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http://books.google.com
STREET.
^nbl(si)ct i n f f i r t J i n a t D t o 1§er J¥tajeatD.
1846.
C o . ,
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
having r e t r e a t e d
betwe en
I a nd
t o
much
h e s i t a t i o n , decides upon yielding up
t o
h i s
ancient provinces, with the exception of the Mar ch e s of
Ancona—
The
Orders
are
received f r o m the King t h a t I should proceed
t o
by
passes b e tw e e n
h i s
my accomplices
s i n g l e
supporter a t the Congress of
Vienna
Wal es a t
S a f f i
1—30
the
winter i n the Mar ch e s of Ancona—apoleon
escapes f r o m Elba a nd lands i n France—f f e c t produced i n
I t a l y by h i s return—onduct
of Joachim
t
the
Austrian army—o s t i l i t i e s begin near
Cesena— am on
prisoner—e r o m e
Buonaparte—ntrance i n t o Bologna—attles o f Panaro, Occhio-
b e l l o , a nd
Carpi
onduct of the
general o f f i c e r s who com
manded
the
Royal G u a r d i n Tuscany—attle
of
CHAPTER I I I .
Continued r e t r e a t o f the a r m y
—arious p a r t i a l
encounters with
the enemy
—he Royal
G u a r d r e t r e a t s
a n d joins
of b a t t l e
—
—
of
Lieutenant-General
himself
constrained
to
embark—r e aty of Ca sa La nza with the Austrians—ntrance
of the Austrians i n t o the c a p i t a l—eflections on the Neapolitan
troops in the time of Charles V. a nd h i s successors—pinion of
Napoleon upon the Neapolitan army of King Joachim. 65—1 0
CHAPTER IV.
the
the English
v e s s e l—hallenge f r o m Gene r al Lavogoyon—r e a t
progress made i n
of
King
time
a t my f a t h e r ' s country-house i n
the
Gulf o f S q u i l l a c e—The
G o v e r n m e n t orders
a
M i l i t i a t o be
organized
—Band
of
Var -
; i t s
o r i g i n .
The G o v e r n m e n t
fo rms
i t
d i v i s i o n i s
conferred upon me I
My
of the brigand Minotti
a
Capitanata
enjoy
a s much
t r a n q u i l l i t y a nd s e c u r i t y a s
i s
i n
E n g l a n d—The Emperor of Austria a nd the King o f
Naples
determine
upon
inspecting
my
i n
dissuaded f r o m
f u l f i l l i n g t h e i r intention a t Salerno,
by
the
envious h i s t o r i a n
Colletta
King
bestows
upon
Cross o f
— decide upon commencing
with
Prince P e t t o r a n e l l o , Intendant of Avellino,
a n d
of
the
King's
—
Spain,
where
o l l e t t a
i s deprived o f the command
of
h i s
d i v i s i o n— concert with Colonel
Russo
the
Intendant Intonti
a t Foggia—The Chevalier Marcelli— refuse t o r e c e i v e
i n
—
- I hesitate between b e g i n n i n g
t he i ns ur r ec ti on at
Avellino
or
y
Campo
Chiaro,
Minister Tommasi
in f o r m s me that I am to have the command of the Ca l a b r e s e—
I d e t e r m i n e
to proclaim the
Departure from
insurrection
—
Russo and the Ca r bo n a r i of S a l e r n o f a i l me— de f e r my move
ment
CHAPTER
VIII.
The
Ca r bona r i of S a l e r n o b e i n g put to f l i g h t , s e e k a r e fug e at my
h e a d - q u a r t e r s—A squadron of the Bourbon r e g i m e n t revolts—
My
situation
—t i s d e c i d e d that
I
f i r s t movement—
a r a s co s a
i s charged to go against the insur
gents, who
repulse
the column of G e n e r a l Campana—
The
Government openly m a ni fests i t s mistrust of me, but d a r e s n ot
o r d e r
my arrest—ituation in which I find the militia at Avel
lino, the Carbonari, and the
troops
c a us e
The
which he promis e s a
Constitution
Liberals a s k for one like
that of Spain, which i s prom i s e d—A new minist ry i s formed—
receive intelligence at Avellino that the Spanish Constitution
ha s been adopted, and that I have been appointed G e n e r a l - i n -
chie f of
Con
vention between the V i c a r - G e n e r a l , (the Duke of Calabria,) and
myself— o r d e r that the tr oops of the l i n e , the m i l i t i a , and the
armed Ca r bon ar i s houl d a s s e m b l e at the Campo di M a r t e , n e a r
Cape
China . . . . .
234—246
CHAPTER X.
The night I pass e d in the neighbourhood of the Campo di Marte
— r e v i e w the a r m y , the m i l i t i a , and the Ca r bona r i—a r a s c o s a
comes
to
the
camp;
their
march— present my s e l f to the Vica r and to the King— go to
my house to se e my broth er—iscou r s e
which
G e n e r a l s
and
superior
o f f i c e r s of the army—e plie s of some of
the
—
i s taken
b y the a r m y a nd by the m i l i t i a
— request the a b o l i t i o n
of the
given
by the c i t y of Naples i n the
Campo d i Marte
—
The Neapolitan Ambassadors, C a s t e l c i c a l o a nd Alvero Ruffo—
Impatience
of
r e su m e d
—
the
k i n g d o m upon a n
equal
footing with those of the third m i l i t a r y d i v i s i o n—iberty o f
the
Press—o l l e t t a , the h i s t o r i a n , a t the t h e a t r e of Sa n C a r l o .
263—279
CHAPTER XII.
The people are i r r i t a t e d a ga inst the Ministers Medici a n d Tom-
masi, who ha d just r e t i r e d—ondition of the Carbonari i n the
c a p i t a l a n d provinces—
xamples of the respect
guard
for t h e i r s a f e t y—A gratuity i s o f f e r e d me—onduct of
a small
rated
by
—
isturbance
a t P a l e r m o—The f u g i t i v e
Generals
Naselli
i n Naples—mpression
the events
o f
—The f i r s t i l l -
directed a nd
the
insurrection
—
returns
—
i s sent t o
Russia
—ertain
t o
c a p i t a l
;
obedience—he
most
honourable
naval o f f i c e r s , blinded by t h e i r p a t r i o t i s m ,
unjustly
accuse
the
Duke
of
of
treachery
. 291
t o be given t o
such m i l i t a r y men a s bore
a n a c t i v e
part
Maria i n
of G a l l o i s i s
not received i n Vienna
—The
on
furlough
are c a l l e d t o complete the
army
—The formation o f the legions
i s decreed—e ve r al G ene r al s, unable t o support the bl a m e c a s t
upon t he m b y the p u b l i c , accuse
the
o f f i c e r s who ha d overthrown
the
of
treachery .
, 302
CHAPTERXX.
br e a k with the Ministe r o f War, a n d d e c l i n e accepting
the
me
the
Duke o f N a r bo nn e , by command of
Louis
XVIII—
the
temporary
preservation
of
the
c a p i t a l—n expedition t o S i c i l y i s
—
of the
p o l i t i c a l s t a t e o f S i c i l y f r o m the
begin
. .
a n emissary f r o m
the
s e c r e t
s o c i e t i e s a n d f r o m Gene r al Lecchi—x t r e m e dissimulation
of
the
Calabria
—abours
of t he cor ps of Engineers un d e r
the
command of C o l l e t t a—etter written
t o
me by
p a t r i o t i c
sentiments—How
the national
—
r e n e w
h i s oath i n
presence of
f r o m the
Duke
ing the c h i e f command
on
October
CHAPTERXVI.
Opening o f Parliament, t o which c e r e mony I
a ccompany the
the
President
t o
a s aid e -d e -camp t o
my brother—he
f l a g s are
i l l - t r e a t e d ,
a n d
t o
my
b e c o m e s
un popul ar a nd resigns o f f i c e—
am
i t
—ffers made t o me by the Minist e rs— am b l a m e d
f o r
t o me
CHAPTER
I .
1814.
The army having r e t r e a t e d b e tw e e n Piacenza a n d P a r m a , I a n d
many
other
Generals
determine
upon
compelling
the
King
—
Joachim, with much
h e s i t a t i o n , decides
upon
e x ception of the Mar ch e s of
Ancona—The Neapolitans
I should proce e d
t o the
o f
S t . Elmo a t Naples, t o be t r i e d
by a
court-martial—On
Vienna
—The Princess of Wales a t Naples—The w r i t e r , SafB.
During our r e t r e a t , sor row was depicted upon the
c o u n t e n a n c e s of
the
s o l d i e r s , who seemed to f e e l by
a
sort
of
instinct
deeply
f a l l
my eyes
the hated
.
store for us ; no wo n d e r , then, that those
v e ry
in
the
Reggio had
to
ex ert their best e n d e a vou r s
i n behalf of our expiring country. Accordingly
we
St.
at
Reggio, we a l l a g r e e d that i t was
n ec es s a ry to force the King to grant us the Constitution
we
so
of bringing
about instantly
upon
as
was
no d e l i
beration. Carascosa and Amb ros i o, b r av e o f f i c e r s , but
timid
p o l i t i c i a n s , d e cid e d
that i t
a m e s s e n g e r
to Lord
Will i a m Be ntinc k , at G e n o a ,
to
inquire
he
would
attempt, should the obstinacy of the King drive us to
a c i v i l
war. I
them
from
whence
the
opposition they
f e ar ed could a r i s e , whilst we had on our
side
the
popu
l a c e , t he l an dhol de r s and the a r m y.
They r e pl ie d t ha t
the
intrepid
Joachim
before the different corps
our
command,
bringing
to
obedience
wa s in
vain that I d e n i e d the possibility of such a n event; in
vain I offered t o t a k e upon mysel f the im aginary
and
d r e a d e d e ncounte r
with
that
Filangieri should b e sent to
Genoa
To
k e e p
t h i s step a profound s e c r e t , G e n e r a l Filan
g i e r i , who
was stimulated
8/19/2019 Memories_of_General_Pepé.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/memoriesofgeneralpepepdf 17/373
GENERAL PEPE.
f e e l i n g , was to cr oss the Apennin es, and ent er the city
in
night,
Filangieri
his
secret
mission, the re a rr ive d a t the residenc e of Caras-
cosa, the M a r q u i s Rivello,
o f f i c e r
of or dna nce , who
was b e a r e r of
a
sword
with diamonds
ci r cumstanc e
dazzled
solicitous of
the friendship
the King
t e n d e r e d to himself and
his Government
m ight
receive Filangieri
coldly, and
s t i l l greater w e r e our apprehensions l e s t
Rivello should
i m b i b e any suspicion of our
envoy's
expedition
to
Genoa.
tim e
w e r e at S t . D on i n o, not
far
from
Piacenza.
t o
me
to
detain
the
Marquis when he came for four or f i v e
days,.
not safe enough for him to
a t t e mpt
his
j o u r n ey with so valuable a
g i f t
th e m ,
agge r a t ed
the reports that ha d r e a c h e d me of the
banditti who infested
would
write
matter, and the o f f i c e r
of o r d n a n c e
e xp r es s ed himself
in
for
Of the g i f t of which he
was
on
G e n e r a l Filangieri
returned, b e a r ing a n unfavourable a n s w e r from the
English Commander. Lord William Bentinck, although
honest
and
a
was
not
a
to
support
us
i n
our
native
land,
but
on
t he c on di ti on that we d e th r o n e d Joachim, and
b rought
his
Lordship
to
of
his
a n a l l y
far more faithful to i t s interests than the Bour
bons, who
inclined
to favour the Pr ince s of their own b l ood o cc upyi n g the
thrones of F r a n c e
and
own
us
to
such
a
for
in
the fanciful br ain of the poet, they ca nnot assuredly
exist together i n the more sober r e a l i t y of
p o l i t i c a l
l i f e .
answer from
a ttempt
f a i l ,
and I r e m a i n e d , as was said by my f a i t h f u l Calabrese,
with my eyes f u l l
and
my
About t h i s
period
from Carascosa,
directed to
the   G e n e r a l Baron Pepe , i t s contents couched in the
most
friendly
the King
me a Baron with the
g i f t of
a v e ry f i n e
estate in
vicinity
of
Naples,
a
which
Tribune
a n d t h a n k e d
the G e n e r a l
for his kindness, but refus ed in
the
most
the
the e s t a t e ,
a d d i n g at the same time, that I would n e v e r
accept
the King, until
tion.
This
determination
on
my
part
must
have
proved
fellow-conspirators,
tim e had
from the King.
of G e n e r a l of
the
Ambrosio
o f f i c e r s ,
b ut
s e e n
the
enemy,
was
l ik e wi se e l eva te d to the post of Sta te Counsellor. This
o f f i c e , as well as the
promotions
b e s t o w e d upon the
f o r m e r G en e r a l s ,
produc ed considerable
that
who
had
in his
e ve n m e nt ion e d my
name
whilst
a b ov e
of
act
of injustice to overlook my services on
such a n occasion, to which the King replied that having
a l r e a dy more Lieut e nant -Ge n e r als than he required, i t
was quite impossible
But
when Carascosa, ceasing to i n s i s t upon the promotion
to
which
I
was
entitled
Barony, the
King seized
evid ent
s a t i s f a c t i o n , a n d i m m e d i a t e l y
selected the best which he had at his disposal. The
following
which
Two S i c i l i e s . We
h a v e
dec reed, and d o h e r e b y
d ec r e e :—irstly: That
Majo r - G e n e r a l Will i a m Pepd
s h a l l
assume henceforth
r a n k
annexed to t h i s said
Barony,
i s to b e t a k e n from that
heretofore appertaining
retired.
of
the
Council of the Maggiorati are entrusted with the e x e c u
tion of the.present dec ree.
(Signed)   Joachim Napoleon.
had
been
l a t t e r
had d ec l a r ed war with Fr anc e. I always look upon my
refusal of this Barony with pleasure, especially, because
at
that
period,
s t i l l
a l i v e , and entitled to a lmost a l l the f amily pro-
did not mys e l f possess a n inch of land on
, s * j ^ > e a i r t h . : At a more
a d v a n c e d
part of
explain the
eventually
to
. « . receive the Barony I had al ready refused, and the
. ' r e a d e r
shall
was
Even
the
best Princes prefer f l a t t e r y to
f r a n k n e ss
and
truth.
Joachim
professed great affection and e s t e e m
for me,
p o l i t i c s .
Nevertheless,
having
occasion
received
from
the
Austrian
Government
t hr e e d e c or a t ion s
of
the
of
St.
Leopold,
upon
the Gene
r a l s who had most m e r i t e d such a distinction by
their
during the campaign, he
Caras-
cosa, Ambrosio and M a c do n a l d. Carascosa was cer
tainly entitled
on e of the decorations, but Ambrosio
and Macdonald although both excellent o f f i c e r s , by the
fortune
of
once c h a n c e d
to encounter
thus done to
Government, that the
o r d e r m ight b e conferred upon me, a n d was only
- pr e v e n t e d by my t e l l i n g him that I could not h a v e
acc epte d i t .
Pope
Pius
VII,
who
had
long
since
arrived
in
and
the
the
States
of
t
PEFE. 7
slowly fo rwar d towa rds Rome, a n d wa s a t Rimini when
I r e a c h e d i t
with the
rea r-guard
of the
to
my
respects
to
him,
to kiss
his hand, I found with hi s Holiness, G e n e r a l Caras-
cosa a n d
Mondrone, Cham b e r l a i n to
the
King, who
ha d
b e e n appointed to the same o f f i c e about
the
Pope's
i m m e d i a t e ly
a d d r e s s e d
himself to m e , saying that he ha d not only heard, but
r e a d
t h a n k s
to him for so f l a t t e r i n g
a
compliment,
I
that i t
I t a l i a n
Pontiff t o c o l l e c t
about him
the sons of I t a l y , a n d to drive
the
with
great attention a nd co mp l ac e n cy to my discourse ; but
the Marquis Mondrone, evidently a l a r m e d at the
conversation,
i n form
the King of t h i s occurrence.
Joachim when spe ak ing of me wa s wont to say :   I I
n e l a i s s e
tranquille
as
expense. A Bishop,
fo r m i n g on e of the
Pope's
me
that
I
was
invited
to
dine
with
his
Holiness,
domes-
a n
audience
of his Holiness, i n f o r m e d me that he had r etir ed to
his
own c h a m b e r . On my undeceiving them by m e n t i o n
ing the
me
that no one, not e v e n Kings, ever sat a t table with the
Pope.
I
was
which
presided
Cardinal
these high dignitaries
ate
grenadiers after
a
march
of
thirty
miles.
The table was amply provided with e v e r y delicacy, the-
g i f t of the de vote e s of that
and
The Bishop
suggested j
to
me
t ha t t he r e would be no impropriety
in my
some
favour
from
his
Holiness,
have   j
mass c el eb rat ed at home.'' I thought of my excellent ' V j
father,
who
was
in
truth
overjoyed
at
by the
days
when his
Holiness was at
Ancona, G e n e r a l Ambrosio wa s
conversing
with him
in a
l i b e r a l s p i r i t
of
day, whilst
this o f f i c e r wa s escorting the
Pope's
carriage,
a crippled
g e n t l e m a n was brought
up
to
the
carriage
door,
who
the
Pontiff
to
upon him,
recover
the
Ambrosio, said
:   You s e e , General, w h e r e we
are
far
desire.
Joachim
had
Tuscany,
but
Austria
having
opposed t h i s , of a l l the provinces we ha d held b e t w e e n
T r e n t o and the Po,
we
A corps
was stationed
there, con- •
sisting of two divisions of infantry a n d a brigade of
lancers, besid es
forces,
commanded by Carascosa, whose r a n k was of
a n e a r l i e r
date
in
the
army
than
that
Lieutenant-
G e n e r a l , Amb ros i o.
I a d v a n c e d towa r ds P e s a r o
with the
sorry when
I was
of
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GENERAL PEFE.
and
F r a n c e s co Cassi. I n e x t pr o
c e e d e d to Siniga glia , wh e r e
I established my
my
only
my brigade, but likewise a r e g i m e n t of lancers com
manded by
the
troops,
as
well as their leaders, w e r e d e vote d
to
D i s g u s t e d
with the m e n t a l feebleness' or the anxious sense of
s e l f - i n t e r e s t
which
had
withheld
my
brother
on two
entering into
my views,
d e t e r m i n e d
to
act alone. I s t r en gth en ed
the
my care of the corps u n d e r
my
command, a n d I decided upon r a i s i n g ,
in
a
f e w days, the s t an da rd of Neapolitan libe r ty in the
town of
part
of
of
which
I
could
dispose, i t wa s e a sy t o r e a ch the Abruzzi in three
m a r che s, and there I m ight c o l l e c t together e v e n more
armed Ca r bon ar i t ha n I required. Although I wa s fully
conscious that n either Carascosa nor Ambrosio would
a p
prove my
movement,ye t
of
their
offering
a n y opposition : f i r s t , b e caus e they w e r e alr eady half
compromised ;
secondly,
because
I
was
convinced
that
directed
against me ; a n d l a s t l y , because I well knew their in
decision in e v e r y k i n d
of
p o l i t i c a l combination.
Whilst I wa s on the point of carrying t h i s
useful
and
hardly
me
proceed
to
Ancona,
transact
G e n e r a l
said to m e ,
you
are
your
convinced,
now .d e t e r m in e d
to
act
firmly. S e v e n t e e n gen eral
o f f i c e r s h a v e
d e cid e d upon
a f f i x i n g their
signatures to
—f
which
duplicate
l e s s n e c e ssa ry
for
to add,
of
the a r my. Filangieri and Ambrosio w i l l corroborate
my
you
that i t i s d e cid e d that
you
command the v angu a r d
of our army in
refusal. Ambrosio and
Filangieri c on
f i r m e d this statement, and the l a t t e r , who was then
my
'most
intimate
friend,
me
that
Colonel
Russo
lancers
had r ev e a l ed my intentions to Carascosa,
in
a
l e t t e r f r o m Sinigaglia,
which was written
,
familiar a strain that i t b e g a n :  
Dear
Michael,
(which
was
extorted my
solemn promise
to
reveal
f a c t .
The G e n e r a l s who w e r e in Ancona, as well as
those
assembled,
much
Ambrosio, who was
should
draw up the address. My ha n dwr i ti ng b e in g clear a n d
l e g i b l e , I transcribed the t wo copies of the address,
which, after b e ing
signed
by
Naples
through
the medium of a f a i t h f u l o f f i c e r , that
th ey might have affixed
to
G e n e r a l s
on
The following are
a l l
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a d d r e ss
that ought to have b e s t ow e d the
blessings
of f r e e d o m upon . t h e kingdom of Naples, a n d might
probably
have
Carascosa,
the Pr ince P i g n a t e l l i ,
Strongoli, Vi n c e n zo
Pignatelli,
Ambrosio, Florestano P e p e , Gug l i e l mo P e . p e . , Filangieri,
the Pr ince
Aquino, Alessa nd ro Medici,
Pietro Colletta, Arcovito, P e t r i n e l l i .
There
w e r e four
more which I do not perfectly r e c o l l e c t , although
I
am certain that neither the names of Roccaromana n or
of
Macdonald
b e i ng
to
the two copies of the
a dd r es s w e r e r e tu r n e d to u s , duly signed, i t seemed
to
the
liberty
of
hands.
Discoursing
amongst
ourselves
upon
the
of
as capable
of
the most r e ck le ss d ar ing, i t was
d e cid e d
that
as
soon
as
to him, I was to march fo rwar d to
meet a ny opposition
the King m ight o f f e r .
From the moment the a ddr ess was signed, I did not
allow my
a n instant's peace. I u rg e d them
to
to
ourselves
thing for our
to
march
upon
Naples,
should circumstances
requi re
i t .
A ma jor ity of the o f f i c e r s who had signed
w e r e t h e n
in
the c a p i t a l . AquinoJind Medici w e r e
at
so that
for
the
arrival
f r o m
the advocate Pocrio, and
Colletta,
who,
b e in g Coun s e ll or s
of
State,
were
calculated to give us good advice as to our proceedings.
Almost carried beyond myself
replied, that
e xe cution of what had
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been
d e cid e d upon by the Ge ne rals, could
depend
in
any
way
upon
the
approval,
love of
temporizing, and the other, m e r e l y a
G e n e r a l
by favour.
Carascosa and
conceal
their
irresolution, f e l l f r o m on e
foolish
to
other. Cara scosa took me aside, and in a confidential
tone
m e ,
signed ; that they who ha d
affixed their
names to
i t
w e r e a l r e a dy c omp romi s e d , that
i t
so
many
volved could long r e m a i n
a s e c r e t ,
and
that
not m e r e l y the contempt of
the
nation,
but
that
of
Joachim
himself.
convince
this
to
the
and
g r a n d e u r of so magnanimous a n undertaking. I t
i s
scarcely credible,
but one
as we w e r e
w a l k i n g together, Carascosa r e m a r k e d , that
his sense
of
religion caus e d him to f e e l a r e pug n an c e to revolt
aga inst a
 
.
sw e a r
beyond
mea
sure, I confided to Fila ngie ri my intention of getting
possession
to
my
quart ers at Sinigaglia, f r o m whence I would s e n d
one
to
the King, a n d i m m e d i a t e ly a f t e r doing s o , of
marching
into
the
Abruzzi
with
such
corps
as
would follow m e , p r e c e d e d by a n a r d en t proclamation.
Filangieri approved my s ch e m e ,
and
of the
a d d r e ss w e r e in
the h a n d s
of
Ambrosio,
I
went
that Carascosa desi red t o look a t them
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arisen
me
and
perceiving
nothing
a
studied
calmness,
he
I had them
my car
riage, to
which the post-horses w e r e already har n e ss e d;
but,
the
followed by
had
discove re d the deceit I had practised upon h i m.
He
was
in a violent rage, a n d demanded the r e tur n of
the
papers.
his
voice
to
such a pitch, that a c rowd b e g a n to gather around
us.
to
me,
my
own i m m e d i a t e views,
I proved myself f a r
more
wards,
the more
so f r o m his ha vin g us ed i t as
a
pretext
for h i s
own hesitation. I a n sw e r e d, that I would
refer
the
case
to
Filangieri,
by
I
would
abide.
We accordingly p roc e e d e d to his
residence,
w h e r e the G e n e r a l exhorted
me
dress, saying,
must
prove f a t a l to the undertaking. Carascosa and
Am
brosio,
whose
indecision
of
pur pos e pr ove d so f a t a l to
our
cause,
declared
b e n t upon
carrying i t into
a more
favourable opportunity should o f f e r i t s e l f .
In
knew what
i t i s
rarely
a b s o r b e d
by the desire of e nj oying the comforts of l i f e , and of
a c q ui r in g we a l th. ; ' - . ' -
There existed in the k i n g d o m , at that pe riod, a
singular method of purchase. The King
was
to
allow
the
purchase
of
some
property
or
building
belonging
to
the
State
at
a n
e x t r e m e l y r e d u c e d
price
the
Minister of F i n a n c e to blink
at the e stima te formed of the property i n question,
and
thus,
the
w e r e
refus ed
such
a
request
to
any
of
his
Gene
r a l s on active duty, a n d I recollect that on e of my
brothers,
excellent
possession
to
him
the
way
a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d.
But
n a n t
when
there
was
a
rupture b e t w e e n the King a n d myself.
No
doubt
delighted
him
to
allow
me
he
r e g a r d e d corruption as
a
i t only
r e n d e r s i t s foundation
l e s s
to
my
quarters
since e xp e ri en c ed
dur ing the many years of my long and painful e x i l e .
I
was
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and F r a n c e s c o
Cassi, to a sk them to come
and
console
me.
Without
having
to
them
the
conspiracy,
and of t he pr oj e ct e d address,
I
them
as to the future fortune of
our hapless
excited
a summons f r o m me. Perticari
recited to me his
in which
he describes
upon
Rome
shud d e r i ng at the insults h e ap e d upon he r m i s
fortunes
to the hi ghe s t pi nn ac le
of human power,
his d e
claring he r the s econd c i t y in the F r e nc h Em pi re . The
art a n d feeling with which
he
so
great,
that
they
my
ignorant of
the cause which pr od uc ed s uc h e moti on,
w e r e
a n d
my hesitating coadjutors,
of
servitude f o r I t a l y , a n d of humiliation
for
us natives of the south, who ha d given proofs of
no
common
valour
the
walls
of
Naples,
of Championn et, and had no l e s s
d is ti ng ui she d our se l ve s a t Andria, Trani, Vigliena, in
the
various
castles
of
the
and
; and
f i n a l l y against Massena i n Calabria.
I wa s un e xp e c t e d ly called away f r o m the pl ea sur e I
derived
from
the
society
f r o m
Carascosa,
desiring
me
to
proceed
im
medi at ely to Ancona upon business which c o n c e r n e d
myself. What
a
which he
of
our
partisans, in which he o r d e r e d
in
the
King's
name,
the
Naple s, there to
thither,
and
to su r r en d e r mysel f a victim to
the weak
I
hoped
in
the
kingdom, would t e n d to produce more beneficial
results to
able to
with the sword.
as
moured.
gone
to the King,
and Ambrosio was
no l e s s painfully i m p r e s s e d than
Carascosa. I believe they anticipated, f r o m the rigour
with which
the King
After
sion
of
opinion,
Milan,
and r e m a i n there until the a f f a i r
should
have
you forget
?
we ll r ece ive d
by Austria on account of the t r i f l i n g services I pe r
formed during
; b ut what
Italy
? Would
me
m y s e l f ?
Ca ra sc os a the n
offered to
give me
a n
back to inspect some troops
in
the d i s t r i c t of Pergola,
which
great
write
to
t o Naples
to Ancona.
Cara scosa intended, a l s o , to write to Pocrio and Col-
l e t t a ,
to
learn
of the
displaying a n y d e g r e e
of
rigour against me,
t h ey would i m m e d i a t e ly despatch the address, and
e x e c u t e
the projected movement. To avoid the a p
p e a r a n c e of wishing
to become
the public
cause, I
sta
tioned
there.
As I p r o c e e d e d on my j o u r n ey to that
place,
I
the
more
more
I found d i f f i c u l t y in
raising
a r easonable conjecture why the King's a ng e r
should
v e n t i t s e l f on me alone. I t i s t r u e , I ha d shown
myself
;
theless,
seemed
to
me
impos
s i b l e , that the King would i n f l i c t a capital punishment
on m e . His natural clemency, and the tottering con
dition of his
safe to
place too
in
was
e n g ro s s e d by t he se v ar i ous thoughts, t i l l Carascosa
w rote
he hast e n e d
to impa rt to
me the tidings he
w e r e to
the e f f e c t ,
that I should r un no risk by going thither. One l e t t e r
m e n t io n e d , that Florestano, having b e e n invited
to
a
by
the Queen, he r M a j e s t y i n f o r m e d him
that my punishment would have b e e n limited to a few
days'
co n f i n e m e n t
i n
I
quitted
Ancona, a n d having r e a c h e d
the
Abruzzi,
t ha t pr ovi nc e , and
who now i n f o r m e d me, that he had
lost his o f f i c e ,
owing to
his having
I only
in
this town to avoid the v i s i t s of
the numerous
Carbona ri
astonished
to
find them a w a r e of the w e a k n e s s of my
companions,
against
furious.
The
d i f f i c u l t y
n e v e r
was how
to
direct
to the national interest, which was
periled on the on e hand by t he r e luc ta nc e of Joachim
to
gra n t l i b e r a l institutions,
a n d
Holy
Alliance,
which
always
a t
re-establishing the
Bourbons of Sicily on the thr one of Na ple s.
On
that   c a p i t a l , my brother
Florestano
me that the King's
castle of St.
Elmo, e ve r y i nd ul ge n ce would b e shown
me.
I pr e s e nt e d mys e l f to the Minister of War, by
whom I
m e ,
and
a f e w minut es a f t e r , I found mys e l f
in
the
royal
apar tm e nt. I there met the Pr ince of Strongoli,
captain of
the guar ds, and
Filangieri the a i d e - d e - c a m p
on
duty,
accom
p l i c e s .
The Ch a m b e r l a i n
on
duty ush e r e d me into the King's
presence ;
he
a n immense hat, according
to
the
fashion
he r
presence
there
was
accidental, or wh e th e r I am to ascribe i t
to a
curiosity to
savage, for
the
name
she
speaking
had
the
GENERAL PEPE. 19
King m e n t io n i ng the conspiracy,
to
say, that after
having reveal ed
to him the a r d e nt desire of the nation
to
g o v e r n m e n t ,
and
derived
request, I
r e g a r d e d e v e r y
means of
destroying absolute
address, of the existence of which he
could
by
saying,
 I
subjects, and
you in
children.
I
replied
that
had
he
example of
F e r d i n a n d in 1 7 9 9 , when
C i r i l l o ,
Mario
Pag ano, and
other i l l u s t r i o u s
victims had b e e n e x e c u t e d
and ha d shown
would now f ind imita tor s. At
t h i s
spe ech the King
a n d with
some i r r i t a t i o n , e x c l ai med:
  Non,
Monsi eur, n ous n ous batterions plutot d a n s l a chambre
a
coteV'
hear, I
your
S i r e ,
since you are n ot wi thout th e m , and I
w i l l
r e g a r d
them as the e n e m i e s of my own country ; i t w i l l t h e n
b e
s e e n wh e th e r your
f l a t t e r e r s or
myself act better in
The King
had a doubt
am convinced that
a l l
forgotten the k i n d n e s s
of your
tim e I
to
those of
my country,
I s houl d b e the most miserable of men, b ut there would
be no
doubt of my choice. If your Majesty w e r e to
gra n t
you
would
the Neapolitans. You who so
gen e rously
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give
tions
I
should long since h a v e g r ant e d a Constitution,
had
b e e n a w a r e that
such
a
proceeding
would
draw
down
upon
exclaimed,  i t i s not the dubious friendship of
Austria, b ut the
your
throne.
h a v e the army on our side/' This
a n s w e r
put me
principle,
despair
of
against
my
custom
allow
After
I
had succ e e d e d in c a l m i n g
myself,
I
not a body of
Janissaries, b ut i s composed of men who f e e l and think
like the people from whom
they have
sprung. Manfred
personal
advantages,
He
wise
ministers.
I r e s u m e d ,  call h e r e
the
have declared they are f u l l y of
my
opinion, only the y have not the f r a n kn es s to say s o ,
b e c a us e
they
wish
to
retain
your
favour.
I
added
to
he had g r ant e d me leave
to
return
to
whenever I pleased or
to
GENERAL
PEPE.
21
The King had not b e h a v e d well towards Florestano,
who of a l l the Ge ne rals,
was
greatest
the
was the only
on e neglected.
Florestano had three
of
the
King :
f i r s t ,
he was in great favour with the F r e n c h ,
and had b e e n recommended both by Marshal Suchet
and
had r e q u e s t e d
to march
snow,
having
b e e n almost annihilated ; and l a s t l y , he
had
shown the utmost indulgence to the Ca r b o n a r i in the
Abruzzi,
pacified
They
who are un ac qu a i n t e d with
the
w i l l
was
the
King. When his M a j e s t y b eh e ld
hi m, he
e x c l a i m e d aloud:
 Peuton n e pa s a i m e r unefigure
comme
fa.
the King
m e .
I
Joachim, and I would have
given my l i f e f o r him. I t i s sca rce ly cr e dible that a
man
so
b r ave a n d f r a n k by nature,
should
a s c e n d e d
a_throne, a l l
duplicity of Princes. I
mus t a d m i t ,how e v e r , th at
veryoftenhisnature triumphed
over his
dissimulation. After the conversation we had
held together, i m m e d i a t e ly a f t e r my r eturn
to
Naples,
of Caramanico
that he
whole
month to the select e n t e r t a i n m e n t s
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by the Queen, who must have hat e d me
most
cordially.
a s k e d
me
inclined
to
dance.
Without
much
n e v e r
a t t e mpt e d to do so ridiculous a thing. The cour
t i e r s i mm e d ia te l y ha st e ne d to impart my spe e ch to the
King a n d
dancing.
go
to
the
occupied by
the f a s c i
nating Pauline, Princess Borghese. There w e r e so f e w
persons there,
that when the two s i s t e r s , the Queen
a n d
the
Princess
Borgh e s e d e t e r m i n e d
upon playing
was likewise
The dinner
was
s e r v e d in the beautiful g a r d e n overlook
ing the
Prince
I s c h i t e l l i , a i d e - d e - c a m p
to the King,
to r e a d
a l e t t e r
which I s c h i t e l l i had just brought from Lord William
Be ntinc k.
B e n t i n c k i s
not
he
the
Filangieri,
to
i t . Had the King a n y knowledge of our
i n t e n d e d
conspiracy ? I cannot a n s w e r the question. Had he
really b e e n
a w a r e
of
cosa, Am b r os i o, a n d
Filangieri
was
accustomed
to
could
he
ha v e r e m a i n e d in ignor a nce
of a
conspiracy known
There was
a c i r c l e around the King composed of six or s e v e n
Ge ne ra ls, or Coun se l lor s of State, on e of whom moved
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a momentary gene rous impulse, said to the Prince,
  Notwithstanding his opposition, G e n e r a l Pe'pe loves
your
Majesty.
Certainly,
I
exclaimed,
my affection by now
entreating you not to pe r se cut e the Carbonari. Not
persecute them   cried the
at
a
tyrant.
If
you w i l l allow m e , S i r e , I
w i l l
to
you
my
opinion
upon
steps, and crossing his a r m s ,
look e d
a l l e z
voir q ue l e G e n e r a l Pepe me
croit un tyran.
i f
you will
proceed, and I continued :   Nobody knows better
than mysel f how gene rous a n d humane i s your nature.
I recollect among
when
you sent me
into the revolted provinces of L e e c e and Doria, you
desired
i f
whilst
on e of your G e n e r a l s
in
the Abruzzi, by means of a
military commission, puts to d e a th my r i a d s of citizens,
what name d o
you }
The King a n s w e r e d :  Assure
yourself
that I w i l l recal
the G e n e r a l i n question from
those
I t i s strange that e v e n
those
who l a ud e d the
f r a n k n e ss of my speech
w e r e
f a r from
the
King
when
his
two
young
children,
Achilles
and
Luc i e n we r e brought i n .
Turning towa rds m e , he
said
:   The
hours
of my l i f e ar e those I spen d with my children.
You
to
be
your
wife
of
the
wishes
me
to
m a r r y ; but s ha ck le d wi th
a
a n end
to a l l real i n d ep e n d e n c e ; t h e n ind e e d
the
talk
to you just l i k e your own Counsellors of State. The
King
invited
me to a l l the r e vi ews a n d to a l l
the
e n t e rt a i n men t s
given at Court, and
s i s t e r
of
d'Aquino, had b e e n e nd e avouring
for thr ee ye ar s to
ge t
he r
two daughters
the
establishment
they
would
have
b e e n e d u c a t e d free of expense, which the State of
he r fortune r e n d e r e d
highly desirable.
King upon
the subject, a n d b e g g e d
him to grant
the
was a
l i k e
his
reply ;
to
which
i f
of
your
petition, as I
had i t
about m e . He
i mm e di at e ly put his signature to i t , and the r e qu es t
was granted. The
poor mother was
appoint
the
a n d
S i c i l i e s ,
which r e qu es t was
i m m ed i a te ly compl i e d with. I
had
hes it at ion i n
asking
I
knew d e s e r v e d th e m ,
provided always that
not related
with
increas
ing the num e r i c a l force
of
the
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a Le gion.
was
endowed
with
a l l the necessary talent for leading troops against an
enemy, he ha d not
the
organizing
t h e m , or of k e e p ing
up the
discipline which
i s
military
axiom, that the quality of the troops i s f a r preferable
to
say that
large battalions a lone ga in b a t t l e s . As
to
the
National
King
prodigal of
in
having
shown
result
was
f a r
f r o m s a t i s f a c t o r y .
. The King
chosen
the National
Guard into
of
the
have
said
had
he
when
a
mere
G e n e r a l, unfavourably r e g a r d e d by the King, unsup
ported
Na
tional G u a r d , armed a n d clothed a t their own expense,
to
march
towards
the
frontier?
The
King
great attention
upon
the
f i n a n c i a l , i n t e r i o r ,
and judicial
d ep a r t m e n t s
of his
g o v e r n m e n t ; but
his
success
was
to
subordinates of
I t
became necessary
to look
t o _ f o r c e , or to unfo r e s e e n
circumstances for the f or ma tion of a Cons ti tut ion al
Government
l i v e u n d e r
a n absolute mon a r c hy. The dismissal of
the strangers holding employments
the King's
th ey
numerous,
and
interested
in
the
preservation.
of
his
refuse
to
discharge t h i s horde, b ut as i f the nation could not
see
that
State was
e v e r r e a d y to second a l l
his views, whether good or
bad,
to
publish
protection.
At
N ap l e s from
Ancona.
He
the
greatest
friend
ship
for
me.
He
pr e ss e d
himself
G ua r d s , a n estate in
the
Ma r c he s . P e r ha ps
these
better
than
G en e r a l ,
p r e v e n t e d hi s acting against King
Murat,
was
at Sinigaglia,
and
Carascosa
proposed
that
we
should
travel together ; and we l e f t N apl e s for the Marches of
Ancona.
I
arrived
Joachim of
disloyalty in
a l l y
ing hi mse lf with Austria ; a nd Ma r s ha l Bellegard e a n d
G e n e r a l Nugent e nd e avour e d , i n various publications,
to show that had the
King
f a i t h f u l l y ,
the Austrian
those of
tives
their
b a c k s upon the Neapolitan Ministers, a n d Joachim was
r e q u e s t e d to
r e tur n the Marches of
Ancona to
se e
how l i t t l e r e a s o n
he
had
in
he ga ve e ar
to obscure men, who pr e t e n d e d
to
himself obliged to rely upon his own people and on
those
of
was
f o r s a k e n
by the Allied Pow e rs, he s t i l l persisted
in
the King, instead of striving to gain the
love of his people by giving them f r e e d o m , hoped
to
meda l s ,
with
his
own h e a d on one s i d e , a n d the mot to   honour
and
on the
other.
His
ministers
and
coun
s e l l o r s de vise d othe r
means
a b sur d tha n
the
m e da l, whi ch, according to th e m , was
to
means
consisted of the pr ese ntation of a d d r e ss e s from the
army and - f r o m the othe r bodie s employed in the
administration of the State. I rec eived
a
from
Carascosa,
pressing
me
to
take part in a n a s s e m b l y of Ge ne ra ls. On my arrival
there,
I
was on foot of s e n d i ng
a n
to the King, signed
oc
cupying
sign
i t until the King had gra n t ed
us
a
wasman
more s o l i c i t e d than I wa s upon this occasion.
Carascosa
and
Ambrosio
we should
King,
would
to
28 . MEMOIRS OF v
ourselves than to the rest of I t a l y , and that conse
qu e ntly
that
in
King
Constitution
to
his
people
without i r r i t a t i n g
Austria more strongly against
that i t was essential to prove to Europe that
we
at Vienna that
w e r e
r e m a i n e d
firm in my determination, my
companions said that
that
I would not
and
case,
I
was
the
N apl e s
many
w a g e r s we r e pe n d i ng
there
or not my
signature
would b e affixed to the address. I d o not know to
this d a y wh e t h e r
I was right
Naple s.
A short
the King
his
minister
(although
not a c k n o w l e d g e d as such), to
inquire in London from the British Minister of State
how she should b e
received.
would
please
the
neglect. As
soon as
Joachim
went
to
her,
possible
attention
he
he
prized
he r friendship f a r above that of he r husband. I was
i n f o r m e d of a l l these circumstances some months a f t e r
their occu r r en c e
by Campo Chiaro, and they w i l l serve
to show the eccentricity of the King. The Princess
was
a c c o mp a n i e d by Keppel
Cr a v e n and
Sir Wi l l i a m
Gell, men
of high
The
E n g l a n d ,
e n d e a v o u r e d
to
divorce
his
wife.
I had not forgotten the promis e I ha d made to the
Calabrese l i t t e r a t o , S a l f f i ,
when
When I spoke about him
to
told
known
him a t Milan, a n d that I mi gh t write to him
to
give
he
and
he
should
have
tageous situation.
I
a s k e d pe r mission of the King
to
bid the Minister of the Interior, Zurlo, to write likewise
in his
was accordingly done. S a l f f i quitted
Milan,
at
the
I
r e v i e w e d my troops, I
said
to
during
the
intervals
of
the soldiers
subordinate o f f i c e r s . He
was
struck with
a dmi r a t ion at their appearance, their national f e e l i n g s ,
and t he c on f id e nc e they seemed
to
f e e l in themselves.
He then a s k e d wh e th e r the
other
army
w e r e in the same condition. I wa s s i l e n t ,
and
Perti
cari
;
not what he would have
wished
to
hear.
The r e m a i n d e r
of the ye ar 1 8 1 4 passed without a n y r e m a r k a b l e event.
I e x e r t e d mysel f to
a me lior ate the condition
of the
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as I could.
Perticari had inspired me with such love for D a n t e , that
I e n d e a v o u r e d
to commit to
taste
for
Petrarch,
whose
eternal
l o v e - m a k i n g was most sick ening to me;
the
same love had more than once increased the bitterness
of
Ancona—
apoleon
escapes f r o m Elba a n d lands
i n France
I t a l y by h i s
return
occasion
t o
attack the
Austrian army—
o s t i l i t i e s begin
near
Cesena—
erome
Buonaparte—ntrance i n t o Bologna—B a t t l e s o f Panaro, Occhio-
b e l l o , a nd
Carpi
—onduct
of the
general o f f i c e r s who com
manded
the
Royal
Guard
require
any
v e r y gr e at s aga ci ty to
foresee
of N apl e s but the
whole
was
state
of
great d e s p o n d e n c y
on perceiving the
which
awaited
co ns e q u e n c e s
of
any
revolutionary
movement
most
cautious. I saw
Pesaro,
and
r e a d several of their s e l e c t works. Aboutthe same
time, I
was
in
the
habit
of
receiving l e t t e r s as well from,
N apl e s as
the
Few,
evi n c ed
great many o f f i c e r s
from the kingdom of I t a l y , who came
to
serve
with usj
asserted that i n the e ve nt of the King's movement,
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part of
the country which l i e s b e t w e e n the
Roman States
and
the
Alps
would a ss e mbl e , clothed and armed at their
own expense.
gave no more credit to such reports
t h a n t he y de se r ve d ; b ut not so the King, who did not
prepare for the coming tim e with that steadiness which
was necessitated by
the d i f f i c u l t y
of his situation. He
his hours
in
giving
e n t e rt a i n men t s to the English and other foreigners who
crowded his
c a p i t a l . In the m i d s t
of
tranquillity
in which we l i v e d , we w e r e sud d e n ly
a s t o u n d e d by the intelligence that Napoleon had land e d
in
f r o m the Isle of
Elba.
I did not e xpe ct so importa nt a n
event,
the preceding
year been in
uninterrupted c ommu n i c a t i on with
the
great Captain, would now have s e co n d e d his views to
the utmost
of his
ported
by the Emperor, Joachim would hav e d ec i d ed
upon the mode of conducting his i mp e n d i n g
war with
profiting by
the experience
of their pa st m is for tun e s, would have acted with wis
dom and
war
b ut in p o l i t i c s .
However, notwithstanding the long
co r r e spond e nc e
th ey had k e p t up together, subs e q u e n t events w i l l
show how l i t t l e real c o m m u n i c a t i o n existed b e t w e e n
the
two
Princes.
On
the
his
the following
a n d
Ancona. I went
i m m e d i a t e l y
to pay my
friendship
with
Florestano,
and
 We
w i l l
talk shortly of giving a Constitution to the k i n g
dom,
and
of
driving
the
strangers
out
of
a
the
nationality of I t a l y , he would no longer find
in me
s o l d i e r .
We w e r e
only six
that
there
were
trians in I t a l y .
I
of
that
portion
of
the
country
which
m e , the
had
sent Florestano upon a n i mpor ta nt mission to the coa st
of Rome,
b e
land e d there. To my i n f i n i t e surprise,
I
received, on
the f ollowing day, a l e t t e r f r o m Florestano,
in
to
urge
the
King
to
commence
h o s t i l i t i e s . This l e t t e r
was
the Minister of Finance,
Morbourg, a man
wholly d e vo t e d to the King and Queen.
I thus became
of the existence of two opposite
opinions prevalent at Court, a n d amongst the ge ne ra l
o f f i c e r s , on e of which was, that
the
the enemy
with as
much promptitude
as circumstances
would admit. The King leant towards the l a t t e r course,
which wa s likewise
my
own opinion. I wa s i mp r e s s e d
with the idea that the t r iumph of Napoleon would
pr ev e nt
and
cast of f
yok e both of F r a n c e
and
Austria
ruin
of
the
eyes of
the Ministers
MEMOIRS OF
Coun se l lor s of State, who w e r e a l l of opinion that i t
would be wiser to m aintain a
neutral
was
that
the
in
constant
the
King n ot to de clare himself against Austria. My own
inclination was decid edly for
war ; and
i t as
selves
of
of I t a l y , a rouse d by
the
intoxi
cating
f r e e d o m a n d
ind epe nd e nc e. But Machi av e l truly says, that  Men
rarely perish
b ut t hr ough half m e a s u r e s   ' '
Joachim was guilty of t wo v e r y serious errors ; the
f i r s t was,
not
opening
the
campaign
of the l i n e , gendarmes and the select
co mp an i e s
of the
m i l i t i a , amounting in a l l to at l e a s t sixty thousand men ;
the
und e r the
b a n n e r of Italy, a l l those who had already s e r v e d either
in
E mp i r e , as well
as
a n d
thirty
ye ar s of age, declaring a l l those who declined to do s o ,
guilty of tr e ason to their country.
By
joined on
by a n
fighting-men,
well
f i t t e d to d e f e n d the
different
fortresses
to
fight in d e t achm e nts. The r e
i s not
in aff ir ming that
Jo achi m , at the h e a d of sixty thousand men, would
ha ve b e e n
joined
urge,  
How
could
the
King
have
the
kingdom
unprotected ? I a n s w e r that G a e t a with
a
small
for
the royal
family, and that the pr ovince s a n d the capital would
have
by
the
thousand
have
by the Anglo-Sicilians, they
the
have
crossed
the
Strait
again, a c c o m p a n i e d
by
the
curses
of
the
inhabitants
on
this
side
of
Some may, perhaps, b e disposed to question that the
army
would
increased
Italy
thoroughly, both as a c i t i z e n a n d a s o l d i e r .
A f e w
wonders
promi s e d to the King; but in April of the year 18 15,
I
adv anc e d , the r e tur n
of
Napoleon to power, and the
patriotic e x c i t em en t which prevailed f r o m
the Tronto
to
the Alps, he would have ga the r ed r einf or ce me nts
perhaps e x c e e di ng the number I have s p e c i f i e d . If
the inhabitants
l i e s
was
entirely
the
King's
own,
who
e x c i t e , or how to compel
them to d e f e n d
their
was
composed
together
of
cavalry,
forming
altogether
under
a r m s a body of about twenty-four thousand men. Of
these, only about thirteen thousand men b e lo ng e d to
the
to
war
many.
In
the
campaign
of
the
preceding
year,
my
on e which had had the
opportunity of acquiring military e xpe rie nce . Scar ce ly
a t hou s a n d men
had r e tu r n e d
f r o m Spain.-
There
was
more
the soldiers
than in the subalterns,
than the superior
N e a r l y
half
the
Colonels
and
of what value w e r e these men, whilst
e v e r y
one of
sense
of
honour
had
r e tu r n e d to Fr a nc e ,
that he
might not
draw his
swo rd
o f f i c e r s
of that
r e g i m e n t
into
of
Of
the
sixteen
and
able
ones
Florestano
P e p e , Ma c don a l d ,
Filangieri,
the
Prince
Campana,
De
Napolitano,
Livron.
This
had
Mar quis,
purveyor
ha d s e rv ed amongst
us as
without
i n the f i e l d ,
he soon
to the r a n k of
Li eut en a n t - G en e r a l.
Carascosa
commanded the f i r s t division of infantry, Ambrosio the
second,
and
Lecchi
the
The
cavalry
was
divided
by
into three
in
which
I s e r v e d as a volunteer. The b r a v e r y of t h i s
o f f i c e r
was
; he had commanded a
belonging
to the kingdom of I t a l y , with the
greatest honour;
b ut
guilty
of
great
irregularity
in
the
financial
of
his
duty,
he
had
service
and cast into prison by
or de r of the Emperor. Some tim e a f t e r ,
he
was
Mu r a t , who
gav e him a n employment
in his
a r my. G e n e r a l
Lecchi,
the l i t t l e
faith he had in the succe ss of the Neapolitan troops,
inferior
both
expectations
military f a m e.
The army moved i n
two
was
directed upon
Tuscany, a n d the r e m a i n d e r of the
troops marched towards Fano a n d Pesaro. In
o r d e r
to
gain
King
e n d e a v o u r e d to consolidate
his
alliance
with
Austria,
by
stating
that
his
safety
that
he should a dv a n c e upon the
right of
by
command
of
F rimot.
This o f f i c e r was s e c o n d e d by the Li e ut e n a n t - G e n e r a l s
Bianchi, Mohr,Wied a n d Neiperg. The wings of the
Austrian
thous an d
a t
which
Mantua and Pezzighettone.
f o r t i f i e d bridges
of
Piacenza,
Borgoforte,
Occhio-
bello
Marches
to
against
the
the
Po
and
the
the
King
was
much
better
Sinigaglia towa rds the e n d
of
March, and r e v i e w e d the
f i r s t
division.
After
having
in the most
condition, and
a n i m a t e d by f e e l
ings of
b e s tow e d
great praise upon
i t s
appea ranc e
before
to march
towards
P e s a r o on the following morning at day-break. My
column
was beyond
Fano, when a n o f f i c e r , who com
manded a n a d v a n c e d piquet of
lancers came
to me to
a s k permission for a t r a v e l l e r , just come f r o m the
upper part
to
continue
that he m i ght proceed. The traveller on beholding
me
f r o m his carriage, sent to request that I would alight
from my
he had s om e t h i n g
of
me.
He pro c e e d e d to s t a t e , that he
was
secretary
to
ha ste n the
march of his troops. This g e n t l e m a n who
was provided
with a
chant, assured me that the Austrian troops in Italy
w e r e by no means n u m e r o u s ,
and
likely to
receive any
th e n directed
against
Fr a nc e. I t h a n k e d him for
his intelligence, which at a later period, I
disco
v e r e d to ha ve b e e n not quite exact, a n d told him
that he
would find
the King
n e x t
of
for
a f e w hours I was the guest of my friend P e r t i c a r i .
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GENERAL PEPE.
I t a l y ,
b r e a t h e d
the
warmest
hopes
for
and
we
parted. On the d a y I quitted Pesaro, I directed my
march
n e x t day
by
Ca r ascosa with a r e g i m e n t
of
lancers
his
without commencing
the
Rubicon,
which
awakens
in
the
mind
the
remembrance of mi gh ty events, Carascosa e x t e n d e d
his
hand,
when we
w e r e in the m i d s t of the l i t t l e r i v e r , and
clasping
rather
than give up the enterprise we have e nt e r e d upon, and
we
both took the oath f r o m the depth of our hearts.
At night we e nt e r e d Rimini, a n d on t he f ol lowi ng day
we
resumed
our
march
took
up
their
position upon the high road, a f e w miles on this side
of Cesena, a n d
there
b e g a n to f i r e . As the white plume
upon my
hat was e x t r e m e ly
conspicuous,
the
bullets
w e r e directed s o c on st an tl y against m e , that on e of the
lancers by my side
by two
battalions
of
the
s econd light r egiment, I tur n e d to my l e f t , a n d f avour e d
by the inequality of the g rou n d I concealed
this
move
a
church
which
elevation,
I
having
from
the
I
had
was
f u l l speed,
b ut
They
and
the retreat
on e
there
a n
a i d e - d e - c a m p with orders
to
and to prepare for the
s e co n d
light r e gi me n t' s t ak i ng
possession of the bridge
two
into
I
supposed
to
ha ve b e e n evacuated.
As I a d v a n c e d through the s t r e e t s , several ladies who
w e r e at the windows called out to m e , saying :   Do
n ot go
or the
w i l l
t a k e
you prisoner. Not rightly hearing what they s a i d , I
supposed that they
exclaiming in favour of I t a l y ,
and I saluted them as I pro c e e d e d on my way. Al l of
a sudd e n,
I
saw a n Austrian Colonel, G ave n d o, ( who
had b e e n
my companion dur ing
the l a s t campaign) at
the h e a d of a d e t a c h m e n t of
hussars.
pected sight c a us e d me
i m m e d i a t e l y
to turn my horse's
I galloped
on
was
followed by
my column,
took to f l i g h t ; so that the
ladies a t
for laughter
expense.
I r e tu rn ed to the gate from whence I
had
entered,
and
gathering together a small
c i t y .
before us the whole length of the town; they abandoned
a f e w
th e m , they
t h r e w the ms e lv e s f r o m
the
walls
to
avoid
event, and unluckily invited
with
him
at a time when I stood f a r more in n e e d of r e s t , having
to establish
side
l i k e
King, who said
g a z e d
at e a ch other with
wo n d e r .
The King fancied he
of Napoleon,
pleased to
hear me say, that with the e x ce pt ion of the
hussa rs of the guar d, of the gua r d of honour, which
was by no means num e r ous ,
and the
light horse,
of
of
instruc
tion.
Be fo r e   day-break, I was on ho r s e b a c k with my
column
upon
other
e m i n e n c e upon the l e f t of the
high r o a d
which
the
Austrian
forces
; but they continued their r e t r e a t ,
in
of
Bologna.
I was presented a t Forli by the King to the
Emperor's brother, Jerome Buonaparte, ci-devant King
of
personage, instead of e xe r ting himself
to
u n d e r
the b a n n e r of
J o a c h i m , in d e f en c e
of the common
cause, called upon
them
to
b e a r in mind that they w e r e
subjects
Bologna a f t e r
a long
and w e a r y m a r c h ,
having
tim e
to time.
The King o r d e r e d me
to
in
uniforms,
and
t o cross Bologna, i n orde r to encamp on
the
right
papers
stated, that Joachim had e nt e r e d Bologna, followed by
a most b r i l l i a n t s t a f f , so that he
m ight
multitude. Fa r f r om such b ei ng
the
case,
around the
exterior of
cavalry
upon
the
bridge
of the Reno.
My a id e -d e - ca mp, b e in g
challenged by the
replied,
  the i n d ep e n d e n c e of Italy. How c a n I describe the
j oy of that a n i m a t e d population, at
the
sound
of
Italian i n d ep e n d e n c e   On a l l s i d e s ,
f r o m
the
porticoes,
men
old
and
young,
women
of
e v e r y a ge and condition, a n d e v e n
children
we r e wa vi n g
their handkerchiefs, and r aising their voices in to k e n of
e n t hu s i a s m and love. I seemed to behold a family loaded
with
the a r r i v a l of the
b r e th r e n
who w e r e
to
to
f r e e d o m. I was so deeply affected
by what I
beheld,
that I could scarcely k e e p my seat in
the
saddle,
and
the
long
street
which
crosses
Bologna
seemed
became
that j oy—o
ad
through Bologna, I galloped on towa rds the King,
followed more slowly by my j a d e d troops. Hi s Ma
jesty, besid es
his
s t a f f , was a cc om pa ni e d b y
a
piquet
of
of Hungarian hussars f o r m e d into
a
horse,
why he r e m a i n e d there thus
e xpos e d to the charge
of
the enemy ; he a n s w e r e d that
I ought to a sk his M a j e s t y the reason.
After having pr e s e nt e d
my
 
i s following me but slowly,
and
i n the meanwhile your
M a j e s t y r e m a i n s h e r e
e xpos e d to
the
charge
 
b e unable
quart er of a n hour. Affecting n ot to
he a r m e , he continued
to
I sent of f
orders to the h e a d of my column, which,
although harassed by
at
recommenced
-
*
It i s e sse nt ia l t o state in this place, that although the
British
S i c i l i e s
under the Bourbon sceptre,
became
a cq ua in te d wi th the r e tur n of Napoleon, the Duke of
Campo Chiaro
that i f
Joachim
would
r e m a i n f a i t h f u l to the Allied
Pow e rs,
as King
of N ap l e s by England, and by the other
a l l i e d
Princes, and,
should
four hundred
p rom i s e d him by Austria. But
when the
Cesena, a l l hope of any
treaty
was
was
expressly
Campo
Chiaro.
We
Bologna on the 2nd of April, and i t
was
with the greatest d i f f i c u l t y that the
King
was
prevailed
upon to r e m a i n there t i l l the fol lowi ng d ay. Lik e an
a ng r y
child he
s a i d ,   You u rg e d me to war, and now
you complain that you
rapidity
troops
more a c c u s t o m e d to
wa r f a r e
would
such
and
that i t would b e r un n i n g ve ry
great
men
by f a t i g u e .
I t
we
should halt for a day, to allow the men of the f i r s t
division
who
had
r e m a i n e d b eh i n d from exhaustion to
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the
join
the
During this
r e m a i n e d upon a
terrace belonging to his
r e s i
the
women
ladies of
k ept
pa ss in g a lon g the street to behold him.
Whilst
I
was
talking
to him upon more serious matters, he said to
me,   Vous voyez, nous avons toutes l e s dames pour
nous. P r e tty assistance  
thought
that
he
had
neglected
taking
vigorous
to
national f l a g .
The Austrians continued
ing, in order to d e f e n d
the passage of the
rivers
had
a s s e m b l e d a force of
at
least
twelve
and
the King
who had t a k e n i t into his
h e a d
the head of only the f i r s t
division, composed of s e v e n thousand infantry a n d a
r e g i m e n t of lancers, amounting to four hundred horse.
I
have
made
by
matters, the
author s t a t e s , that at the battle of Pan a ro, the Neapo
litan
forces
more t ha n d oub le their real number.
The s econd division only r e a c h e d Bologn a on the
e v e n i ng
of the
point
of
divisions
ev e r came to P a n a r o at a l l
; the
second
being
third
upon
Cento.
Had t he e ye - wi tn es s b e e n exact
in
PEPE. . 45
number of the Neapolitan forces in that c a mp aig n ,
e v e r y
Italian
his work
with satisfaction.
The author appears to ha ve b e e n a n Austrian o f f i c e r
of
moved
towards
posts
of
across
the
Samoggia.
The King had
o r d e r e d that the s e co n d
br iga de , le d by Major Pepe, (not a n y relation of mine,)
should cross
cealing
t h i s
m a no e uv r e f r o m
the
enemy,
the
attack
in
Our entire column
halte d a shor t distance from
the br idge of S t . Amb rogio. Keeping at the h e a d of
my
brigade,
I
threatening the
enemy on the br idge with the third battalions of e a c h
r egiment,
and a
and
river at Spilimberto, a n d
making
on
the r i g h t , we should s e n d half the Austrians prisoners
to
Bologna. Ca r ascosa replied that he fully a g r e e d
with
me,
a n d i m m e d i a t e ly communicated my
obse rva
that moment approached.
 
Vous avez raison, pourquoi a l l e r se casser
l e
words,
he
rode
on,
followed
by
his
towards
the a d v a n c e d posts.
I
refrained f r o m accompanying him, that I might r es e rv e
the strength of my horses, s i x in number,
which
were
enemy,
opened
his
panies?
I im me di at el y a dva nc ed to his assistance
with
a t
the same time sent orders
to the brigad e to a dv a n c e at
their
u t mos t speed. Soon
perceiving that the King i n t en d ed to proce e d d i a m e
t r i c a l l y
contra ry to
n o time
in
i nf or m i ng Ca r a sc os a
of
t he c ir c um st a nc e.
The
chos e n
by
Major
Astuti, who had s e r v e d as captain in my r e gim e nt
in Spain, fought
of dauntless b r a v e r y
and
ardour calculated to excite
him to the most daring me a su r es. Whilst I
was
Rivello,
o f i i c e r
of o r d n a n c e to the King, rode up to me in the greatest
haste,
in Joachim's
lower
light r e g i m e n t ;
upon
he s a i d , depended the success
of the b a t t l e . I said to Rivello, that
he must
the
King's
orders,
in the c or r e ct ne ss of
his
I
a w a r e
of the a bs ur di ty of such a m e a s u r e , and
char g e d him
to
gallop
b a c k to the King, a n d to say that I would move
t o w a r d s Spilimberto.
As
the
G e n e r a l
Millet, galloped towards
f u l l y
approved
of
b e g g e d t h i s
o f i i c e r
to
remind the Prince, that of my two battalions, two
of the chosen c ompa n i e s w e r e
with
47
ad mitting e v e n that the two battalions w e r e complete,
they w e r e by no
means s u f f i c i e n t
to f u l f i l
the orde rs
t h ey
his
was
not in my power to p e r f o r m
a miracle, I would do my duty to the utmost.
Whilst I was a d v a n c i ng at f u l l spe ed to e xe cute the
orders of the Bang, his M a j e s t y and Cara scosa had
forced
right bank of
to
opposite
The
King i m m e d i a t e ly
o r d e r e d Ca r a s
cosa
to
t h i s injunction
with the
assault
howe ve r , s oon
repulsed by
enemy, and driven
to
shelter himself a n d his followers u n d e r the a rches of
the bridge, f r o m whence he succ e e d e d in gaining the
right b a n k ,
by
the assistance of G e n e r a l
d e G e n n a r o .
On r eaching
the passage of
Spilimberto, I r e c k o n e d
upon the assistance
sent
thither ; b ut this having discovered i t s e l f at the
f i r s t f i r e of the
co mp an i e s
pushed fo rwar d by the King,
had
b e en put to f l i g h t by
the
superior
number
of
the
troops,
only
my
w e r e wanting,
in a l l scarcely
a
Spilimberto,
was
d e f e n d e d by the Austrian G en e r a l ,
Stefanini, with about three
telescope
the
powerful
force
of
the
enemy
drawn
out
before me ; and upon the bridge of S t . Ambrogio, the
King
fury to drive the
Austrians f r o m i t . Ju d g i ng that in such a predica
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48
- . MEMOIRS
OF
m e n t , daring would b e better than prudence, I formed
my soldiers into a column,
and after
addressing them
in
I a ssur e d them that
the
eyes
of
th e m ,
than
drums
to b e a t a charge, at the sound
of which the whole column
plung ed
unhesitatingly
into
the river and fo r d e d i t . It was i m m e d i a t e ly thrown
into
a
k ept
up by
the
enemy was so mu r d e r ous , that i t was
impossible for me
b ut
I
to advance, which
Colonel
of
the
regiment,
and
we
r us he d he a dlong upon the e n e m y. Ve rd enois
was driven
by
the
Austrians
almost
as
soon
as
he
had
come
upon t h e m. I ha d a s s e m b l e d
more than
species
f o r m e d
by the u n e v e n n e s s of the s o i l ; a n d a d v a n c e d with them
as f a s t as possible to the assistance of the Colonel who
had
r e n e w e d hi s attack
upon
the
enemy.
The
Austrians
perceiving that their G e n e r a l Stefanini
was wounded,
thousand men,
b e g a n to r e t r e a t .
Whilst
fortune
thus
favourable
to
the
cavalry
General,
Fontaine,
to
by
of
our
a r t i l l e r y . This
o f f i c e r f a i l i n g in his a ttempt to e xe cute the commands
of
the
Prince,
his
transferred
them
to
his
aid e - d e - c amp, G e n e r a l Filangieri, who a t the h e a d of
twenty-four h o r s e m e n , char g e d a battalion of the enemy
with
such
that
i t
i m m e d i a t e l y
l a i d down i t s
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ought to
a r e g i m e n t of
lancers
r e m a i n e d inactive, and the
Austrians,
perceiving
the
small
number
of
Filangieri's
a
th e m , and
wounded
a l l
killed
or wounded.
Perceiving t h i s , the King c a us e d a strong column of
infantry to a dv a n c e to
the
charge
his own eye,
a n d
scattering
the
l i n e .
forward, but was likewise dispersed, so that the enemy
w e r e obliged
to
retreat
the
command
Stefanini.
Joachim now d r e w nigh the walls of Modena,
re
formed
and
the n e nte r e d the c i t y .
Had
the
day,
the
movement
suggested
his
duty, half of the Austrians would have b e e n t a k e n
prisoners.
thous an d
and to
force
a
pa ssa ge ove r a f o r t i f i e d
bridge,
twelve
thousand
Austrians
commanded
by
G e n e r a l
Bianchi, on e of their most famous o f f i c e r s . About
three hundred of our soldiers w e r e
killed
and
wounded
on t h i s occasion. The enemy had upwards of a thou
s a n d k i l l e d and wounded. Had the wisdom of the
King equall ed his
would
have
e f f e c t s ;
and
our
army
would
Millet, Carascosa,
m ys e lf we r e invited to join
the
King
joy at
VOL. II.
the day,
more
than
l'infanterie
francaise,
j a ma is ave c
plus d ' e l a n q ue l a n6tre aujourd'hui. Th e r e was a
gr eat de al both of truth
and exaggeration
the Neapolitans
cause of
for
this
instead
of
his
active
command.
On
the King fou n d himself n e a r
the
Po
with
guard,
i f led by able
Generals, would have proved of the greatest s e r v i c e , w e r e
so
that
they
had
not
Florence.
which
not on e had augmented the force
o f . our r a n k s. On the other hand, the Austrians who
had
the
the number
which
acting
under
to
occupy
Carpi
with
only three battalions, eighty lancers, a n d t wo
pieces
of
a r t i l l e r y . The sole instruction
given me was
between Modena,
at
which
had r etr e ated into the c i t a d e l , continued i t s march
t o w a r d s
Occhiobello.
sight
of
the
This
bridge
was
houses a n d by batteries.
Our o f f i c e r s
of
engineers r e q u e st e d the King to
gra n t
opening
natural
impatience,
o r d e r e d