1

MEMORANDUM

TO: Biswarup Guha, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Restoration, and Standards

THROUGH: Gary A. Buchanan, Ph.D., Director GB

Nicholas A. Procopio, Ph.D. ,

Chief, Bureau of Environmental Assessment

FROM: Lee Lippincott, Ph.D. RLL

Research Scientist, Bureau of Environmental Assessment

SUBJECT: Arsenic treatment from wastewater

DATE: October 3, 2016

This memo summarizes a literature review conducted to assist the Bureau of Environmental

Analysis, Restoration, and Standards in their effort to evaluate the potential to reduce arsenic in

wastewater effluent. The wastewater treatment engineering challenges associated with Arsenic (As)

removal are twofold. The first challenge is the oxidation of AsIII to AsV followed by pretreatment of

the wastewater to prevent fouling of the various adsorption technologies designed to reduce arsenic

in wastewater discharge. Unlike the degradation pathways that can be utilized for organic

compounds, arsenic, being semi-metallic, can only be removed from the wastewater column into a

sorptive media or coagulated into the sludge compartment. Your program’s goal was for the

Division of Science, Research and Environmental Health to conduct a literature review to determine

if there were viable methods available to reduce/remove arsenic from wastewater to levels less than

3 µg/l.

The literature articles reviewed in the table below were dominated by variety of different adsorption

treatment technologies including bioremediation organisms, arsenic tolerance, and uptake.

Nineteen papers were dedicated to sorption approaches, but none of the articles described the levels

of pretreatment necessary to ensure that competitive adsorption and particulate fouling were

reduced sufficiently to provide capacity and allow practical column-bed life cycles. Two articles

reference ion exchange technologies and one article (Barakat, 2011) investigated ultrafiltration and

Department of Environmental Protection Division of Science, Research and Environmental Health

Mail code 428-01, P.O. Box 420 Trenton, NJ 08625-0420

(609) 984-6070 Fax (609) 292-7340

2

reverse osmosis treatment approaches. The latter two methods generate hydroxide exchange which

may drastically change the pH of the wastewater and produce a concentrated arsenic brine solution

that would require disposal, respectively.

Four articles list reductions that approach the 3 µg/L level goal or high removal efficiency

(Andrianisa et al., 2008; Gibert et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011; and Hasanzadeh, 2015). However,

since all of these articles are bench scale studies, full scale technology demonstration has not been

certified by USEPA or the New Jersey Corporation for Advanced Technology (NJCAT).

The remaining articles review phytoremediation, reactive barrier technologies, or engineered

wetlands. All of the research articles that were reviewed were bench and column scale controlled

laboratory environment investigations with the exception of one pilot study utilizing TiO2 as the

sorptive media and one engineered wetland treatment approach.

In summary, although lab and bench scale technologies have the theoretical capability to remove

arsenic to 3 µg/l, no full scale examples of this level of treatment efficiency were discovered in this

literature review.

3

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Guan, X., Du, J., Meng, X., Sun, Y., Sun, B., & Hu, Q. (2012). Application of titanium dioxide in arsenic removal from water: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 215–216, 1–16. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.069

Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

pilot TiO2 can function as both photocatalyst and adsorbent for arsenic removal

NA NA

Barakat, M. A. (2011). New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 4(4), 361–377.

Arabia Summary ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) electrodialysis

chemical precipitation (MOST USED), flotation, adsorption, ion exchange, and electrochemical deposition

No information, have to mine references

NA

Singh, A. L., & Sarma, P. N. (2010). Removal of Arsenic(III) from Waste Water Using Lactobacillus acidophilus. Bioremediation Journal, 14(2), 92–97. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889861003767050

Varanasi, India Lab Lactobacillus acidophilus bioremediation

L. acidophilus(1 mg dry wt/ml) was able to remove 30, 60, 300, 420, 600 ppb As(III) from 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppb of As(III)-containing water solution, respectively, within 3 h at pH 7

30 ppb

4

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Gupta, A., & Sankararamakrishnan, N. (2010). Column studies on the evaluation of novel spacer granules for the removal of arsenite and arsenate from contaminated water. Bioresource Technology, 101(7), 2173–2179. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.027

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Column Studies

iron chitosan spacer granules (ICS) as an adsorbent

NA NA

Mirza, N., Mahmood, Q., Pervez, A., Ahmad, R., Farooq, R., Shah, M. M., & Azim, M. R. (2010). Phytoremediation potential of Arundo donax in arsenic-contaminated synthetic wastewater. Bioresource Technology, 101(15), 5815–5819. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.012

Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan

Synthetic Wastewater

Phytoremediation potential of Arundo donax

Organism tolerates a range of As concentration from 50 to 600 μg L−1

NA

Wang, S., & Peng, Y. (2010). Natural zeolites as effective adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 156(1), 11–24. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.029

Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia

NA Natural zeolites (crystalline hydrated aluminosilicates) high cation-exchange ability and molecular sieve properties

NA NA

5

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Cao, G., Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Liu, J., Mao, K., Li, K., & Zhou, J. (2015). Production of a bioflocculant from methanol wastewater and its application in arsenite removal. Chemosphere, 141, 274–281. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.009

School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, China

Methanol wastewater

bioflocculant-producing bacteria

removal efficiency of arsenite was 86.1%

NA

Landers, J. (2015). Iron-Impregnated “Biochar” Shows Promise for Removing Arsenic from Water. Civil Engineering (08857024), 85(2), 34–35

Iron-Impregnated Biochar NA

Wang, H.-J., Gong, W.-X., Liu, R.-P., Liu, H.-J., & Qu, J.-H. (2011). Treatment of high arsenic content wastewater by a combined physical–chemical process. Colloids & Surfaces A: Phys. Eng. Asp., 379(1–3), 116–120. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.047

College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

pilot-scale Oxidation of As(III) to As(V) reduced about 9% using KMnO4 lime and ferrous co-precipitation, followed by ferric and manganese binary oxide (FMBO) adsorption and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulation

Combined processes 99.998%

NA

6

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Gibert, O., de Pablo, J., Cortina, J.-L., & Ayora, C. (2010). In situ removal of arsenic from groundwater by using permeable reactive barriers of organic matter/limestone/zero-valent iron mixtures. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 32(4), 373–378. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-010-9290-1

Chemical Engineering Department, ETSEIB, Universitat Politècnica de CatalunyaEnvironmental Technology Area, Centre Tecnològic de Manresa

column experiments

municipal compost, limestone and, optionally, zero-valent iron

NA arsenic concentrations were then always below 10 μg/L

Badr, N., & Al-Qahtani, K. M. (2013). Treatment of wastewater containing arsenic using Rhazya stricta as a new adsorbent. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(12), 9669–9681. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3220-5

• Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Alexandria University

bench Rhazya stricta (evergreen biomass) as a new adsorbent, pH 5

52 to 83 % 100 ppm

Habuda-Stanić, M., & Nujić, M. (2015). Arsenic removal by nanoparticles: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 22(11), 8094–8123. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4307-z

Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek

review Various Nanoparticles Magnetic

BaFe12O19 nanofiber filter for effective separation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and removal of arsenic

NA NA

7

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Jiang, Y., Hua, M., Wu, B., Ma, H., Pan, B., & Zhang, Q. (2014). Enhanced removal of arsenic from a highly laden industrial effluent using a combined coprecipitation/nano-adsorption process. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 21(10), 6729–6735. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2590-8

State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment Nanjing University

Fixed-bed column

polymer-based nanocomposite

FeCl3 (520 mg/L)–

CaCl2 (300 mg/L)

93 % arsenic less than 0.5 mg/L

Hasanzadeh, M., Farajbakhsh, F., Shadjou, N., & Jouyban, A. (2015). Mesoporous (organo) silica decorated with magnetic nanoparticles as a reusable nanoadsorbent for arsenic removal from water samples. Environmental Technology, 36(1–4), 36–44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.934744

Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

Bench aqueous solution tests

magnetic mobile crystalline material-41 (MCM-41) functionalized by chlorosulphonic acid (MMCM-41-SO3H)

NA concentration range of 5–100 ppb

Yu, M.-R., Chang, Y.-Y., & Yang, J.-K. (2012). Application of activated carbon impregnated with metal oxides to the treatment of multi-contaminants. Environmental Technology, 33(13–15), 1553–1559. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.635710

NA Column studies

different ratios of manganese-impregnated activated carbon (Mn-AC) and iron-impregnated activated carbon (Fe-AC)

NA NA

8

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Mondal, P., Majumder, C. B., & Mohanty, B. (2008). Growth of three bacteria in arsenic solution and their application for arsenic removal from wastewater. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 48(6), 521–525. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.200800084

Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttranchal, India

BATCH SIMULATIONS

arsenic removal capacities of three bacterial strains namely,Ralstonia eutropha MTCC 2487, Pseudomonas putida MTCC 1194 and Bacillus indicus MTCC 4374

Arsenic removal capacities of Ralstonia eutrophaMTCC 2487, Pseudomonas putida MTCC 1194 and Bacillus indicus MTCC 4374 from simulated acid mine drainage are ∼67%, 60% and 61% respectively.

NA

Lin, Y.-F., & Chen, J.-L. (2014). Magnetic mesoporous Fe/carbon aerogel structures with enhanced arsenic removal efficiency. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 420, 74–79. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.01.008

Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 32023, Taiwan, ROC

Adsorption media bench study

mesoporous Fe/carbon aerogel (CA)

maximum arsenic-ion uptake of calculated 216.9 mg/g

NA

Agrafioti, E., Kalderis, D., & Diamadopoulos, E. (2014). Arsenic and chromium removal from water using biochars derived from rice husk, organic solid wastes and sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Management, 133, 309–314. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.007

Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece

Kinetic study Biochars derived from rice husk, the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes and sewage sludge, as well as a sandy loam soil

53% of As(V) removal

NA

9

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Fan, L., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Zhou, H., Lu, Z., & Wang, S. (2015). Removal of arsenic from simulation wastewater using nano-iron/oyster shell composites. Journal of Environmental Management, 156, 109–114. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.03.044

College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China

Center for Renewable

Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4570, USA

Simulated wastewater bench study

Sorption by nano-iron/oyster shell composites

initial concentration

of As(Ⅲ) of

1.8 mg/L, As(Ⅲ)

was almost completely removed from the simulation wastewater

NA

Johansson, C. L., Paul, N. A., de Nys, R., & Roberts, D. A. (2016). Simultaneous biosorption of selenium, arsenic and molybdenum with modified algal-based biochars. Journal of Environmental Management, 165, 117–123. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.021

MACRO – the Centre for Macroalgal Resources and Biotechnology, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia

Ash wastewater bench scale study

macroalgae treated with Fe and processed through slow pyrolysis into Fe-biochar which has a high affinity for oxyanions

62.5–80.7 mg g−1 As NA

Deniel, R., Bindu, V. H., Rao, A. V. S. P., & Anjaneyulu, Y. (2008). Removal of arsenic from wastewaters using electrocoagulation. Journal of Environmental Science & Engineering, 50(4), 283–288. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19697763

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad-500 072, India.

pharmaceutical industrial effluents

electrocoagulation method with aluminium, iron and hybrid Al/Fe sacrificial anodes

28 ppm of As was removed to a level of 0.005 ppm within 15 min

NA

10

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Daus, B., Wennrich, R., & Weiss, H. (2004). Sorption materials for arsenic removal from water: a comparative study. Water Research, 38(12), 2948–2954. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.04.003

UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany

sorption kinetics of arsenate onto the materials followed the sequence Zr-

AC≫GIH=AM3>Fe0>AC. A different sequence was obtained for arsenite

(AC≫Zr-AC=AM3=GIH=Fe0

Five different sorption materials were tested in parallel for the removal of arsenic from water: activated carbon (AC), zirconium-loaded activated carbon (Zr-AC), a sorption medium with the trade name ‘Absorptionsmittel 3’ (AM3), zero-valent iron (Fe0), and iron hydroxide granulates (GIH).

NA NA

Chowdhury, M. R. I., & Mulligan, C. N. (2011). Biosorption of arsenic from contaminated water by anaerobic biomass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190(1–3), 486–492. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.070

Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard W., EV6-187 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8

anaerobic sludge from an anaerobic wastewater treatment plant to remediate (inorganic) arsenic contaminated water in column studies

Protein/amino acid–arsenic interaction was proposed as the dominant mechanism in the biosorption process.

arsenate concentrations of 500 and 200 μg/L were treated

NA

11

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Vedrenne, M., Vasquez-Medrano, R., Prato-Garcia, D., Frontana-Uribe, B. A., & Ibanez, J. G. (2012). Characterization and detoxification of a mature landfill leachate using a combined coagulation-flocculation/photo Fenton treatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 205–206, 208–215. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.060

Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Prolongación Paseo de la Reforma 880, Col. Lomas de Santa Fe. 01219 Mexico, D.F., Mexico

compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) photo-reactor

coagulation/flocculation process followed by a photo-Fenton oxidation treatment

As, removal was 46%

NA

Jang, M., Soo-Hong, M., Tak-Hyun, K., & Park, J. K. (2006). Removal of Arsenite and Arsenate Using Hydrous Ferric Oxide Incorporated into Naturally Occurring Porous Diatomite. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(5), 1636–1643.

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706

differential column batch reactor (DCBR) and small-scale column tests

iron oxide incorporated into diatomite was amorphous hydrous ferric oxide (HFO). Sorption trends of Fe (25%)−diatomite for both arsenite and arsenate were similar to those of HFO

NA NA,

Cao, C.-Y., Qu, J., Yan, W.-S., Zhu, J.-F., Wu, Z.-Y., & Song, W.-G. (2012). Low-cost synthesis of flowerlike α-Fe2O3 nanostructures for heavy metal ion removal: adsorption property and mechanism. Langmuir: The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids, 28(9), 4573–4579. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la300097y

Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190

ion exchange between surface hydroxyl groups

flowerlike α-Fe2O3 nanostructure

maximum capacities of 51 mg g–1 for AsV

NA

12

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Zhang, J., Ding, T., Zhang, Z., Xu, L., & Zhang, C. (2015). Enhanced adsorption of trivalent arsenic from water by functionalized diatom silica shells. PloS One, 10(4), e0123395. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123395

Environmental Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Bench scale diatom silica shells as a naturally abundant low-cost sorbent

A maximum adsorption capacity of 10.99 mg g-1 AsIII

NA

Hristovski, K. D., Westerhoff, P. K., Crittenden, J. C., & Olson, L. W. (2008). Arsenate Removal by Nanostructured ZrO2 Spheres. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(10), 3786.

Environmental Technology Laboratory, Arizona State University—Polytechnic Campus, 6075 S. WMS Campus Loop W, Mesa, Arizona 8521

batch and continuous flow experiments

Highly porous nanostructured ZrO2 spheres are synthesized and evaluated for adsorbent media in a packed bed adsorber using the pore surface diffusion model.

NA NA

Ali, I. (2010). The Quest for Active Carbon Adsorbent Substitutes: Inexpensive Adsorbents for Toxic Metal Ions Removal from Wastewater. Separation & Purification Reviews, 39(3–4), 95–171. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2010.527802

Department of Chemistry, New Delhi, India

batch and column adsorption experiments

active carbon adsorbent NA NA

13

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Sasaki, T., Iizuka, A., Watanabe, M., Hongo, T., & Yamasaki, A. (2014). Preparation and performance of arsenate (V) adsorbents derived from concrete wastes. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 34(10), 1829–1835. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.01.001

Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, 3-3-1, Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan

Column studies, precipitation of calcium arsenate, Ca3(AsO4)2

waste cement powder and concrete sludge, capacity being 175 mg-As(V)/g

10–700 mg/L arsenic,

Below WHO guidelines

Chai, L., Chen, Y., & Yang, Z. (2009). Kinetics and thermodynamics of arsenate and arsenite biosorption by pretreated spent grains. Water Environment Research: A Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation, 81(9), 843–848.

School of Metallurgical Science & Engineering, Central South University, Changsha,

China.

Spent grains are a potential biosorbent for As(V) and As(III) under batch

conditions.

Fresh spent grains were obtained from a local brewery

As(V) and As(III) 100 ppm std. solutions.

biosorption capacities of 13.39 and 4.86 mg/g

NA

An, B., Liang, Q., & Zhao, D. (2011). Removal of arsenic(V) from spent ion exchange brine using a new class of starch-bridged magnetite nanoparticles. Water Research, 45(5), 1961–1972. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.01.004

Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, 238 Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA

starch-bridged magnetite nanoparticles for removal of arsenate from spent IX brine

low-cost, “green” starch at 0.049% (w/w) was used as a stabilizer to prevent the nanoparticles from agglomerating and as a bridging agent allowing the nanoparticles to flocculate and precipitate while maintaining their high arsenic sorption capacity

300 mg/L As and 6% (w/w) NaCl, nearly 100% removal of arsenic

NA

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Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Andrianisa, H. A., Ito, A., Sasaki, A., Aizawa, J., & Umita, T. (2008). Biotransformation of arsenic species by activated sludge and removal of bio-oxidised arsenate from wastewater by coagulation with ferric chloride. Water Research, 42(19), 4809–4817. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.027

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka 020-8551, Japan

batch experiments

As(III) and As(V) were rapidly biotransformed to As(V) under aerobic condition and As(III) under anaerobic one without acclimatization. co-precipitation of As(V) bio-oxidised by activated sludge in the plant with ferric hydroxide was assessed by jar tests

high removal efficiencies (>95%) of As and could decrease the residual total As concentrations in the supernatant from about 200 μg/L to less than 5 μg/L.

NA

Önnby, L., Pakade, V., Mattiasson, B., & Kirsebom, H. (2012). Polymer composite adsorbents using particles of molecularly imprinted polymers or aluminium oxide nanoparticles for treatment of arsenic contaminated waters. Water Research, 46(13), 4111–4120. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.028

Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P. O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden

Column studies

three different synthetic adsorbents were tested.

(a) aluminium nanoparticles incorporated in amine rich cryogels (Alu-cryo),

(b) molecular imprinted polymers (<38 μm) in polyacrylamide cryogels

(c) thiol functionalised cryogels

Adsorption capacities for the composites were 20.3 ± 0.8 mg/g adsorbent (Alu-cryo) and 7.9 ± 0.7 mg/g adsorbent (MIP-cryo)

NA

15

Citation

Location Lab/pilot study or full scale

Technology Reduction potential

Arsenic concentration in effluent

Li, J., Liu, X., Yu, Z., Yi, X., Ju, Y., Huang, J., & Liu, R. (2014). Removal of fluoride and arsenic by pilot vertical-flow constructed wetlands using soil and coal cinder as substrate. Water Science and Technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 70(4), 620–626. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.273

College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Engineered wetlands

Pilot study

vertical-flow constructed wetlands

arsenic accumulation in the wetlands body at the end of the operation period was in range of 32.43–90.04%

NA

Hristovski, K. D., Westerhoff, P. K., Crittenden, J. C., & Olson, L. W. (2008). Arsenate Removal by Nanostructured ZrO2 Spheres. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(10), 3786.

Environmental Technology Laboratory, Arizona State University—Polytechnic Campus, 6075 S. WMS Campus Loop W, Mesa, Arizona 85212

Batch studies nanostructured zirconium oxide spheres

Capacity 115 to 400 (µg As(V) g−1dry media) (L µg−1)1/n

NA