botanical Oil Whitefly - Greenhouse Vegetables oil NR Contact

Carbaryl Armyworms Cucurbits 1A NR Systemic, Contact Australian plague locust Vegetables

Cucurbit stemborer Cucurbits

Cutworms

Earwig - European

Grasshopper - Wingless

Green vegetable bug

Helicoverpa (Budworms)


Ladybirds - Leafeating

Leafminer - Potato moth

Pumpkin beetle

Rutherglen bug


Helicoverpa Cucurbits 28 1 (H), 7 (G)

Systemic, Contact Leafminer - Cucumber Moth / Tomato

Chlorpyrifos Australian plague locust Vegetables 1B 5 Systemic, Contact Crickets – field, mole

Cutworms

Grasshopper - wingless

Vegetable weevil

Whiteflies Cucurbits

Diazinon Australian plague locust Vegetables 1B 14 Protectant

Caterpillars Watermelon, not NT

Cutworms Watermelon, not NT

Thrips Cucurbits

Dimethoate Aphids Melons 1B NR Broad

Spectrum Contact And Systemic

Fly - Cucumber fly

Grasshoppers - wingless

Green vegetable bug

Jassids

Leafhoppers

Mites

Thrips

Dimethoate (PER13170, exp Oct 2014)

Fruit flies, flies (cucumber fly, lesser Queensland fruit fly, Queensland fruit fly, Mediterranean fly, banana fly, mango fly)

Melons, post harvest dip

1B NR Broad Spectrum Contact And Systemic


Active ingredient Pest Name Comments Chemical group

WHP, days

Activity

Etoxazole (PER application 14650, in assessment at APVMA)

Mite - Two-spotted (Red spider) mite Melons Systemic, Contact

Fenamiphos Nematodes Cucurbits 1B 84 Systemic

Sucking insects

Fenthion (LEBAYCID^) (PER13840, Exp Oct 2014)

Fruit Fly - MFF Melon, post-harvest dip, WA only

NR Contact, Stomach And Respiratory Action

Fruit Fly - QFF

Flubendiamide (BELT^) Helicoverpa Cucurbits 28 1 Systemic, Contact Leafminer - Cucumber Moth / Tomato

leaf miner

Helicoverpa NPV armigera Helicoverpa Cucurbits _ NR Contact

Imidacloprid Aphid - Green Peach Cucurbits 4A 1 Systemic, Ingestion, Neurotoxin

Maldison Aphids Cucurbits 1B 3 Systemic, Contact Australian plague locust Vegetables

Fly - Cucumber fly Cucurbits

Fruit Fly - MFF

Fruit Fly - QFF

Green vegetable bug

Jassids


Leafhoppers

Mite - Redlegged Earth Mite

Pumpkin beetle

Rutherglen bug

Methomyl (PER11948, exp Sep 2017)

Caterpillar - Cluster Cucurbits 1B 3 Contact, Systemic Cucumber moth

Helicoverpa

Loopers

Rutherglen Bug

Thrips

Webworm

Oxythioquinox (MORESTAN^) Mite - Two-Spotted Mite Cucurbits 14 7 Systemic, Protective And

Curative

Paraffinic Oil Aphids Cucurbits NR 1 Contact

Leafhoppers

Mites

Thrips


Petroleum Oil Aphids

Leafhoppers

Mites

Thrips


Green vegetable bug

Grey cluster bug

Mired - Green

Rutherglen bug

Whiteflies: Greenhouse, Bemisia tabaci species (Sweet potato whitefly, Silverleaf whitefly B biotype and Whitefly Q biotype)

Pirimicarb Aphids Cucurbits 1A 2 Contact, Systemic

Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Aphids Vegetables _ NR Contact

Mealybug

Mite - Two-spotted (Red spider) mite

Thrips

Whitefly

Pymetrozine (PER13111, expires May 2015)

Whitefly - Silverleaf Cucurbits 9B 3 Systemic, Translaminar

Pyrethrins+Piperonyl Ants Vegetables 3A 1 Contact


Active ingredient Pest Name Comments Chemical group

WHP, days

Activity

Butoxide Aphids

Caterpillars

Earwigs

Leafhoppers

Thrips

Whiteflies

Pyrethrins+Piperonyl Butoxide + Garlic

Aphids – Clack Citrus, Rose, Cabbage, Green Peach

Cabbage White Butterfly

Rutherglen Bug

Slug – Pear & Cherry


Pyriproxyfen Whitefly – Silverleaf, Greenhouse Rockmelon 7C 1 Ingestion, Residual, Insect Growth Regulator

Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^) Helicoverpa Fruiting vegetables

5 3 Ingestion, Contact Leafminer - Cucumber Moth / Tomato

leaf miner

Thrips - Western Flower

Spirotetramat (MOVENTO^) Aphid - Cotton Cucurbits 23 1 Contact, Systemic Aphid - Green Peach


Sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) Aphid - Green Peach Cucurbits, Field

4C 1 Systemic

Aphid - Melon (Cotton)


Trichlorfon Cabbage Moth Vegetables 1B 2 Contact

Cabbage White Butterfly

Cutworms Cucurbits, Qld, NT

Green vegetable bug Vegetables

Rutherglen Bug


Appendix 3. Brand names associated with generic active ingredients

Active ingredient Examples of product brand names

Abamectin Abamectin, ABASECT,CATCHER, ABAKEN, VANTAL, APPARENT, WHISTLER, BIOMECTIN, SORCERER, WIZARD, VERTIMEC

Acetamiprid Acetamiprid, PRIMAL, CROWN, INTRUDER, SUPREME

Alpha-cypermethrin Alpha-cypermethrin, ASTOUND DUO, MASCOT, FASTAC, ZENITH

Aluminium ammonium sulfate D-TER, KEEP OFF, GET OFF, SCAT

Azinphos-methyl GUSATHION, BENTHION

Azoxystrobin Azoxystrobin, AMISTAR, AZAKA, ASTRONOME, SMART, SPARTACUS, WONSTAR, CASTLE, VANTAGE, others

Bacillus Thuringiensis DIPEL, DELFIN, AGREE, BIOCRYSTAL, FULL-BAC

Beta-Cyfluthrin BULLDOCK, MAXUMPRO, SOLFAC PRO, TEMPO

Bifenazate DURAMITE, FLORAMITE, ACRAMITE

Bifenthrin Bifenthrin

Bromochloro dimethylhydantoin

YM-FAB NYLATE

Buprofezin Buprofezin, APPLAUD, PRAISE, CLAP, SCALE & BUG

Carbaryl Carbaryl

Chlorantraniliprole CORAGEN, ALTACOR

Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil, BARRACK, BRAVO, CHEERS, FUNG-O-NIL, WHACK, UNITE, ECHO

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos, CYREN, STRIKE-OUT, FORTUNE, LORSBAN

Clofentezine APOLLO

Copper Copper, KOCIDE, CHAMP, BLU-COP, VITRA, CUPROFIX, TRIBASIC, BLUE SHIELD

Diazinon Diazinon, DIAZOL

Dichlorvos BINKILL, DELTA FORCE, INSECTIGAS

Dimethoate Dimethoate, DANADIM, ROVER

Dimethomorph ACROBAT, SPHINX

Ethyl formate VAPORFAZE EMATE

Etoxazole PARAMITE, SWOOP

Fatty acids - Potassium salt NATRASOAP, ECOPROTECTOR, HITMAN, BUGGARD

Fenamiphos Fenamiphos, NEMACUR, ASSASSINATOR, ELECTRICUR, SOWON, REDBACK, NEPTUNE

Fenbutatin oxide TORQUE, VENDEX

Fenoxycarb INSEGAR

Fipronil Fipronil, REGENT, IMPEDE, REGAL, VISTA, ONSLAUGHT, ATTRATHOR,

Flubendiamide BELT

Garlic + chilli + pyrethrins + pip.but.

BEAT-A-BUG

Guazatine Acetates PANOCTINE, ZANOCTINE, GUAZACURE

Hydroxy phenyl butanone acetate

Cue-Lure

Imidacloprid Imidacloprid, CONFIDOR, COURAZE, KOMONDOR, SAVAGE, NUPRID

Maldison Maldison, FYFANON, HY-MAL

Mancozeb Mancozeb, MASQUERADE, KENCOZEB, MANCOFLO, MANCOZZ, MANZATE, PENNCOZEB, MANFIL, UNIZEB

Metalaxyl Metalaxyl, MAX, ZEE-MIL, AXIOM, MANTLE, MEDLEY,

Metalaxyl-M Metalaxyl-M, RIDOMIL GOLD, APRON

Metaldehyde Numerous product names

Methidathion RIDACIDE, SUPRATHION

Methomyl Methomul, MARLIN, LANNATE, SENCA, MAYHEM, ELECTRA, others

Methoxyfenozide PRODIGY

Methyl bromide Numerous product names

Milbemectin MILBENKNOCK, ULTIFLORA

Paraffinic oil Numerous product names

Petroleum oil Numerous product names

Phosphorous acid Numerous product names


Active ingredient Examples of product brand names

Pirimicarb Pirimicarb, APHIDEX, PIRIMOR, ATLAS, others

Potassium bicarbonate ECO-CARB

Prochloraz Prochloraz, SPORTAK, OCTAVE, PROTAK, MIRAGE, RAVE

Propargite Propargite, OMITE, COMITE, BULLET, TREBLE, DYNA-MITE, MITIGATE, BETAMITE, UNMITE

Pymetrozine CHESS, METRO, ENDGAME, FULFILL

Pyraclostrobin CABRIO

Pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide Numerous product names

Pyriproxyfen ADMIRAL, SUMILARV, PICTUS, AVANTE

Silicate salts + Cu SOCUSIL

Spinetoram SUCCESS NEO

Spinosad SUCCESS NATURALYTE

Sulphur Numerous product names

Tebuconazole Tebuconazole, FOLICUR, LAUNCH, STINGRAY, ORIUS, REBUKE, BLAST, LAGUNA, ULTRATEB, TURBULENCE, TEBAZAL, MICRONISED, TEBUHEX, TEBCON, TRIPOD, BUZZ ULTRA

Tebufenozide MIMIC

Thiabendazole TECTO, STORITE, VORLON

Triadimenol Triadimenol, BAYFIDAN, CITADEL, ALLITRON, TRIAD, AXIDIME, others

Trichlorfon DIPTEREX, LEPIDEX

Trifloxystrobin FLINT


Appendix 4. MRLs relevant to melon

Chemical Description Code APVMA MRL

FSANZ MRL

Codex MRL

2,2-DPA Vegetables NS 0000 *0.1 *0.1

2-Phenylphenol Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046 10 10

Abamectin Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.01

Abamectin Watermelon VC 0432

0.01

Aldrin and Dieldrin Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 E0.1 E0.1 0.1

Alloxydim Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045

Azinphos-methyl Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.2

Azinphos-methyl Watermelon VC 0432

0.2

Azoxystrobin Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 1 1

Benalaxyl Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.2 0.2

Benalaxyl Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.1

Bensulide Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 *0.1 *0.1

Bifenazate Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045

0.5

Bifenthrin Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.1 0.1

Bifenthrin Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 0.5 0.5

Boscalid Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.5 0.5

Boscalid Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 1 1

Bromopropylate Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.5

Bupirimate Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 1 1

Buprofezin Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 T2 T2

Buprofezin Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 T2 T2

Captan Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

10

Carbaryl Vegetables NS 0000 5 5

Carbaryl Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 3 3

Chlorantraniliprole Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.2 0.2

Chlorantraniliprole Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 0.3 0.3

Chlordane Vegetables NS 0000 E0.02 E0.02

Chlordane Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 E0.05 E0.05

Chlorothalonil Vegetables NS 0000 T7 T7

Chlorothalonil Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 5 5

Chlorothalonil Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

2

Chlorpyrifos Vegetables NS 0000 T*0.01 T*0.01

Chlorthal-dimethyl Vegetables NS 0000 5 5

Clofentezine Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.1

Clomazone Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 *0.05 *0.05

Copper Vegetables NS 0000 10

Cyflufenamid Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.1 0.1

Cyprodinil Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046 T0.2 T0.2

Cyromazine Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.5

Cyromazine Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050

1

DDT Vegetables NS 0000 E1 E1

Deltamethrin Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045

0.2

Deltamethrin Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 0.1 0.1

Diazinon Vegetables NS 0000 0.7 0.7

Diazinon Cantaloupe VC 4199

0.2

Dichlorvos Vegetables NS 0000 0.5 0.5

Dicofol Vegetables NS 0000 5 5

Dicofol Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.2

Dimethenamid-P Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045

0.01

Dimethirimol Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 1 1

Dimethoate Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046 T5 T5

Dimethoate Watermelon VC 0432 T5 T5



FSANZ MRL

Codex MRL

Dimethomorph Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.5 0.5 0.5

Dimethomorph Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050

1

Dinocap Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045

0.05

Diquat Vegetables NS 0000 *0.05 *0.05 0.05

Disulfoton Vegetables NS 0000 0.5 0.5 0.5

Dithiocarbamates (mancozeb, metham, metiram, propineb, thiram, zineb and ziram) Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 2 2

Dithiocarbamates (mancozeb, metham, metiram, propineb, thiram, zineb and ziram) Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.5

Dithiocarbamates (mancozeb, metham, metiram, propineb, thiram, zineb and ziram) Watermelon VC 0432

1

Dithiocarbamates (mancozeb, metham, metiram, propineb, thiram, zineb and ziram) Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 3 3

Endosulfan Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 1 1

Endosulfan Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

2

Endosulfan Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 1 1

Endrin Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045

0.05

EPTC Vegetables NS 0000 *0.04 *0.04

Ethephon Cantaloupe VC 4199

1

Ethoprophos Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.02

Etoxazole Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 T0.1 T0.1

Etoxazole Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 0.05 0.05

Etridiazole Vegetables NS 0000 0.2 0.2

Fenamiphos Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 *0.05 *0.05

Fenamiphos Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.05

Fenarimol Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.2 0.2

Fenarimol Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.05

Fenbuconazole Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.2

Fenitrothion Vegetables NS 0000 0.5 0.1

Fenthion Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046 T3 T3

Fenthion Watermelon VC 0432 T3 T3

Fenvalerate Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.2

Fenvalerate Watermelon VC 0432

0.5

Fluazifop-butyl Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.1

Flubendiamide Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.2 0.2

Flubendiamide Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 2 2

Fludioxonil Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046 T0.2 T0.2 0.03

Folpet Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

3

Fosetyl Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 T0.02 T0.02

Glyphosate Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 *0.1 *0.1

Glyphosate Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 *0.1 *0.1

Guazatine Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046 10 10

Heptachlor Vegetables NS 0000 E0.05 E0.05

Imazalil Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046 10 10 2

Imidacloprid Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.2 0.2

Imidacloprid Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.2



FSANZ MRL

Codex MRL

Imidacloprid Watermelon VC 0432

0.2

Imidacloprid Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 0.5 0.5

Indoxacarb Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.1

Inorganic bromide Vegetables NS 0000 20 20

Kresoxim-methyl Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.05 0.05

Lindane Vegetables NS 0000 E2 E2

Linuron Vegetables NS 0000 *0.05 *0.05

Maldison Vegetables NS 0000 2 2

Metalaxyl Vegetables NS 0000 T0.1 T0.1

Metalaxyl Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.2 0.2

Metalaxyl Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.2

Metalaxyl Watermelon VC 0432

0.2

Metaldehyde Vegetables NS 0000 1 1

Methidathion Vegetables NS 0000 0.1 0.1

Methidathion Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits VO 0050 0.1 0.1

Methiocarb Vegetables NS 0000 0.1 0.1

Methiocarb Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.2

Methomyl Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits VC 0045 0.1 0.1

Methomyl Melons, except Watermelon VC 0046

0.2

Methomyl Watermelon VC 0432

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